英译汉教程第四次作业

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新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第四册汉译英和完形填空答案

Unit11.Banked clozeHave you ever heard people say that they tend to be more of a right-brainor left-brain thinker? From books to television programs, you have probably heardthe term mentioned numerous times, or perhaps you have even taken an online test to determine which type best describes you.Do different parts of the brain really control different bodily and mental functions? Over the years, a theory that has gained in popularity is that the right brain and the left brain are responsible for different modes of thought and that the way in which a person thinks will depend on which side of his brain works more actively.People who rely more heavily on the right half of their brain tend to be more imaginative and spontaneous. They are interested in patterns, shapes and sizes, for the right brain is associated with artistic ability like singing, painting,Writing poetry, etc. Left-brain dominated people are quite opposite in the way they think. They tend to be more logical and analytical in their thinking and usually stand out in mathematics and word skills.While the different functions of the two brain parts may have been distorted and exaggerated by popular psychology, understanding you strengths and weaknesses in certain areas can help you develop better ways to learn and study. For example, if you are usually stumped in trying to follow verbal instructions, an activity often cited as a right-brain characteristic, you can benefit from writing down directions and developing better organizational skills.2.中庸思想（Doctrine of the Mean）是儒家思想的核心内容。

《新编英语教程》第四册汉译英答案(10-12-13)单元

Unit 101.We need not have subscribed to the Yahoo Internet service, because the universitydid the subscription free of charge for its faculty and postgraduate students a week ago.2.I simply had no idea of whom my grandmother was referring to when she wastalking about a young man with glasses from her neighborhood who brought her a train ticket with his own money and walked her onto the train.3.His situation was desperate as he was now felt to the tender mercies of hiscreditors.4.The president declared resolutely that these regulations applied to everyonewithout exception, be it a teacher, student or administrator.5.The boy confronted his teacher’s accusation with a firm voice and denied thecharge that he had cheated in the final exam.6.Cultural traditions have a strong binding power. For example, many Westernerskeep to the custom of getting married only in June.7.In the era of market economy, the concept of “Consumer First”should bereinforced by the manufacturer.8.“The style is the man”, as the saying goes. I believed that a writer’s personality is,to a large extent, embodied in his or her style of writing.9.In this country, conventions allows women to wear skirts, but not trousers, to saynothing of jeans.10.Not all people think alike. Take architecture for example. People may see abuilding in a different light and from different angles. Some may appreciates its exterior appearance and others appreciate more about its interior decoration.Unit 111．We are extremely sorry that all the flights are delayed on account of the dense fog. 2．The chair person of the conference did not declare the meeting open until all the delegates turned up.3．The newly arrived professor gave us a lecture on psychology with such a strong southern accent that we hardly knew what he was driving at.4．As the day of the ball was drawing near, Ann felt all the more worried, for she had no fancy jewels to wear for the occasion.5．Though he has been strictly trained as a modern dancer, he is widely known more as a poet than as a dancer.6．The old woman was all to pieces when news came that her young son was killed in a fierce battle.7．Tom believed that he had an aptitude for painting. He really considered himself something of an artist when he was whitewashing the fence.8．You can exercise your imagination, but these exercises must be done in accordance with the requirements set down in the instructions.9．As he was not prepared at all for any bad news concerning his health, he was quite taken aback when the doctor told him that he must be hospitalized for surgery with nodelay.10．What strikes us most about our new coach is his high sense of responsibility, keen sense of observation, and unaffected sense of humourUnit 1211.It was not until quite a while later that I remembered she had hinted vaguely in aletter to me that she would not like to live in a foreign country for long and would come back and settle down in her motherland.12.After the release of 17 British passengers, the British Prime Minister continued toexpress his concern over the safety of the other British passengers still onboard the hijacked airliner.13.We all found Mr. Smith a bit weird, for every time at the mere mention of roses hewould fly into a temper.14.To her great distress, the so-called diamond necklace of the British royal family,which cost nearly all her savings, turned out to be nothing but an imitation.15.It was out of everyone’s expectation that he rounded off his basketball career byentering the business of fur trading.16.A Western dinner differs from a Chinese dinner in many ways. For example, aWestern dinner usually begins with a soup and ends with a dessert.17.On the eve of the Chinese Spring Festival, the streets are crowded with children intheir holiday best, letting off fireworks.18.Every citizen in a modern society is supposed to know the law and obey the law.No one is an exception.19.Now and again, the villagers would see the old fisherman sitting on the big rock,who, staring at the little island in the distance, seemed lost in his memory, with an occasional bitter smile on his lips.20.“If you dare to bring the matter up to the board of directors, I’ll…” he broke off,with a hint of threat in his voice, his eyes fixed on her in hostility.Unit 1321.With the successful birth of the animal cloning technology, there is far more tocloning than the biological and medicine sciences.22.The father and his son look alike, and in terms of personality, the son is an exactreplica of the father.23.We should never overlook the possible global consequences of a regional war. Wemust bear in mind that it was the regional conflicts that sparked the two world wars of the 20th century.24.Many countries in the world were thrown into the debate over the moralimplications of the legalization of the practice of euthanasia.25.The Hurricane Michi of 1998 rendered homeless tens of thousands of residents inCentral American countries.26.It was very moving that many drivers with official licenses in this country havesigned an agreement to become organ donors after death.27.In international relations, conflict would be sure to arise if a nation, be it big orsmall, should violate the United Nations Charter and disrupt the world order which is established according to the UN Charter.28.The children of this “Project Hope” school work very hard, with the determinationto live up to the hopes and expectations of the organizations and individuals that provide financial support, and to become useful citizens of the country as soon as they can.29.In many urban families in China, the parents impose much too great expectationsupon their by sending them to evening or weekend classes of various kinds against the will of the children.30.This school attaches great importance to the all-round development of theirstudents, and encourages them to develop healthy interests of their own.。

(完整版)新视野大学英语第四册汉译英原题及答案

Unit 11.这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好地成长。

1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.2.研究结果表明，无论我们白天做了什么事情，晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦。

2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.3.有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大努力，以此来为自己的失败辩护。

