旅游产品开发体验旅游外文文献翻译2014年译文3900字

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毕业论文外文翻译--旅游及服务营销：幻想,感觉和乐趣的研究论文翻译-中英文对照翻译

中文3920字一、外文原文标题：Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun出处：Alistair Williams. Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun [J].international Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 2006.18（6）,pp.482-495 原文：IntroductionExperiential marketing has become a cornerstone of many recent advances in areas such as retailing, branding and events marketing, however, marketing in the tourism and hospitality sectors does not appear to have explicitly engaged the theoretical issues involved. This raises the question what, if anything, does experiential marketing have to offer marketers in the disciplines of tourism and hospitality? In this paper, I will seek to introduce the experiential marketing debate and demonstrate how the questions raised by the concept are crucial to an understanding of marketing theory and research within the tourism and hospitality sectors.Marketing and promotion is clearly essential for successful tourism and hospitality development, however, it isoften overlooked or simplistic in nature (Hannam, 2004). Indeed, Morgan et al. (2002) argue that conventional tourism marketing tends to focus on confirming the intentions of tourists, rather than persuading them to consume differently. In addition the marketing of tourism and hospitality products has become increasingly complex, being associated not only with conveying an image of a place, but with attempting to sell an experience of a place through relating it to the lifestyle constructs of consumers. For many years we have discussed the characteristics of tourism and hospitality products, which suggest that marketing within the sectors is different to many other industries, as purchase decisions are made on the basis of projected and perceived images, rather than prior experience. However, despite the amount of literature being written on these perceived differences, most marketing in the sector relies heavily on traditional marketing concepts, and it is often difficult to discriminate tourism and hospitality approaches to marketing from those advocated for other consumer products.Tourism and hospitality has become a major economic activity as expectations with regard to the use of our leisure time have evolved, attributing greater meaning to our free time.The evolution of tourist behaviour encourages both change and the emergence of new meaning (Bouchet et al., 2004). This results in marketing having potentially a greater prominence in tourism and hospitality, than inother industries. Potential that is not always fully achieved (Morgan and Pritchard, 2002). The key reason for this failing is that in the main marketing for tourism and hospitality has been focused not on the consumer, but on the destination or outlet, with marketing strategies being related to the products offered (Williams, 2000, 2002). As marketing within this sector has evolved however, the offer has become increasingly less important due to the enormous heterogeneity of consumer motivation and behaviour. The result is that firms and destinations within this sector need to redefine their strategies to reflect these changes.Studying the behaviour of consumers has become increasingly complex, and it is fair to argue that tourism and hospitality by its very nature, should be in the vanguard of research into contemporary consumers (Williams, 2002). Tourism and hospitality offers a multitude of venues in which people can consume. Bars, restaurants, hotels, theme parks, casinos and cruise ships all operate as “Cathedrals of consumption” (Ritzer, 1999) offering increasingly complexconsumption opportunities to increasingly complex consumers. Tourism and hospitality has developed into one of the most important global economic activities, due in part to a combination of a transformation of offers and increasingly postmodern demand. These changes mean that tourism and hospitality consumption has evolved to become more qualitative, more demanding, and more varied (Bouchet et al., 2004).Anecdotal evidence delivered through media coverage, would suggest that contemporaryconsumers are self-indulgent, pleasure seeking individuals, easily dominated by marketers and advertisers, who act like sheep in the ways they mimic referent others. However, the reality is obviously much more complex than such a scenario suggests. Contemporary consumers are as likely to be driven by thrift as to they are to be hedonistic, they use consumption to make statements about themselves, they use consumption to create their identities and they develop a sense of belonging through consumption. For many people it is through consumption that relationships are formed, for example, colleagues enjoying a drink after work or children hosting their birthday parties at McDonalds, enabling them to definetheir circle of friends. Consumption also plays a part in finding fulfilment, developing creativityand expressing their individual abilities. Clearly such a complex phenomena cannot be easily understood. 