writing5-图画式图表式作文

图画式作文
图画作文讲究画面简单，主题深刻，若缺乏丰富的想象力便只能就图说图，写出只有小学水平的作文来。

「构思要诀」
图画作文的基本审题过程一定包含以小见大，把握象征寓意的过程。

图画式写作是较难的题型之一，面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。

第一步，看仔细。

考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物（人与物）的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。

如果图画以系列形式（即两幅以上）出现，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。

第二步，拟提纲。

根据图画内容的不同，采用不同的段落发展方式。

如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用开头——扩展——结尾的写作方式。

如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成各段落的写作，这是采用主题句——扩展句——总结句的写作方式。

第三步，突出主题。

展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。

第四步，小修改。

考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。

如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，应做出相应修订。

写作题目1
Directions： Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following：
1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning
2. point out its implications in our life
2003年的考题写作题目为“温室中的花朵经不起风雨”，题目本身就显得话里有话，意犹未尽。

观察两幅图画不能只看到温室和花朵，还要以小见大，与主题和现实意义挂钩联想，于是出现了以下的定位。

花儿：代表独生子女，成长中的青少年；
温室：代表父母的溺爱和优越的物质生活条件。

风雨：代表逆境的考验，特别是现实社会中的残酷竞争。

中国古训中有宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来的名句，结合现实中独生子女由于娇生惯养而不能独立面对困难的问题，通过两图对比得出现实意义，即父母要多给子女独立面对困难的机会，年轻人要多经历风雨、挑战和逆境考验才能走向成功。

参考范文：
The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing，the flower is placed in a cozy greenhouse which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions， the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast， when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm， the flower immediately fades and withers， with most of its petals cast about on the ground.
The implied meaning conveyed by the drawings should be taken into account seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people， to be exact， the only children in our current society； the green house epitomizes our parents excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm， to be specific，the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world， they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts.
In sum it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought provoking drawings. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future， and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world.
这篇作文结构衔接紧凑，紧扣题目要求，层次分明。

大家如果能够达到这个要求，往往就不难拿到高分；另外，每一段的段首句是写作中的重中之重，老师阅卷时往往没有时间细看每一句，几秒钟就扫视完全篇，本文的段首句都是主题句，然后用一两句话分层次展开，简单分析，最后一段归纳升华，或者总结概况。

「友情提示」
揭示寓意，切忌盲目求新。

譬如，该作文题目是一组漫画，汉语标题为温室花朵经不起风雨。

按出题者的本意，其中心思想应当是根据卷面所提供的两幅漫画和汉语标题注解，论述当今部分青少年犹如温室的花朵经不起风雨，其重点应当围绕青少年的挫折，发表自己的见解。

而有人却反其道而行之，误解为我们应当保护青少年不受风雨侵袭。

像这样的作文，不管描述多清楚，文字多优美，也别指望获取写作高分。

一定不要放过图中的文字提示。

文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。

另外，面对漫画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思、所想、所感。

写作题目2
The two pictures in "a brief history of commercial fishing" show us that fish have become less and less since the begining of 20th century. In 1900， when only a few people fished with simple sailing vessels， there were plenty of fish. As it entered into 1995 and there came an in creasing number of advanced fishing ships， fish became extremely rare. Though it is an exaggeration to draw only one fish remaining， this really warns against the tendency for fish to become extinct. Evidently， which is caused， directly by excessive commercial fishing. If this situation goes on， we will surely have no fish to eat in the near future.
It is most likely that by drawing the pictures， the artist intends not only to tellus the story of fish but also to set us thinking more about nature. First， fish， together with ali other natural resources on earth are limited. Second， with modem science and technology， man should not fish excessively just for enormous private interests. Last but not least，we really should take active and effective measures now to counter the excessive commercial fishing for the future of fish and for our offsprings.
Only on the basis of the protection can man have fish to eat permanently. So protecting and raising fish should go be fore or simultaneously with fishing. In my opinion， above all， laws must be made：before and while fishing， commercial fishers must raise much more fish or pay high taxes and they must only be permitted to fish certain species in certain areas and seasons. Otherwise， they must be punished： fined，vessels confiscated or put in to prison. Gradually， man will learn to raise animals especially for earning money， which will be a safe，long-lasting and prosperous cause. As for this， our ancestors， by keeping domestic animals， did much better than we modern human beings do.
图表式作文是四级考试中较难的一种作文类型。

它要求考生根据图表所给出的信息，写出所要表达主题的作文。

图表式作文最大的特点是所给的信息表达很集中，给人以一目了然之感。

图表式作文一般可分三段来写：第一段描述出图表反映的总情况，用能充分说明主题的典型数据来描写。

第二段对数字进行仔细的分析比较，归纳出增减速率并找出产生变化的原因。

第三段写读图表后的想法和评论，从而得出自己的结论。

请看实例：
Changes in People's Diet:
food\Year 1986 1987 1988
1989 1990
Grain 49% 47% 46.5%
45% 45%
Milk 10% 11% 11%
12% 13%
Meat 17% 20% 22.5%
23% 21%
Fruit and vegetable 24% 22% 20% 20%
21%
Total 100% 100% 100%
100% 100%
"Changes in People's Diet"一文是1991年6月份四级考试作文题。

实际上从此文表格的提示中不难把握文章的内涵和范围。

根据三段法写作的原则，第一段阐述近6年来人们饮食上变化的总况（包括哪些需求的降低或增加）。

第二段是文章的重点，着重说明变化的原因。

从归纳出的原因中反映出了人们现在在经济实力提高的前提下更加注意科学的营养。

第三段则从个人的理解得出结论，展示人们饮食结构的变化所带来的益处和光明的前景，从而使主题思想更突出。

Changes in People's Diet As can be seen from the table, great changes took place in people's diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased steadily.
While were there changes in people's diet? There were two major reasons, I think. First, people could afford to buy more expensive food with better nutrition. Second, people paid more attention to the quality of their diet, because they knew it was of great benefit to their health to eat in a scientific way. Therefore, they were trying their best to improve the structure of their food.
From the above, we can see that people's living standard improved markedly in the five years between 1986-1990. And we can also expect that their life would be more prosperous in years to come.
写作模式
图表作文写作常识
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table饼图：pie chart 直方图或柱形图：bar chart 趋势曲线图：line chart / curve diagram表格图：table 流程图或过程图：flow chart 程序图：processing/procedures diagram
图表作文的框架
As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the
table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goes
up/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand,_______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
更多练习：
1. 根据下面所给两幅图,完成100词左右的一篇短文。

第一步:点明本圆形图所表明的主题。

The average family income in the U.S. has increased. The way the average family spends its income has also changed.
第二步:描述两个圆形内数据间的变化。

In 1997, 25% of the income was spent on housing and 18% on food and drink. 57% was used to meet all other expenses. In 2002, 32% was spent on housing, a big increase. Food and drink consumed 22%. The remaining expenses amount to 46%.
第三步:总结。

It's clear from the charts that as incomes increase people can afford to live more comfortably and eat more.
2. 根据所给图表,写一篇题为"电影与电视"的短文。

短文须包括以下要求:
A. 电影观众人数呈逐年下降趋势;
B. 电视观众人数越来越多(原因:方便、经济、选择范围);
C. 然而还是有人喜欢看电影(原因:气氛、娱乐)。

注意:(1)短文须包括主要内容,可适当增减,使内容连贯;(2)词数100左右;(3)开头语已写好。

(注:下面参考范文的划线部分即是给出的开头语。

)
[(a):Number of TV watchers (b):Number of film goers]。