3.Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.4.我们忠于我们的承诺：凡是答应做的，我们都会做到。

4.We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it.5.连贝多芬的父亲都不相信自己儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。

爱迪生也同样如此，他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝。

5.Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.6.当局控告他们威胁国家安全。

6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security.Unit 21.要是这部喜剧中的人物更幽默些的话，就会吸引更多的观众。

英汉翻译教程课文4

4-1. Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and miners.
汉语叙事顺序是按照事情发生的顺序进行的。
1-3. The Industrial Revolution began with such machines; the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age. 而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。 1-4.James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self- made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village. 斯塔福郡的詹姆斯 •布林德雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；一七三三年，他十七岁，就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了那自我奋斗的生涯。 having been born poor in a village表示原因，说明他为什么十七岁就开始干活。 2-1. Brindley 's improvemenபைடு நூலகம் were practical: to sharpen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine. 布林德雷所作的改良是很实际的：改善并加强水车的机械功能。 2-2. It was the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries. 这是为新工业提供的第一部多功能机器。

21世纪大学实用英语综合教程4第四册课后翻译中译英答案

1. 坚强意志的驱动下，他终于完成了他所承担的任务。

Driven by a strong will, he eventually fulfilled the task he had undertaken.2. 他许诺一到那儿就给我写信，但至今杳无音讯。

He promised to write to me as soon as he got there, but nothing has been heard of him so far.3. 老板从来没有对任何员工如此满意过，这个年轻人确实是个难得的人才。

The boss has never been so pleased with any employee before. The young man is a real find.4. 在医生和护士的帮助下，病人再一次站了起来，不久便重新开始工作。

With the help of the doctors and nurses, the patient was able to stand on his feet once more and soon resumed working.5. 老人那张布满皱纹的脸表明了他一辈子所忍受的苦难。

The old man’s wrinkled face spoke of the hardships he had endured in his life.6. 当她身体恢复了一些，她就倚在窗口，望着孩子们在草地上玩耍。

When she recovered somewhat, she leaned on the window watching the children play on the lawn.Unit21. 他没有通过考试，但这是他自己的过错，他从来就不用功。

He failed the test but it was his own fault; he never did any work.2. 她告诉我她被一个自称（claim）为银行家儿子的年轻人骗了。

高中英语必修四unit4 body language 课后练习汉译英

6. 这里一定有什么误会，我不知道你在说什么。
misunderstanding There must be…
There must be some misunderstanding. I don’t know what you’re talking about.
3.如果早上不喝上一杯咖啡，詹妮就无法正常工作。
withoutunction without a cup of coffee in the morning.
4. 在第二次世界大战期间，他由一名上尉逐渐
晋升为将军。
rise gradually major
general
During the World War II, he rose gradually from the rank of major to general.
5. 别忘了明天把你的卡式录音机带来。
cassette recorder
Don’t forget to bring your cassette recorder tomorrow.
英语必修四 Unit4 body language Page 63 汉译英
1. 为了捍卫国家的尊严，他牺牲了自己的生命。
defend
the honor of his nation 宾语
He contributed his life to defending the honor of his nation.
原因状语 He died defending the honor of his nation.
2. 伊丽莎白不信任他，所以给他留了假姓名和假地址。
false
Elizabeth did not trust him, so she gave him a false name and address.

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后练习中英互译答案

21世纪英语读写教程第四册课后翻译答案Unit1If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an relenting drive to succeed. “There is an tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal,” he explained. “But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It’s a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.”西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断追求成功的动力人们往往认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西，但研究表明，有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。

有的只是程度上的差异而已。

伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。

He cited Winston Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into his office when his country’s moral was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired to nation when he said, “We should not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end…We shall never surrender.”他举出二战时期的首相温斯顿·邱吉尔作为一个永不放弃的冒险者的典范。

新视野大学英语（第三版）读写教程4课后习题汉译英

Unit 1如今，很多年轻人不再选择"稳定"的工作，他们更愿意自主创业，依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。

青年创业（young entrepreneurship）是未来国家经济活力的来源，创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活，从长进来看，对于国家更是一件好事，创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。

尤其是在当前，国家鼓励大众创业、万众创新，在政策上给予中小企业支持，这更加激发了年轻人的创业热情。

Nowadays, many young people no longer choos e “stable” jobs. Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts.Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy.Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further aro uses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.Unit 2实现中华民族伟大复兴（rejuvenation）是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中国梦”，其基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。

新编英语教程4练习册翻译答案

Unit 11.每当他午夜下班回家，他总是蹑手蹑脚地上楼，以免吵醒邻居。

Every time he rerurned home from work at midnight,he would tiptoe upstairs ,trying not to disturb his neighbours.2.为了与新来的邻居建立一种和睦的关系，格林先生不失时机地主动帮她把行李搬进屋子。

To establish some kind of rapport with his new neighbour,Mr. Green lost no chance in offering to carry her luggage to the house.4.要不是她的朋友时常鼓励她，帮助她，她将一事无成。

If it had not been for the constant encouragement and help from her friend ,she couldn’t have accomplished anything ..5.几天前他还对这项计划嗤之以鼻，可是他现在却以高涨的热情去努力落实这项计划，这真是令人难以理解的转变。

It was only a few days ago that he was full of contempt for the new project ,but now he is working hard with zest for its realization.what a battling change!6.从她的自传可以断定，她对那名钢琴师始终怀有一种复杂的感情。

Judging from her autobiography,she always had mixed feelings for that pianist.7.她在大厅里候机时与两名美国旅行者攀谈起来，谈到了很多有趣的跨文化方面的问题。

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程4汉译英和完形填空答案

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程4汉译英和完形填空答案are interested in facts。

numbers and details。

They are often good at problem-XXX.The idea of left-brain and right-brain thinking has been around for a long time。

but recent research has shown that it may not be as simple as we once thought。

While it is true that XXX are controlled by specific areas of the brain。

such as language being processed in the left hemisphere。

XXX much more complex than just two halves.In fact。

XXX on the task at hand。

This means that even if XXX left-brained or right-brained。

they still use both sides of their brain for most tasks.So。

while it may be interesting to think about which side of the brain we use more。

it is XXX into one category or the other。

we should XXX.practice and self-XXX.In terms of cognitive abilities。

individuals often excel in either XXX。

XXX can help you develop better ways to learn and study。

大学英语第四册汉译英

大学英语第四册汉译英-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Unit 11.His conclusion sounds reasonable, but it is actually a fallacy. 他的结论听起来合理，但实际上却是个谬误。