1111Recent arguments have been sounded that aspects of contemporary tourism and hospitality consumption have reflected the phenomena of postmodernism. Whilst many believe postmodernism to be a meaningless intellectual fad, inaccessible to many involved in marketing within our sector, others agree that there are worthwhile insights to be gained from the debate on the post-modern condition andits consequences for tourism and hospitality consumption and marketing. I do not intend to discuss at length the use of post-modern discourse in tourism and hospitality marketing as I have exercised it in previous work (Williams, 2000, 2002). The term postmodernism refers to a break in thinking away from the modern, functional and rational, and during the last couple of decades it has spread across all domains of knowledge, including marketing. The key concepts of post-modern marketing are fragmentation, indeterminacy and distrust of universal discourse, but by eschewing modernism it introduces a radically new and different cultural movement which coalesces in a reconceptualisation ofhow we experience and explain our world. In terms of experiential marketing two aspects of thepost-modern discourse are most relevant, hype reality and image.Hypereality is one of the most discussed conditions of postmodernism, and refers to the argumentthat reality has collapsed and has become image, illusion, simulation and simulacra (copies for which no original exists). Hyper reality refers to a blurring of distinction between the real and the unreal in which the prefix “hyper” signifies more real than real. When the real is no longer a given but is reproduced by a simulated environment, it does not become unreal, but realer than real, to the extent it becomes what Baudrillard (1993, p. 23)refers to as “a hallucinatory resemblance of itself”. In postmodernism, with the advent of hyper reality, simulations come to constitute reality itself. This scenario is exemplified throughout the tourism and hospitality industry. Baudrillard himself used the example of Disneyland, arguing it is more real than the USA itself. A point reinforced by Venturi (1995, p. 67) who suggested “Disneyland is nearer to what people want than what architects have ever given them. Disneyland is the symbolic American utopia”. Inpostmodern society people have become fascinated by signs and as a result, they exist in a state where signs and images have become more important than what they stand for. The result is that today’s consumers consume imagery and do not focus on what the images represent or mean. As Miller and Real (1998, p. 30) argue “we live in a world where the image or signifier of an event has replaced direct experience and knowledge of its referent or signified”.While it is accepted that there are problems with investigating tourism and hospitality marketingthrough a postmodern orientation, it clearly encompasses a broad range of consumer experiences. In addition it has the potential to reframe our thinking about marketing practice in an increasingly fragmented global marketplace. A better understanding of the underlying macro forces and micro behaviour, associated with postmodernism, can be leveraged by marketers to obtain competitive advantages in the increasingly dynamic, unpredictable, unstable and competitive tourism and hospitalityenvironment.Traditional marketing provided a valuable set of strategies, implementation tools andmethodologies that tourism and hospitality firms could use in an earlier age. As Schmitt (1999, p. 55) argued “traditional marketing was developed in response to the industrial age, not the information, branding and communications revolution we are facing today”. In a new age, with new consumers we need to shift away from a features-and-benefits approach, as advocated by traditional approaches to consumer experiences. We need to consider new concepts and approaches which capitalise on the opportunities offered by these new consumers. One such approach is experiential marketing; an approach which in contrast to the rational features-and-benefits view of consumers, takes a more postmodern orientation and views them as emotional beings, concerned with achieving pleasurable experiences.Experiential marketing is a growing trend worldwide, with enthusiasts reported in all sectors of theglobal economy, from consumer products such as Ford Motor Company (Kerwin, 2004) to health care providers such as the North Hawaii Community Hospital (Hill, 2003). As Schmitt (1999, p. 53) states “experiential marketing is everywhere”. The question is what has caused this evolution in the world of marketing, and what are the implications for consumers of tourism and hospitality?Experiential marketing was first introduced by Pine and Gilmore (1998) as part of their work on theexperience economy, and further refined in many subsequent articles and books by the same authors. Pine and Gilmore (1999, p. 2) explained their view of experiential marketing in the following manner “when a person buys a service, he purchases a set of intangible activities carried out on his behalf. But when he buys an experience, he pays to spend time enjoying a series of memorable events that a company stages to engage him in a personal way”. Experiential marketing is about taking the essence of a product and amplifying it into a set of tangible, physical, interactive experiences which reinforce the offer. Rather than seeing the offer in a traditional manner, through advertising media such as commercials, print or electronic messaging, consumers “feel” it by being part of it. As Gautier (2004, p.8) argues “experiential marketing is a totally new way of thinking abou t marketing, if you think it’s about simply tweaking around the edges, think again”. Experiential marketing is not about one-off events, sponsorship, sampling or general field marketing. Experiential marketing describes marketing initiatives that give consumers in-depth, tangibleexperiences in order to provide them with sufficient information to make a purchase decision. It is widely argued that as the science of marketing evolves, experiential marketing will become the dominant marketing tool of the future (McNickel, 2004).Experiential marketing has evolved as a response to a perceived transition from a service economyto one personified by the experiences we participate in. In such a perception experiences are as economically different from services as services are from goods. Pine and Gilmore (2004) explain that experiences have emerged as the next step, in what they refer to as the progression of economic value. If we accept such a position; that modern economies are seen as making a transition from the marketing of services to the marketing of experiences, all tourism and hospitality offers are acts of “theatre” that stage these experiences. The experience economy has been summarised by Petkus (2002) as follows: . contemporary economies have evolved from the delivery of commodities to the delivery of goods,from goods to services and are presently evolving from services to experiences; . as services became increasinglycommodified, customer perceptions of competitive advantage diminish, as does satisfaction;.the delivery of experiential market offerings involves engaging customers in memorable way; and. all actions of the organisation contribute to the performance of the experientialmarket offering.A move from mass media to experiential marketingThe huge growth in the field of experiential marketing appears to be the result of the effect of thenumerous success stories cited in the media. As Kerwin (2004, p. 94) states “the beauty of a well designed experience is that while it doesn’t reach nearly as many people as a TV spot, it can attract the very customers who are most likely to buy”. The evidence seems to support this contention, for example, research undertaken by SRI, an international market research organisation, found that experiential marketing drove faster results than traditional methods, with consumers suggesting it led to quick positive purchase decisions. Amongst certain groups, younger consumers and females, the results were even more encouraging (Allen, 2005). The same research also demonstrated that experiential marketing made consumers morereceptive to other forms of associated advertising, an important factor in an era of integrated marketing communication. Similar results were found by IMI International. Their research suggested that more than 55 per cent of consumers felt that the biggest single influence on propensity to consume was the ability to sample or interact with a product before purchase. In the UK, research undertaken by ID Live Brand Experience stated that as many as 85 per cent of consumers valued the opportunity to experience; touch, smell, taste or hear, products. Of those surveyed, 58 per centconfirmed that experiential marketing had encouraged them to make a purchase they were not previously planning to make. The importance of this development is not lost on marketing executives with more than 70 per cent of them recently stating that experiential marketing is the current “big theme” (Gautier, 2004). Pine and Gilmore (1999) the originators of much of the current thinking behind experiential marketing cite US Bureau of Labour statistics showing that consumer price indices, employment growth and growth in GDP have all increased at a faster rate for experiential offerings, than for commodities, goods or services. To summarise, the reason behind the continuing growthin demand for experiential marketing, is that it appears to work for both firms and customers.二、翻译文章标题：旅游及服务营销：幻想，感觉和乐趣的研究出处：阿利斯泰尔威廉姆斯.旅游及服务营销：幻想，感觉和乐趣的研究[J].正文：摘要体验营销近来成为零售，品牌，项目市场发展的基石。

遗产地旅游产品开发外文文献翻译2014年译文3150字

外文出处：Romita T, Perri A. The Development Mode of Heritage Site Tourism Product[J].An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 2014,6(2): 277-292. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Development Mode of Heritage Site Tourism ProductRomita T, Perri AAbstractAt present, the cultural heritage tourism is gradually popular, loved by people. However, the product development of heritage site tourism is worth our thinking. On the world heritage site tourism product development requirements, the world heritage site should have the characteristics of tourism products, the world heritage sites suitable for the development of tourism products, tourism product development mode from the aspects such as thinking, conducive to the protection of world heritage. Keywords: world heritage; Tourism products; Characteristic; Type; Development mode1 Development requirements of heritage site tourism productThe heritage site tourism product development, both to meet the needs of tourists, and to meet the world heritage protection goal request, and the latter is more important. Because of world heritage resources are not common tourist resources, the world heritage has unique value and are protected by international law, aim of development of world heritage is to let people know the world heritage by tourism, to realize the importance of world heritage value, so as to achieve the purpose of better protection of world heritage sites, rather than the destruction of the world heritage. Therefore, when we are on the world heritage tourism products development, not only just meet the needs of tourists and developers, some tourist products cannot be developed within the scope of world heritage site, resolute can't development. For example, in the world natural heritage site, the special geological features are protected, will not be able to develop the tourism projects, such as rock climbing, bungee jumping. Although these projects are very popular with tourists, although afterdevelopment also can bring short-term big profits to developers.2 The characteristics of heritage site tourism productIs according to the particularity of world heritage resources, it has the value of a world class, irrefragable and uniqueness in a certain range, the integrity of world heritage and integral sex, cosmopolitan, supervision jointly by all mankind, to protect its authenticity and integrity requirements, has its unique evaluation standard and testing inspection system such as particularity, summarized the world heritage site tourism product is different from the general characteristics of tourism products. World heritage site of tourism products in addition to general tourism products have a comprehensive, shall not transfer, production and consumption of indivisible, cannot be stored, vulnerability, and other characteristics, but also has the features of high protective and boutique.High protective the biggest characteristics is a world heritage site tourism products. Authenticity and integrity of world heritage protection is one of the world heritage convention states parties to the highest requirements for protection