修辞鉴赏6

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‘It’s no use going to see little Hans in Winter,’ the miller used to say to his wife. ‘When people are in trouble we must leave them alone and not bother them. That is my idea of friendship and I’m sure I’m right. So I shall wait till Spring comes, and then I shall visit him and he will give us a large bouquet of primrose, and that will make him very happy.’ • ‘冬天到小汉斯哪儿去没用，’ 磨坊主常常对他 妻子说。‘人们有困难的时候，我们不要去搭 理他们，不要去打扰他们。这是我对友谊的看 法，而且我相信我的看法是正确的。所以我要 等到春天来了，再去看他。那是他会给我一大 束樱草花，这会使他感到愉快。
• disposed of: 处理，解决 • indifferent ：相当差的
• ‘说起来，我是不喜欢小子的，’梅得斯通小 姐说，‘你好哇，小子？’ • 在这种令人鼓舞的情况下，我答道，我很 好，也希望她很好；我说的时候，态度不够谦 恭，因此惹得梅得斯通小姐只用三个字就把我 打发了：‘缺家教！’
• 6.1.1.2 Types of Verbal Irony • In everyday life we often hear people using irony in their speech, though they may not be conscious of it. • For instance, they may call a very thin boy "Fatty", or a very fat one "Skinny." • Similarly we may hear people saying, "Oh, how I love queuing up" when in fact they hate it.
• (3) Penny wise, pound foolish. • “因小失大”、“贪小便宜吃大亏”或者 “捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜” (4) Life is a comedy to him who thinks and a tragedy to him who feels. 对明哲善思的人来说，人生是喜剧；对多愁 善感的人来说，人生是悲剧。
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…So little Hans worked and worked in his garden. During Spring and Summer and Autumn he was very happy. But when winter came, he suffered from cold and hunger, and often went to bed without supper. Besides, in Winter he was very lonely, as the miller never came to see him. • ……就这样小汉斯在自己的园子里不停地劳 作着。春天、夏天和秋天，他非常愉快。但冬天 一到，他就挨冻受饿，常常吃不上晚饭就去睡觉， 而且，他在冬天也非常寂寞，因为磨坊主从来就 不来看他。 •
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However, not all verbal irony is of this light and humorous type. More often it is used to veil feelings in a subtle way, using words of praise where condemnation is meant, and vice versa; such irony can be light or heavy, depending on the circumstances.
• A. Light Irony: • (1) This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. • (2) It saves a lot of trouble if, instead of having to earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it. • 假如你干脆可以去借钱，以此代替赚钱与省 钱，那会省掉许多麻烦。
• 6.2.2 ways to achieve antithesis • 6.2.2.1 Single words • (1) Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud. • 知识使人谦虚，无知使人骄傲。 • (2) Men make houses, women make homes. • 男人造屋，女人理家。
• (3) If people keep telling you to quit smoking, don’t listen …They are probably trying to trick you into living. • (persuading people to quit smoking) • 如果有人苦口婆心地劝你戒烟，不要理 他。…… 他们大概是是想骗你活得长久些。 •
• 6.1.2 Situational Irony • 6.1.2.1 Definition • It occurs when there is a discrepancy between what one anticipates and what actually comes to pass. • It could be understood only with the help of the certain situation
• 6.2 Antithesis 对偶
• 6.2.1 Definition • Antithesis is the setting of contrasting phrases or statements opposite each other for emphasis. In true antithesis the opposition between elements is manifested through parallel grammatical structures. • 1. I know not what course others may take: but as for me, give me liberty or give me death. • 我不知道其他人有何良策，但对我自己来说，不 自由，毋宁死。 • 2. Everything is good when new, but friends when old. 物莫如新，友莫如旧。
• (5) We are lucky. It's the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel real good. (David Parks: G.I. Diary) • 我们很幸运。到达彼岸的那一天是12月13 号，那是我们真的感到很愉快。 • (The writer means exactly the opposite of what he says. 13 is an unlucky number to most Westerners, and therefore they are definitely not lucky. And since on that date (December 13) they will land "on the other side" of the Pacific, in Vietnam, to fight in the Vietnam War, they don't feel good at all. In fact, they are all quite frightened at the prospect.)
• VI. Figures of Contrast 对照修辞格
• 6.1 Irony 反语 • 6.1.1 Verbal Irony • 6.1.1.1Definition • Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. This form of irony is called verbal irony.
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‘You think so much about others,’ said his wife. ‘It’s pleasure to hear what you say about friendship. I am sure the priest himself cannot say such beautiful things as you do, though he lives in a three-storeyed house, and wears a gold ring on his little finger!’ • ‘你为别人想得真多，’他妻子说。‘听你讨 论友谊真是件愉快的事。我相信牧师也不会像你 一样讲出这么美丽动听的道理，虽然他们住三层 的楼房，小拇指上还带着金戒指。’
• B. heavy Irony • It is used to veil feelings in a subtle way, using words of praise where condemnation is meant, and vice versa. • (1) I fear I wrong the honorable men whose daggers （匕首）have stabbed（刺） Caesar. • (2) What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!-----they let the paupers go to sleep! • （Dickens） • （他们竟允许穷人睡觉！-------这是多么高尚的 例证，说明他那行善的国家的法律是多么仁慈。）
• (4) "Generally speaking," said Miss Murdstone, "I don't like boys. How d'ye do, boy?" • Under these encouraging circumstances, I replied that I was very well, and that I hoped she was the same, with such indifferent grace that Miss Murdstone disposed of me in two words, ---"Wants manner!" • (C. Dickens: David Copperfield) • (Here the word encouraging is used ironically, for the circumstances were not encouraging at all ---they were, in fact, discouraging, for Miss Murdstone had said she didn't like boys.)