2.His skill in negotiating earned him a reputation as a shrewd businessman. 他的谈判技巧使他赢得了精明商人的名声。

3.Yesterday, Canada's foreign minister met his Russian counterpart in Moscow to discuss theirtrade issues. 昨天加拿大外长在莫斯科会晤了俄罗斯外长，商讨两国贸易问题。

4.The hotel is an ideal venue for conferences and business parties. 这家酒店是开会及商业聚会的理想场所。

5.He never arrives on time, and my inference is that he feels the meetings are useless. 他从不准时，我的推断是他觉得这些会议都没用。

6.This argument is based on the premise that there is life on the planet Mars. 这一论点是以火星上有生命为前提的。

7.It may be difficult to discern the difference between the two paintings at first, but if you lookcarefully, it will become apparent. 一开始要看出这两幅画的差异可能很难，但仔细看就明显了。

胡杨第四次翻译作业

Evaluation of 1D and 2D numerical models for predicting riverﬂood inundationM.S.Horritt a,*,P.D.Bates b,1aSchool of Geography,University of Leeds,Woodhouse Lane,Leeds LS29JT,UK.bSchool of Geographical Sciences,University of Bristol,University Road,Bristol BS81SS,UKReceived 11January 2002;revised 13May 2002;accepted 22May 2002Abstract1D and 2D models of ﬂood hydraulics (HEC-RAS,LISFLOOD-FP and TELEMAC-2D)are tested on a 60km reach of the river Severn,UK.Synoptic views of ﬂood extent from radar remote sensing satellites have been acquired for ﬂood events in 1998and 2000.The three models are calibrated,using ﬂoodplain and channel friction as free parameters,against both the observed inundated area and records of downstream discharge.The predictive power of the models calibrated against inundation extent or discharge for one event can thus be measured using independent validation data for the second.The results show that for this reach both the HEC-RAS and TELEMAC-2D models can be calibrated against discharge or inundated area data and give good predictions of inundated area,whereas the LISFLOOD-FP needs to be calibrated against independent inundated area data to produce acceptable results.The different predictive performances of the models stem from their different responses to changes in friction parameterisation.q 2002Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Flood forecasting;Modelling;Calibration;Validation;Remote sensing1.IntroductionRecent work on calibration and validation of 2D models of river ﬂood inundation (Feldhaus et al.,1992;Romanowicz et al.,1996;Romanowicz and Beven,1997;Bates et al.,1998;Horritt,2000;Bates and De Roo 2000;Horritt and Bates,2001a,b;Aronica et al.,2002)has demonstrated how both raster-based and ﬁnite element approaches can be used to reproduce observed inundation extent and bulk hydrometric response for river reaches 5–60km inlength.Remote sensing has also been demonstrated to be a useful tool in mapping ﬂood extent (Horritt et al.,2001)and hence for validating numerical inundation models.These studies have,however,been limited to model calibration against a single ﬂood event,and are therefore only a limited test of the models’predictive power.Furthermore,calibration or validation of a 1D model against 2D inundation data has yet to be carried out.There is therefore no indication of the relative performance of 1D and 2D approaches in predicting ﬂoodplain inundation.The predictive power of ﬂood inundation models is assessed in this paper through the analysis of two ﬂood events on the same river reach and a comparison with the predictions of 1D and 2D modelling approaches.The use of remotely sensed maps of ﬂood extent0022-1694/02/$-see front matter q 2002Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.PII:S 0022-1694(02)00121-XJournal of Hydrology 268(2002)87–99/locate/jhydrol1Tel.:þ44-117-928-9108;fax:þ44-117-928-7878.*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ44-113-343-6833;fax:þ44-113-343-3308.E-mail addresses:m.horritt@ (M.S.Horritt),paul.bates@ (P.D.Bates).(Smith,1997;Bates et al.,1997;Horritt et al.,2001)to validateﬂood models(Horritt,2000)has strongly inﬂuenced the development of such codes in recent years.The2D nature ofﬂood maps has promoted the use of2D models in order to promote the synergy between distributed observations and predictions, whereas point measurements of stage or discharge are more compatible with1D models.The high resolution of remotely sensed data,especially from synthetic aperture radar(SAR)systems(typically a few tens of metres),has encouraged modelling at a higher spatial resolution than was previously prac-tical,and has also encouraged the integration of high resolution DEMs into hydraulic models(Marks and Bates,2000).Inundation extent data have also provided a second source of observed data indepen-dent of hydrometry,allowing models to be indepen-dently calibrated and validated.This has already exposed weaknesses in raster-based models of dynamicﬂood events(Horritt and Bates,2001a), showing that model predictions calibrated against inundation extent reproduce bulkﬂow behaviour poorly,and vice versa.It is impossible to detect this poor performance with calibration data alone,and the combination of inundation extent data and hydrom-etry can therefore be used to discriminate between models in a rigorous fashion.This has also shaped the criteria for model evaluation,for example,by deﬁning a good model as being one that can reproduceﬂood extent when calibrated against hydrometric data.This property will become important as inundation models are applied in operational scenarios,where models calibrated against(relatively common)hydrometric data will be used to predictﬂood extent for which only limited validation data sets are available.The integration of hydrometric andﬂood extent data has thus been shown to be useful in discriminat-ing betweenﬂood inundation models,and if a calibration methodology is adopted for unconstrained parameters,the optimal parameter values may well be different for models calibrated against hydrometric and inundation data.A further complication is that optimal parameter sets may well be different for differentﬂood events,and this will reduce a model’s predictive power.In particular,it is unclear as to whether a parameter set calibrated against data from an event with a certain magnitude will be valid for a more extreme event.One of the criteria for assessing model performance thus becomes the stability of the model calibration with respect to changing event magnitude.This is of practical importance,since we would like to be able to calibrate a hydraulic model against observed low magnitude(and hence relatively common)events,and use the calibrated model to predict the impact of larger magnitude events,for example,the one in100yearﬂood,for planning and risk assessment purposes.Due to the rarity of inundation extent data sets,this has so far not been undertaken.The research presented in this paper aims to assess the performance of1D and2Dﬂood models,and in particular their ability to predict inundation extent for oneﬂood event when calibrated on another.This will allow us to assess the models’suitability for practical risk and hazard assessment.The models used reﬂect a move in recent years from a1D approach(represented by the US Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS model)towards2Dﬁnite element(TELEMAC-2D developed by Electricite´de France)and raster-based (LISFLOOD-FP)models.These models are tested on a60km reach of the river Severn,UK,where two ﬂood events have been observed with satellite borne SAR sensors.The paper proceeds with a brief description of the three models,the test site and validation data,results of calibration studies for the two events,and an assessment of model performance when model calibrations are transferred between two ﬂood events.2.Models and test site2.1.HEC-RASThe HEC-RAS model solves the full1D St Venant equations for unsteady open channelﬂow:›Aþ›f Qcþ›ð12fÞQf¼0ð1Þ›Q›tþ››x cf2Q2A c!