of world heritage. Therefore, the development of the world heritage site should not only on the world heritage tourism products have protective, and demanding, to protect the authenticity and integrity of world heritage site.Boutique sex refers to the development of world heritage site tourism products should be high quality, high grade of products; The development of the world heritage site tourism products need to be able to fully display the value of world heritage world class; The development of the world heritage site tourism products should be original, to make the world heritage sites of natural and cultural resources, environment, keep its original genuine and integrity.3 Types of the development of heritage site tourism productsBased on the protection of world heritage authenticity and integrity, the development of the world heritage site types, properties and characteristics of tourism product must conform to the requirements of a world heritage site. In the world heritage site can develop tourism product types are: tourism, cultural tourism, folk tourism and folk customs tourism, religious tourism travel, scientific expedition travel,study and geological tourism, photography, tourism, ecological tourism, etc. Tourism is one of the most common tourism products, is the human in order to satisfy their curiosity and the primary tourism products. He is because of its primary sex, and hence the most popular a kind of tourism products. In the world heritage site can carry out natural tourism and scenic spots and historical sites. Natural tourism has good function of environmental education, at the same time can also provide tourists enjoyed the beauty of nature, life will cultivate a personal sentiment, exercise benefits. Places of historic interest in swimming can increase knowledge, enjoy art creation, and enhance the effectiveness of patriotic.Folk tourism is a folk thing like as the main content of cultural tourism activities, is a high level of cultural tourism. It USES the destination way of daily life and folk culture to attract foreign tourists, is a lively, emphasize the participation of emerging tourism products, has a unique aesthetic features. World heritage sites in China are often inhabited by ethnic minorities, the national each have a unique ethnic customs, such as: valley, the three parallel rivers region area. Thus, can carry out folk customs tourism in these areas.Religious tourism and religious belief and religious cultural experience about two kinds of activities. On the one hand, to carry out the religious tourism, can meet the needs of believers pilgrimages, prayer, pilgrimage; o carry out the religious tourism, on the other hand, for non-believers, can enjoy religious architectural culture, sculpture and stone carving art, the activities of the special atmosphere. World heritage sites. Study of tourism and education in the form of a variety of forms, it includes scientific research, collecting folk customs, etc. This kind of tourism products to the participants have education significance. Scientific survey and geological tourism driven by curiosity and desire to scientific exploration, many tourists on the field survey, natural observation and science adventure has a great enthusiasm. Tourism is a kind of scientific research of tourism geological investigation form more mature products. In the rich world heritage site can carry out geological investigation of geological remains tourism.Travel photography is refers to the tourists to the unique natural landscape,ethnic customs keen to travel to places and shot his way of travel, can this kind of tourism activities in the unique natural scenery, rich cultural tourism resources of world heritage site.Ecological tourism is a kind of protective, professional and high-quality goods and so on the characteristic of tourism products. Protection is the biggest characteristic of ecological tourism products, ecotourism product development design to follow the rules of natural ecology and human and the nature harmonious unification principle. Professional refers to the activities of ecotourism products should have professional projects and management. High-quality goods refers to the ecological tourism products should be high quality, high grade products. First performance in developed original of tourism products, in addition, in terms of quality should be the real high grade product. Thus, in the world heritage sites to develop ecological tourism products, conducive to the protection of world heritage. However, because of the holiday leisure tourism tourists stay time long and higher demand for tourist facilities, climbing on the harmfulness of geological landscape does not fit in the tourism activities within the scope of world heritage site, but can in its surrounding areas, as long as there is condition, or can be, in order to enrich tourism product structure and pattern.4 Development mode of heritage site tourism product4.1 Development mode heritage site tourism productIn this paper, based on the world heritage background resources, the status of the world heritage site tourism resources around, and the particularity of the world heritage, the world heritage site tourism product development model is summarized as the following.4.4.1 Development model partitioningIs the result of biosphere reserve grading partition protection theory. Man and biosphere program (MAB) by the United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO), launched in 1971, biosphere reserve is an important part of man and biosphere program, it is a protected land, coastal zone, or on behalf of the area of the Marine ecosystem. Biosphere reserve goal is to build harmony betweenman and nature, utilization and protection of the coordinated development pattern. Biosphere reserve is divided into three management zones: core, buffer and peripheral transition zone [5].The three zones are usually in many different ways to implement in order to adapt to the local geographical