þ››x fð12fÞ2Q2A f!þgA c›z›x cþS cþgA f›z›x fþS f¼0ð2ÞM.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates/Journal of Hydrology268(2002)87–99 88f¼K cK cþK f;where K¼A5=3nPð3ÞS c¼f2Q2n2cR c A c;S f¼ð12fÞ2Q2n2fRfAfð4ÞQ is the totalﬂow down the reach,A(A c,A f)the cross sectional area of theﬂow(in channel,ﬂoodplain),x c and x f are distances along the channel andﬂoodplain (these may differ between cross sections to allow for channel sinuosity),P the wetted perimeter,R the hydraulic radius(A/P),n the Manning’s roughness value and S the friction slope.f determines howﬂow is partitioned between theﬂoodplain and channel, according to the conveyances K c and K f.These equations are discretized using theﬁnite difference method and solved using a four point implicit(box) method.2.2.LISFLOOD-FPLISFLOOD-FP is a raster-based inundation model speciﬁcally developed to take advantage of high resolution topographic data sets(Bates and De Roo, 2000).Channelﬂow is handled using a1D approach that is capable of capturing the downstream propa-gation of aﬂoodwave and the response ofﬂow to free surface slope,which can be described in terms of continuity and momentum equations as:›Q x þ›At¼qð5ÞS02n2P4=3Q2A2›h›x¼0ð6ÞQ is the volumetricﬂow rate in the channel,A the cross sectional area of theﬂow,q theﬂow into the channel from other sources(i.e.from theﬂoodplain or possibly tributary channels),S0the down-slope of the bed,n Manning’s coefﬁcient of friction,P the wetted perimeter of theﬂow,and h theﬂow depth.In this case,the channel is assumed to be wide and shallow, so the wetted perimeter is approximated by the channel width.Eqs.(5)and(6)are discretized using ﬁnite differences and a fully implicit scheme for the time dependence,and the resulting non-linear system is solved using the Newton–Raphson scheme. Sufﬁcient boundary conditions are provided by an imposedﬂow at the upstream end of the reach and an imposed water elevation at the downstream end.The channel parameters required to run the model are its width,bed slope,depth(for linking toﬂoodplain ﬂows)and Manning’s n value.Width and depth are assumed to be uniform along the reach,their values assuming the average values taken from channel surveys.Channel surveys also provide the bed elevation proﬁle,which can have a gradient which varies along the reach,and which also may become negative if the diffusive wave model is used.The Manning’s n roughness is left as a calibration parameter.Floodplainﬂows are similarly described in terms of continuity and momentum equations,discretized over a grid of square cells which allows the model to represent2D dynamicﬂowﬁelds on theﬂoodplain. We assume that theﬂow between two cells is simply a function of the free surface height difference between those cells(Estrela and Quintas,1994):d h i;jd t¼Q i21;jx2Q i;j xþQ i;j21y2Q i;j yD x D yð7ÞQ i;j x¼h5=3flownh i21;j2h i;jD x!1=2D yð8Þwhere h i,j is the water free surface height at the node ði;jÞ;D x and D y are the cell dimensions,n is the Manning’s friction coefﬁcient for theﬂoodplain,and Q x and Q y describe the volumetricﬂow rates between ﬂoodplain cells.Q y is deﬁned analogously to Eq.(8). Theﬂow depth,hﬂow,represents the depth through which water canﬂow between two cells,and is deﬁned as the difference between the highest water free surface in the two cells and the highest bed elevation(this deﬁnition has been found to give sensible results for both wetting cells and forﬂows linkingﬂoodplain and channel cells).While this approach does not accurately represent diffusive wave propagation on theﬂoodplain,due to the decoupling of the x-and y-components of theﬂow,it is computationally simple and has been shown to give very similar results to a faithfulﬁnite difference discretisation of the diffusive wave equation(Horritt and Bates,2001b).Eq.(8)is also used to calculateﬂows between ﬂoodplain and channel cells,allowingﬂoodplain cell depths to be updated using Eq.(7)in response toﬂowM.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates/Journal of Hydrology268(2002)87–9989from the channel.These ﬂows are also used as the source term in Eq.(5),effecting the linkage of channel and ﬂoodplain ﬂows.Thus only mass transfer between channel and ﬂoodplain is represented in the model,and this is assumed to be dependent only on relative water surface elevations.While this neglects effects such as channel-ﬂoodplain momentum transfer and the effects of advection and secondary circulation on mass transfer,it is the simplest approach to the coupling problem and should reproduce some of the behaviour of the real system.2.3.TELEMAC-2DThe TELEMAC-2D (Galland et al.,1991;Her-vouet and Van Haren,1996)model has been applied to ﬂuvial ﬂooding problems for a number of river reaches and events (Bates et al.,1998).The model solves the 2D shallow water (also known as Saint-Venant or depth averaged)equations of free surface ﬂow:›v ›t þðv ·7Þv þg 7ðz 0þh Þþn 2g v l v l h 4=3¼0ð9Þ›h›tþ7ðh v Þ¼0ð10Þwhere v is a 2D depth averaged velocity vector,h is the ﬂow depth,z 0the bed elevation,g the acceleration due to gravity,and n Manning’s coefﬁcient of friction.The TELEMAC-2D model uses Galerkin’s method of weighted residuals to solve Eqs.(9)and (10)over an unstructured mesh of triangular ﬁnite elements.A streamline-upwind-Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG)technique is used for the advection of ﬂow depth in the continuity equation to reduce the spurious spatial oscillations in depth that Galerkin’s method is predisposed to,and the method of characteristics is used for the advection of velocity.The resulting linear system is solved using a gradient mean residual technique and efﬁcient matrix assembly is ensured using element-by-element methods.The time develop-ment of the solutions is dealt with using an implicit ﬁnite difference scheme and the moving boundary nature of the problem is treated with a simple wetting and drying algorithm which eliminates spurious free surface slopes at the shoreline (Hervouet and Janin,1994).Fig.1.RADARSAT image of the reach used to test the models.The ﬂood boundary is delineated in black,and the urban area of Shrewsbury shown.The rectangle gives the approximate location of the detail images in Fig.3and subsequent maps of model predicted inundationextent.Fig.2.Upstream hydrographs for the 1998(top)and 2000(bottom)ﬂood events.The satellite overpass times are also marked.M.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates /Journal of Hydrology 268(2002)87–99902.4.Test site and validation dataThe three models have been set up to represent a 60km reach of the river Severn,UK (Fig.1).The reach is well provided with topographic data.The channel is described by a series of 19ground surveyed cross sections,and airborne laser altimetry (Mason et al.,1999;Cobby et al.,2000)is used to derive a high resolution (50m),high accuracy (,15cm)ﬂoodplain DEM.Validation data are provided by two satellite SAR images.The ﬁrst coincides with a ﬂood event on 30th October 1998,with a peak ﬂow of 435m 3s 21at the upstream end of the reach (Fig.2,top).This is well over bankful discharge (,180m 3s 21),and considerable ﬂoodplain inundation occurred.The event was observed by the RADARSAT satellite,operating at C-band (5.3GHz,5.6cm),HH polarisation and an incidence angle of 36–428(shown as backdrop to Fig.1).The second event occurred on 11th November 2000,with a peak ﬂow of 391m 3s 21(Fig.2,bottom),and was captured by the ERS-2satellite SAR,again operating at C-band,VV polarisation and an incidence angle of 20–268.Both sensors produce imagery with a pixel size of 12.5m and a ground resolution of approxi-mately 25m.Imagery from the two sensors is shown in Fig.3.They show that the ﬂood is easily distinguished as a region of very low backscatter in the RADARSAT imagery (Fig.3,top left),but detecting the waterlineis much more difﬁcult in the ERS-2image (top right),where wind roughening of the water surface has increased backscatter to levels similar to some ﬂoodplain landcover types (Horritt,2000;Horritt et al.,2001).This differential sensitivity to wind roughening is probably due to both the different incidence angle and polarisations used by the two sensors.The consequence is that for the greater part of the reach,it is extremely difﬁcult to distinguish between the ﬂooded and unﬂooded state in the ERS-2imagery,but the shoreline is obvious in some places,probably where the water surface is sheltered from the wind by trees or topography.Given the different nature of the images,two processing strategies were adopted.The shoreline in the 1998RADARSAT imagery was delineated using a statistical active contour model (Horritt,1999;Horritt et al.,2001)which has been found to be capable of locating the shoreline to ,2pixels,and then transformed to a raster map of the ﬂooded/non-ﬂooded state at a resolution of 12.5m.The 2000ERS-2imagery was ﬁrst smoothed using a 3£3moving average ﬁlter to reduce speckle,then thresholded into 3classes:ﬂooded,unﬂooded and undetermined,again at 12.5m resolution.The undetermined class can then be ignored in any calculation of model ﬁt.The results of this classiﬁcation are also given in Fig.3(bottom left and bottom right).Hydrometric data can also be used for validation/-calibration.Although the downstream stage is already used as a model boundary condition,the ﬂoodwave travel time has been found to be useful in model calibration (Bates et al.,1998)even if it is not wholly independent of downstream stage measurements.A model where peak ﬂow at the downstream boundary coincides with peak-measured ﬂow can be viewed as predicting travel time correctly.The measured travel times were similar for the two events:25.5h for 1998and 24h for 2000.The HEC-RAS model was set up using the 19cross sections to provide the channel width and bed elevations.These sections were extended on both sides of the channel using the LiDAR derived DEM to provide ﬂoodplain topography.The section was then described by 5–10points on each side of the channel coinciding with signiﬁcant topographic features such as breaks of slope.The bed elevation proﬁle and examples of the cross sections used in theHEC-RASFig.3.1998RADARSAT (left)and 2000ERS-2(right)images (top),with their classiﬁcations (bottom).Black represents ﬂooded regions,and grey tones represent undetermined areas.The images are ,7km across,and cover the lower part of the test reach.q European Space Agency and Canadian Space Agency.M.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates /Journal of Hydrology 268(2002)87–9991model are given in Fig.4.Boundary conditions for the model are an imposed dynamic discharge at the upstream end of the reach and an imposed water surface elevation at the downstream end,both provided by stage recorders and a rated section in the case of the imposed discharge.Although the use of the measured free surface elevation at the downstream end does mean that the boundary conditions and validation data (travel times)are not fully indepen-dent,the effect of this was found to be small.The ﬂoodwave travel time remains a good source of calibration data,being strongly dependent on the model calibration and not signiﬁcantly affected by the downstream boundary condition.Predicted inunda-tion extent was then derived by re-projecting the water levels at the 19cross sections onto the high resolution DEM.The LISFLOOD-FP model is based directly on the 50m resolution DEM.The location of the channel is digitised from 1:25000scale maps of the reach.Since the channel width is of the same order as the model resolution,cells of the DEM lying over the channel can be ignored in the ﬂoodplain ﬂow calculations (ﬂow between channel cells being handled by the in-channel diffusive ﬂow routing scheme),and ﬂood-plain storage near the channel does not need to be included explicitly as it does for coarse scale LISFLOOD-FP models (Horritt and Bates,2001a).Bed elevations for the 1D ﬂow routing scheme are taken from the 19surveyed cross sections,and linearly interpolated in between.Channel width is taken as constant down the channel.Again the upstream boundary condition is provided by the measured discharge,and the downstream boundary condition is an imposed water surface elevation.The TELEMAC-2D model operates on a mesh of 6485nodes and 12107triangular elements (Fig.5),giving a ﬂoodplain resolution of ,30m.Floodplain topography is sampled onto the mesh using nearest neighbours from the 50m DEM,and the channel and bank node elevations are taken from channelsurveysFig.4.Bed elevation proﬁle,with a typical water free surface,for the HEC-RAS model (bottom).A sample cross section is also shown (top).M.