conditions and limitations. Biosphere reserve partition mode applies the world heritage, the development of world heritage site, according to the world heritage landscape value will be divided into several districts of concrete partition (different), define the scope, boundaries, and activities of each block types, in different areas for different tourism product development.4.1.2 "Dwell" type development mode of space and timeThis pattern is first used in the agricultural use of cultivated land, namely "rest", arable land in certain proportion each year to maintain soil fertility, guarantee the output of crops. This method can also be applied to the development of the world heritage, every year or every part of the tourist season opening scenic spots (points), and the other part of the scenic area (spot) closed, scenic area (spot) over the break, to reduce the pressure on its protection, better protection of heritage. This model is suitable for covering an area of small, scenic spots are relatively independent, and fragile ecological or cultural heritage sites.4.2 Classification of the world heritage and its suitable tourism products development modeThe world heritage by heritage resources in the scenic spot, the heritage resources (such as ethnic cultural resources and natural resources), the surrounding resource and location conditions are divided into the following kinds.Type 2 depends on the city's cultural heritageThe characteristics of this kind of world heritage: in big cities, traffic is convenient, the food, living, transportation, shopping, entertainment facilities such as use of existing facilities in the city. Cooperation to develop the tourism product development pattern: the scenic spots and community. Tourism product development train of thought: the scenic spot is given priority to with activities such as cultural tourism and cultural experience, in the community surrounding the world heritage development activities such as leisure, entertainment, tourism facilities, no need tobuild business and tourism facilities, tourism, shopping and so on, if you want to build infrastructure, should be layout outside the scenic area, and the structure of the size, color, style should be consistent with the heritage.4.2.2 Cultural heritage of the city typeThe characteristics of this kind of cultural heritage: it is a small city, inhabited by ethnic minorities, in the old town has a distinctive ethnic folk houses, folk customs tourism resources, etc. Cooperation to develop the tourism product development pattern: the scenic spots and community. Tourism product development train of thought: the product is given priority to with activities such as cultural tourism and cultural experience, can make use of the heritage scenic minority dwellings, internal transformation into tourism facilities, can preserve heritage of traditional commercial facilities, new tourism facilities and business facilities are should be layout in the scenic spot, and architectural style, size, color should be in the heritage of architectural style, the color is consistent.译文遗产地旅游产品开发研究罗米塔；佩里摘要目前，文化遗产旅游正逐渐流行起来，深受人们的喜爱。

旅游专业外文翻译2篇

Ⅲ.外文翻译外文翻译之一Destination brand positions of a competitive set ofnear-home destinations作者：Steven Pike国籍：Australia出处：Tourism Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 January 2009原文正文：Abstract:Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only occur slowly over a long period of time. The tabulation of 74 destination branding case studies, research papers, conceptual papers and web content analysesprovides students and researchers with a useful resource on the current state of the field.Keywords: Destination branding; Consumer-based brand equity; Short breaks; Destination image; Destination positioning1. IntroductionEver since the brand literature commenced in the 1940s (see for example Guest, 1942), there has been consistent recognition that branding offers organisations a means for differentiation in markets crowded with similar offerings ([Aaker, 1991], [Gardner and Levy, 1955], [Keller, 2003] and [Kotler et al., 2007]). For destinations, effective differentiation is critical given the increasingly competitive nature of tourism markets, where many places offering similar features are becoming substitutable (Pike, 2005). For example, around 70% of international travellers visit only 10 countries, leaving the remainder of national tourism offices (NTOs) competing for 30% of total international arrivals (Morgan, Pritchard, & Pride, 2002). The pursuit of differentiation is explicit in brand definitions, which have most commonly been variations of that proposed by Aaker (1991, p. 7):A brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods from those of competitors.However, in the foreword to the first issue of Place Branding and Public Policy, editor Simon Anholt (2004, p. 4) suggested “almost nobody agrees on what, ex actly, branding means” in describing place branding practice as akin to the Wild West. There has been a lack of consistency in defining what constitutes destination branding, both within industry and within academia (see [Blainet al., 2005], [Park and Petrick, 2006] and [Tasci and Kozak, 2006]). The mostcomprehensive definition to date has been that proposed by Blain et al. (2005, p. 337), which followed Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt's (1999) model of the functions of a brand from both the buyer and seller perspectives:Destination branding is the set of marketing activities that (1) support the creation of a name, symbol, logo, word mark or other graphic that readily identifies and differentiates a destination; that (2) consistently convey the expectation of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the destination; that (3) serve to consolidate and reinforce the emotional connection between the visitor and the destination; and that (4) reduce consumer search costs and perceived risk. Collectively, these activities serve to create a destination image that positively influences consumer destination choice.Branding is therefore considered mutually beneficial from both the supply and demand perspectives. Enhancing the ability of the brand to differentiate effectively can generate advantages for products and services, such as increased purchase intent (Cobb-Walgren, Beal, & Donthu, 1995), lower costs (Keller, 1993), increased sales, price premiums, and customer loyalty ([Aaker, 1991] and [Aaker, 1996]). Advantages for destination marketing organisations (DMO) include increased potential to differentiate against places offering similar benefits, increased destination loyalty and increased yield for stakeholders such as local tourism businesses and travel intermediaries. Benefits for the traveller include ease of decision making through reduced search costs, reduced risk, and possibly enhanced brag value.The focus of most research reported to date has been concerned with the development of destination brand identities and the implementation of campaigns (see for example, [Crockett and Wood, 1999], [Hall, 1999], [May, 2001] and [Morgan et al., 2002]). One area requiring increased attention is that of tracking the performance of destination brand positions over time. That is,the extent to which destination brands' positioning and repositioning campaigns have been effective in enhancing brand equity consistent with that intended in the brand identity. This is an important gap in the tourism literature, given: i) increasing competition (see Morgan, Pritchard, & Piggot, 2002), ii) the increasing level of investment by destination marketing organisations (DMO) in branding since the 1990s, iii) the complex political nature of DMO brand decision making and increasing accountability to stakeholders (see Pike, 2005), and iv) the long-term nature of repositioning a destination's image in the marketplace (see Gartner & Hunt, 1987). In terms of metrics for DMOs in general, a number of researchers in various parts of the world have pointed to a lack of market research monitoring effectiveness of destination marketing objectives, such as in Australia (see [Carson et al., 2003] and [Prosser et al., 2000]), North America ([Masberg, 1999] and [Sheehan and Ritchie, 1997]), and Europe (Dolnicar & Schoesser, 2003).The aim of this study was to track the brand positions held by a competitive set of near-home destinations between 2003 and 2007. For this purpose the efficacy of a hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) was trialled. CBBE was first promoted by (Aaker, 1991) and (Aaker, 1996) and more recently by (Keller, 1993) and (Keller, 2003) to supplement traditional balance sheet brand equity measures. The rationale underpinning CBBE as a brand performance metric is that consumer perceptions of the brand underpin any financial estimate of future earnings estimated in the financial measure of brand equity. Since a financial balance sheet brand equity measure will be of little practical value to destination marketers, the concept of CBBE is worthy of consideration by DMOs. However, the potential of CBBE for destinations has only recently attracted the attention of academic researchers (see [Boo et al., in press] and [Konecknik and Gartner, 2007]).具有竞争力的靠近家乡的旅游目的地的目标品牌定位作者：史蒂文・派克国籍：澳大利亚出处：旅游管理，新闻，更正的证明，可在线2009年1月24日中文译文：摘要：虽然品牌学在20世纪40年代就已经兴起，第一个与目的地品牌相关的出版物却直到半个世纪后才出现。

温泉旅游的开发与管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字

外文出处：Eagles, SF McCool , The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in Japan [J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2014, 15(3): 243-257.（本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in JapanEagles, SF McCoolAbstractTourist activity promotes the development of economy, which is an industrialized, diversified and global trend. Busy working people look forward to the casual life brought by traveling, thus the hot spring tourism has become one of the important ways for people to spend their holidays. The main reason for the popularity of hot spring tourism is its scarcity and uniqueness. So, the study and protection of hot spring tourism are undoubtedly of scientific importance.On the basis of literature review, this paper is intended to discuss the concept and cause of hot springs, the resource and classification of hot springs, the content and the scientific principle of it. With the application of location theory & experiencing marketing theory, this paper analyzed and summarized the unique culture, destination, marketing and the concept of environment protection of the hot spring tourism.When analyzing of the 221 hot springs in Japan as samples, This paper have summarized the geographic distribution and culture features of them. With the research of the 2013 Top 10 hot springs in Japan ，I have learned the unique culture features of Japan hot spring tourism: religion, catering and scenery culture. I have chosen the seven important hot springs in Japan and then studied their layout and planning, and summarize the four layout patterns of hot spring destinations in Japan. Though there are various ways of promoting and marketing of hot springs, this paper classify them into seven patterns. We should deeply think about the great attention paid to the tourism by the Japan government. In the year 1948, the Japan’s government issued the Hot Spring Act to revitalize the economy of Japan bydeveloping the hot spring tourism.Key words: Japan; Hot spring tourism; Culture; The destination; Distribution1 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization of the era changeBefore the Meiji restoration, the ancient Japanese hot spring used for the purpose of rehabilitation, and accumulated a wealth of experience. Nine and 12 century peace noble diary really mentioned in the jade leaf, spa is one period of treatment, 7 days three course 21 days as the minimum standard. In the folk, wash the hot spring in the different season also have different call. Such as bath is called "cold soup", where the spring into the bath