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates /Journal of Hydrology 268(2002)87–9992and linearly interpolated between the 19cross sections.Channel planform and the extent of the domain are digitised from 1:25000maps of the reach.The same boundary conditions are used as for the other two models.3.Model calibration and validationTo make a tractable calibration problem,the potentially distributed bed roughness coefﬁcients are limited to one value for the channel and one for the ﬂoodplain.This is also appropriate for the lumped criteria used to assess model performance in predict-ing inundation (described below).Channel values vary between n ¼0:01and n ¼0:05m 21=3s ;with ﬂoodplain values ranging from n ¼0:02to n ¼0:10m 21=3s for the HEC-RAS and LISFLOOD-FP models.The TELEMAC calibration uses lower friction values (n ¼0:005to n ¼0:04m 21=3s for the channel,n ¼0:01to n ¼0:08m 21=3s on the ﬂoodplain),which were found necessary to ensure the optimum Manning’s n values are included within the parameter space.It should be noted that the different process inclusion in each model would meanthat the friction value has a different physical meaning and is drawn from a different distribution.Hence in a 1D model,the friction term accounts for the energy loss due to planform variations,whereas,for a 2D ﬁnite element model these losses are represented directly in the domain geometry at the element scale and only subsumed within the friction term at the sub-grid scale.The friction coefﬁcients for each model can thus not be absolutely compared.A simulation for each of the models,friction parameterisations and events was performed.Model predictions of inundation extent are com-pared with the satellite data using the measure of ﬁt:F ¼Num ðS mod >S obs ÞNum ðS mod <S obs Þ£100ð11ÞS mod and S obs are the sets of domain sub-regions (pixels,elements or cells)predicted as ﬂooded by the model and observed to be ﬂooded in the satellite imagery,and Num(·)denotes the number of members of the set.F therefore varies between 0for model with no overlap between predicted and observed inundated areas and 100for a model where these coincide perfectly.This measurehasFig.5.Finite element mesh for the TELEMAC-2D model.M.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates /Journal of Hydrology 268(2002)87–9993been found to give good results in othercalibration studies (Aronica et al.,2002;Horritt and Bates,2001a),and allows a useful comparison between model performance for different modelled reaches and ﬂood events.The models also generate a downstream discharge,which is used to predict the ﬂoodwave travel time.Results of the calibration are given in Tables 1and 2for the three models applied to the 1998and 2000events.On ﬁrst inspection,the tables appear to showTable 1Summary of optimum friction coefﬁcients calibrated on inundated area for the 3models and two events Event Model n ch n ﬂF 1998HEC-RAS 0.050.0664.83LISFLOOD-FP 0.030.06–0.0863.81TELEMAC 0.020.0265.282000HEC-RAS 0.040.1041.79LISFLOOD-FP 0.030.0841.38TELEMAC0.020.0437.41Table 2Summary of optimum friction coefﬁcients calibrated on ﬂoodwave travel time for the 3models and two events.The observed travel times were 25.5h for the 1998event and 24h for the 2000event Event Modeln chn ﬂBest travel time1998HEC-RAS 0.04–0.050.08–0.1020LISFLOOD-FP 0.020.02–0.1027TELEMAC 0.040.08252000HEC-RAS 0.03–0.050.06–0.1026LISFLOOD-FP 0.020.02–0.1029TELEMAC 0.020.0624Fig.6.Model sensitivity:the surfaces show how model performance changes with friction coefﬁcients.Top row:measure of ﬁt F for the 1998event.Bottom row:ﬂoodwave travel time for the 1998event.Left:HEC-RAS,middle:LISFLOOD-FP,right:TELEMAC-2D.M.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates /Journal of Hydrology 268(2002)87–9994that in terms of calibration,the LISFLOOD-FP models is the best,having approximately the same optimal friction values for both events and giving similar optima when calibrated against the radar and hydrometric data.The model with the most sophisti-cated process representation,TELEMAC-2D,per-forms more poorly in this respect than the other models.However,all three models give similar levels of performance in terms of F at their optimum calibrations,,65%for the1998event and,40%for the2000event.The difference in maximum perform-ance for the two events is due to the different sources of validation data.The ERS-2image contains large areas of uncertainﬂood state,and in particular lacks data for large areas in the middle of the domain which are easily and correctly predicted asﬂooded by the models of the1998event.If the uncertain areas are due to wind roughening of the water surface,then we might expect the more sheltered areas at the sides of the valley to provide most of the validation data,just where we would expect the biggest differences in performance to show up.Further differences in model performance are exposed if the full calibration surface(measure ofﬁt F orﬂoodwave travel time as a function of roughness values)is examined,as shown in Fig.6for the1998 event.Results for the2000event are similar,but with lower values of F due to the poor quality of the ERS-2 data.As in Horritt and Bates(2001b),we see that the different model respond differently to changing friction parameters.HEC-RAS shows the most consistent response of inundation extent and travel times:both are optimised for high friction values.The good performance may,however,be due in part to the constraint on the maximum friction values,and using very high values in order to reproduce the25.5h travel time may result in poorer inundation predic-tions.The different sensitivities to channel and ﬂoodplain friction are also what might be expected. For low channel friction,water levels are low,there is little inundation and so sensitivity toﬂoodplain friction is minimal.Higher channel frictions increase water depth in the channel,more water is forced onto theﬂoodplain,and soﬂoodplain friction exerts a greater inﬂuence on both travel times and inundation extent.LISFLOOD-FP gives a smooth response surface,with very little sensitivity toﬂoodplain friction when the inundated area is considered.The model is slightly more sensitive toﬂoodplain friction whenﬂoodwave travel times are compared.The surfaces for TELEMAC-2D are similar in shape to those for HEC-RAS,but showing less overall sensitivity,varying only between63and65%, compared with20–65%for HEC-RAS.How does this calibration performance affect the predictive performance of the three models?The answer depends on how we use the models in the predictive mode.Records of time varying discharge, and henceﬂoodwave travel times,are relatively common,but inundation extent data are still relatively rare due to the limited number of radar satellites in operation.It would therefore make sense to deﬁne a ‘good’model as one which can be calibrated against discharge measurements and then provides the most accurate predictions ofﬂood extent.This is also in accord with the role of inundation models inﬂood risk assessment,where it is the extent of theﬂood,rather than the discharge,which is of interest.The performance is therefore assessed by calibrating on oneﬂood event and measuring the performance in predicting inundated area for the other,calibrating using the hydrometric data and measuring F(Eq.(11))for the same event,etc.These combinations give6performance evaluations usingTable3Predictive performance of the3models using independent calibration/validation dataCalibration data Validation data HEC-RAS LISFLOOD-FP TELEMAC-2D 1998Hydro1998SAR64.24–64.7454.10–54.5762.882000Hydro2000SAR37.79–41.7933.06–33.7237.131998Hydro2000SAR40.80–41.7933.06–33.7235.902000Hydro1998SAR55.21–64.8354.10–54.5764.461998SAR2000SAR41.4841.29–41.3836.852000SAR1998SAR64.6563.8165.21M.S.Horritt,P.D.Bates/Journal of Hydrology268(2002)87–9995。