is called "spring soup to cure" etc. The ancient form of some famous hot spring is famous for its special curative effect more. In the 19th century, after the Meiji restoration, Japan actively absorb the advanced western science and technology, great changes have taken place in the whole social economy, cities are also growing rapidly. The urban middle class demand for hot spring, contributed to the development and utilization of hot spring resources. At the same time the introduction of western modern science and technology to promote the scientific research of hot springs, hot springs, the maintenance function and utilizing came to be known. When the foreigners of the future building villas in the hot springs, hot spring development and utilization of beginning and combination of summer, maintenance, close to the city to some hot springs into a summer resort and maintenance.By 1973, Japan's hot spring hotel SuBo guest reached 120 million. In many hot springs to recreational direction at the same time, in 1954, the ministry to promote health, prevent disease, improving national quality as the goal, began to put some good hot springs spa, maintenance and environmental conditions, designated as national maintenance of hot springs to enrich SuBo facilities, institute of health and medical institutions, add hot springs health pavilion, tree-lined paths, hot spring park, such as sports facilities, servicing the surrounding cultural environment and natural environment. Hot springs and facilities open to citizens, with relatively low price to attract a variety of guest floor. A policy that continues to this day, until 2005, has reached the designated national maintenance of hot springs.Since the 1990 s, Japan's economy into the low speed growth, the development and utilization of hot spring resources has also changed. Metropolitan region and surrounding urban internal to the development and utilization of hot spring resources, hot spring distribution more close to the consumer. The new development of hot springs health maintenance facilities, including high temperature, low temperature sauna, thin body bath, hairdressing bath, relaxing bath, shower of rocks and other hot spring bath, at the same time also provide simple diet and rest places, but there is no accommodation facilities. Hot spring bath cost is low, customers is widespread, has the characteristics of the local residents and visitors can simultaneously into the bath. This large hot springs health center to the formation and development, the main reason is: one is the spread of hot spring culture, hot spring use become people's day-to-day work need; The second is the coming of aging society, increased the demand for spa facilities with health function; it is the need of the revitalization of the regional economy, introduced in 1989, 100 million yen creation cause, the government to give each town village 100 million yen for regional revitalization, many local governments to the 100 million yen to the development of this kind of hot spring; Four is hot spring development technology progress, make difficult to development of hot spring development.2 Japanese business model of the development of hot spring resources2.1 The development and utilization of the hot springsAccording to the geographical position, development and utilization mode and the different period, Japan's hot spring type can be divided into the rehabilitation and maintenance, improve health, banquet entertainment and large hot springs health centres. Characteristics of hot spring spa type springs epicuticular specific disease have medical effect. This kind of hot spring distribution in the mountains, due to opposite traffic inconvenience, sparsely populated, the lower level of development and utilization and thus maintain the traditional characteristics of hot spring as a treatment for places. Using facilities is relatively simple, even kept since for cooking, for cooking and other traditional facilities.High quality hot springs, the fresh air and good environment, a healthy diet isnecessary for maintenance type hot springs. This kind of hot springs are mainly distributed in mountain valleys, rural natural environment such as the beautiful place. Hot springs health pavilion, built in addition to hot springs maintain the maintenance SuBo facilities, such as opening a walking path, exploration road show and regional nature, traditional culture of museums, art galleries and other facilities.Health promotional type hot springs are mainly distributed in the natural environment of the mountain, plateau, seaside, its characteristic is to mountain climbing, skiing, go bathing, etc. Various kinds of sports and hot springs.Hot spring to have a tennis court, golf, ice skating rink etc. Various kinds of sports facilities and museums, art galleries and other cultural upbringing facilities, are often all kinds of sports training base.This kind of hot spring for the purpose of improving health, wash hot springs after exercise can relieve fatigue, promote metabolism of body function and prevent aging, young visitors and family more.Banquet, recreational spa is accompanied by the emergence of large group guest and formed, in addition to its large hot springs hotel, the hotel and the geisha house, massage shops, entertainment such as prostitutes field. This kind of hot spring distribution in traffic convenient traffic line. Many in the tide of economic formation of the large YangShi hot spring hotel facilities, after the group guest to reduce operation difficult.2.2 Hot spring capital sourceHot spring development mainly foreign capital and domestic capital, owing to the different hot springs. The strength of the local capital of hot spring to sustainable and healthy development has important influence. Foreign capital mainly comes from the strength of large enterprise groups, the development of large scale and shorter time, pay attention to economic benefits, mainly depends on large tour groups, water (Minakami) belongs