单元作文第4册

新視野大學英語第4冊讀寫教程Unit 1Section A The Tail of Fame所有句型均出自所学课文课文仿写Topic: A Heavy Price for Seeking Thrill OnlineOutlines:1. 你对寻求网上刺激的看法；2. 对你的观点进行深入论述；3. 你的建议。

A Heavy Price for Seeking Thrill Online（Part I）Any student who seeks thrill online is like one taking drugs who, once addicted to it, does not know what else to do but to continue indulging in it. The cruelty of thrill seeking is that it often leads such seekers to participate in their self-battering.（Part II）On the one hand, the conquest of thrill is a fleeting one at best, and many end up emotionally if not mentally bankrupt.On the other hand, those who seeks endless thrill this way are hard-pressed to sustain their normal life as ever.When they become crazy for it, for example, their school life begins to show a lack of continuity in its vigor and it becomes difficult to focus as much of their minds on lessons as usual. Some students who do attempt to enrich their college life by playing online games from time to time run a significant risk of drowning in it; whereas others who are forced to stay away from whatever is online have to give up the freedom to scanning online for information necessary to their study.Oddly enough, the greatest winners are those who, despite more pressure from lessons, remain true to their quest for knowledge, because their hunger for knowledge has motivated them to work even harder to reach new peaks of excellence. For most people, however, failure is the end of their struggle, not the beginning.（Part III）“It is high time to wake up to your way of self-battering!” is my advice to those who seek thrill online without any awareness of its danger. But alas, those who stop to realize it often find it too late to turn a new leaf. So instead of trying so hard to seek thrill from the virtual world, try to be happy with what you reap from books or classes and try to do what you can be proud of in your future life. Maybe you lose many hours of fun now, but you will keep your own happiness in hand.所有句型均出自所学课文Topic: The Shadow of Romance Seeking on the CampusOutlines:1. 你对追求校园浪漫的看法；2. 对你的观点进行深入论述；3. 你的建议。

英译汉教程Unit_4_conversion_课后习题答案

英译汉教程Unit_4_conversion_课后习题答案Unit 4 Conversion（转换法）Drills 4.1.1a.16. 绝不允许违反这个规则。

17．我无意让这件事是你厌烦。

18．激光视近年来最为轰动的成就之一，因为激光可以应用于许多科学领域，也适合于各种实际用途。

19．关切保护公共财物，应不限于仅防止盗窃与破坏。

20．我们反对一切侵略战争。

21．屠杀共和党人的事件，以及随之颁布的取缔报刊和结社权利的九月法令，都是他一手干出来的。

22．难怪老一辈的许多人见了这个就会想起三十六年前的往事。

23．必须明确承认国与国之间平等的原则。

24．这一发现开创了空气静力学这一门学科。

25．这样的岩石最适宜储存地下水。

26．这家商店有多种鞋帽可供选购。

27．总统竭力主张大大扩大导弹和空间计划。

28．要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。

29．两位领导人就中美关系和国际事务认真、坦率地交换了意见。

30．海洋法条约的谈判，经过六年的审议，实际上已与上周结束了。

31．演讲者号召人们打到帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放中国和受压迫者。

32．从事诸如武装进攻、海上封锁和向武装恐怖分子集团提供援助之类的行动，都被认为是一种侵略。

33．第三代电子电路是沿着晶体管的发展趋势发展起来的。

34．本文结尾讨论了使用数学力学模型来研究地质构造成因的重要性。

35．这个王宫综合了不同时期的不同建筑风格。

36．这表示承认你个人的资格及贵国为国际合作所做的贡献。

37．每个国家需要什么来保卫自己的安全，只有它自己才能做出做好的决定。

38．人群一看见贵宾的车队，就关乎起来了。

39．要交流世界各国文化，就必须学习外语。

40．使用原子武器显然违反国际法。

41．他们慢慢地顺着北冰洋沿岸航行，一路仔细观察。

42．该国再三企图把这条原则说成是宣传花招。

43．晶体管是最近才发展起来的。

44．我们只有充分发挥人的主动性，才能更好地利用机器来改造自然。

新世纪第四册读写教程中翻英电子版

新世纪大学英语综合教程第四册中译英练习电子版keyUnit 11、这个村子离边境很近，村民们一直担心会受到敌人的攻击。

The village is so close to the border that the villagers live in constant fear of attacks from the enemy.2、这个国家仅用了20年的时间就发展成了一个先进的工业强国。

In only twenty years the country was transformed into an advanced industrial power.翻译二：It took the country 20 years to transform into an advanced industrial power.3The company has evolved into one of the major chemical manufacturing bases in this region.4、鉴于目前的金融形势，美元进一步贬值（devalue）是不可避免的。

Given the current financial situation, it is inevitable that the US dollor will be further devalued.5、政府号召市民就控制水污染问题献计献策，但响应却不强烈。

The government’s call for suggestions about the control of water pollution produced very little response from the citizens.6．天气没有出现好转的迹象，所以政府号召我们做好防洪的准备。

The weather showed no signs of getting better so the government called upon us to7、科学家曾一度认为没有比原子更小的东西了，但现在大多数人都知道原子是由更小的粒子（particle）构成的。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册英汉互译答案

新视野大学英语第二版读写教程（第四册）Unit 2汉译英：1.Other writers might have written stories about London. But only hecould have created the character David, who gave his creator permanent fame.2.China has provided more applause, more honor and, of course, moreprofit where this scientist is concerned than any other countries.3.He had an urge to execute this skill perfectly.4.This physical transformation, plus the skill with which he executed itagain and again, are surely the secrets of Chaplin’s great comedy.5.But that shock roused his imagination. Chaplin didn’t have his jokeswritten into a script in advance; he was the kind of comic who used his physicalsenses to invent his art as he went along.6.He also had a deep need to be loved—and a corresponding fear of beingbetrayed. The two were hard to combine and sometimes— as in his early marriages—the collision between them resulted in disaster.7.It’s doubtful whether she can find her way into perfect a cting, thoughshe never loses her faith in her own ability.8.It was a relief to know that he finally finished the book before hisdeath, which was regarded as a fitting memorial to his life as a writer.英译汉：1.但只有查理?卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪者”，这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。

汉译英新视野大学英语(读写教程第四册) 答案

Unit 11.尽管他反复暗示想单独一会，他仍执意要陪她He imposed his company upon her in spite of her repeated hints of hoping to be left alone.2.他的朋友从来都拿不准他什么时间做什么，因为他总是做些出人意料的事。

His friends can never count upon how he is going to act under given conditions, as he is always fu ll of surprises.3.别为这件小事大惊小怪，这可是我最不希望看到的。

Don’t make a fuss about such a small thing because that is the last thing I expected.4. 巴罗达太太不仅是为正派体面地女子，也是为非常明智的女子，Besides being an upright and respectable woman Mrs. Baroda was also a very sensible one.5. 她的思绪从未这么乱，丝毫理不出头绪。

She had never known her thoughts to be so confused, unable to gather anything from them.6.从古为内尔的谈话中，巴罗大太太了解到他有时沉默寡言并非天性，而是情绪使然。

From Gouvernail’s talk, Mrs. Baroda came to know that his periods of silence were not his basic nature, but the result of moods.7. 令加斯顿高兴的是，他的妻子终于不讨厌古韦内尔了，主动提出邀请他来。

To Gaston’s delight, his wife had finally overcome her dislike for Gouvernail and invited Gouvern ail to visit them again wholly from herself.8.巴罗大太太对古韦内尔令人迷惑的性格颇为不解，他觉得很难打破他这种并非有意的沉默 Mrs. Baroda felt confused with Gouvernail’s puzzling nature and found it hard to penetrate the sil ence in which he had unconsciously covered himself.《读写教程 IV》: Ex. XI, p. 121. 在一起呆了几天，她仍感到对这个客人很陌生，只得大部分时间让丈夫陪着他。

博士英语UNIT4翻译作业

UNIT 4对一般经常去听音乐会的人来说，在伟大的音乐家中还很少有像柴可夫斯基(Tschaikovsky)这样如此让人着迷。

几乎在所有的乐曲形式中都能找到他的深受人们欢迎的作品。

这也确是理所当然的事、柴可夫斯基的音乐洋溢着温暖人心的博爱和激动的戏剧效果。

人们很容易领会他的主题和情绪。

那种个人特有的、亲切的曲调强烈地表现在音乐中，使我们很自然地分享到柴可夫斯基的欢乐与悲伤，例如，在听他的悲怆交响曲》(Pathetic Symphony)和《胡桃夹子组曲》(Nutcracker Ballet Suite)时就是这种情况。

他的音乐好像是把我们当作他的知心人，向我们展示他内心的秘密。

虽然柴可夫斯基情绪变化的范围很大—从变化莫测的轻松愉快的幻想到疾风暴雨似的痛苦呐喊——但是正如在生活中一样，在音乐中他也基本上是一个忧郁的人。

也许正是他的音乐在传达极强烈的感情和痛苦时的那种真诚，使千百万人为他的交响乐和协奏曲所吸引。

一种坦率的真诚和温暖人心的感情从他的音乐中奔涌出来。

他那最动人的旋律萦绕在人们的心头，使人们久久不能忘怀。

只要在真诚的艺术形式中所表现的真诚感情能够打动人心，柴可夫斯基的音乐就将继续在音乐厅和歌剧院中占据很高的位置。

在那些为人们所喜爱而反复轮演的各种音乐形式的乐曲中，只有贝多芬(Beethoven)和莫扎特(Mozart)才能在数量上与柴可夫斯基相匹敌。

柴可夫斯基的小提琴协奏曲(violin concerto)和贝多芬的小提琴协奏曲同样是人们要求演奏的曲目。

《悲怆交响曲》是保留节目中持久不衰地受到人们喜爱的三四部作品之一。

柴可夫斯基的《胡桃夹子组曲》也许是这一类乐曲中最受人们欢迎的一部了。