to the hot springs and so on.Located in gunma, root water, on the edge of sichuan hot spring, there are on the line, the transportation is convenient, in the group guest more period had been injected with a large number of foreign capital, in the construction of river valleys in the more advanced large hotel. Later, with fewer group guest, business is becomingincreasingly difficult, hotel collapse, hot spring street residents also reduce to 1, 000 people, more than 000 people from 4 regional economy recession. Local capital strength is relatively small, developing step by step, and pay attention to protect environment and geographical features, grass (Kusatu) hot springs, by the court (Yufuyin) hot springs is representative of this kind.In recent years in the poll of the most popular of hot springs, grass springs in successive years, tianjin no. 1.Located in kyushu oita county by the court of hot springs, hot springs hotel employment of QuanJie roughly one-third of total employment, is a typical hot spring street. More than 120 hot springs hotel and the natural environment, formed the Japanese hot springs, high-grade products, recent years tourists reached 4 million people, the development and utilization methods of typical significance in the development of hot springs is in Japan.[9] in Japan's high economic growth period, many hot springs in the case of foreign capital into blood, hotel to large-scale, integrated, the same agitation also affected the springs back street by cloth college town, by the court became a local hot spring in what direction development. But by the court spa resisted the development of foreign capital to promote recreational hot spring pressure and foreign developers high-rise building plan, against the development of golf course, the surrounding to preserved intact, the surrounding wetland landscape of the hot spring, culture, natural hot spring development theme, abundant hot spring culture, let visitors in wash hot springs at the same time, enjoy the charm of hot spring culture and natural environment.3 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization management mode3.1 hot spring development and utilization of the legal system managementIn order to strengthen the legal management of hot spring, Japan in 1948 formulated the method of hot springs, hot springs, method of development and utilization and protection of hot spring resources made specific provision. Hot spring law, mining, power plant and so on must seek permission from the governor of prefectures (3-9);To protect a fountain springs, governor shall have the right to publish various commands (clause 10).Hot spring law also stipulates that the operator for hot spring bath, the composition indications, contraindications, and drinkingattention points, according to authorities analysis results in a bath facilities department express; Hot spring water, heating, circulation filtration and disinfection and so on have also made it clear that article (13, 14).Japan's hot spring law stipulated in article 14, in order to enhance the public utilization of hot spring, environment ministry for selected hot springs, hot springs according to its composition, performance and utilization of environment, planning, gearing up for hot spring use facilities, improve the guide to the environment. Its contents include hot spring gearing up to regional planning, functional area division, facilities, environment development, management, operation plan, etc.3.2 Concentration distribution and managementHot spring spa as a resource, prevent random drilling wasteful, prevent all kinds of disputes due to hot springs, to reasonable and effective use of resources to the hot spring facilities and centralized allocation is one of effective methods for hot spring hotel. Hot springs city battery (Sirozaki) concentration distribution and management system is worth reference, particular way similar to a centralized water supply device, set up in higher ground storage barrels, various springs spa focused on storage barrel, set up automatic monitoring device, adjusted according to the amount of chung springs, temperature. Through pipes adopts the circulating way to lose to the hot spring hotels and beaches, hot springs hotel and baths in accordance with the usage fee. Pipe length, discharge temperature are scientific measurement to ensure the supply of hot spring temperature remains constant. Since the implementation of centralized management to solve the hot springs of water temperature difference, the temperature of supply the homogenization, fair, hot spring use efficiency, business management tends to rationalize, hot spring resources get effective protection, fountain got the self-restraint, enlarged the hot spring supply capacity, development provides the possibility for the hot springs.4 Japanese hot spring tourismJapanese traffic survey of a community (2005), according to the tourists in choosing destinations, hot springs (52.4%), in the first place. Visible hot spring has extremely important meaning for the Japanese. National to hot spring needsdiversification makes competition more intense, make construction attractive hot springs hot springs the key to a successful business. The atmosphere of the quality of "hot spring", "hot spring", "natural environment" three has become the core elements. Ideal, led by open-air hot spring, spa facilities, followed by the boardwalk, public hot spring, the traditional view, of primitive simplicity style SuBo facilities, local snacks, local library, etc. Beautiful environment includes not only the nature, also including the natural and construction, the coordination between the buildings and roads, parks, and hot springs hot springs hotel, garden, walking street, parking lot etc. Landscape of coordination and unity.译文日本温泉旅游的开发与管理伊格斯；迈克尔摘要旅游活动带动了社会经济的发展，呈现出产业化、多元化、全球化的发展态势。

旅游行业中的旅游产品开发

旅游行业中的旅游产品开发随着社会的不断发展和人们生活水平的提高，旅游已经成为人们生活中不可或缺的一部分。

旅游行业在近年来也取得了长足的发展，旅游产品的开发成为了这个行业的重要一环。

本文将讨论旅游行业中的旅游产品开发，介绍其意义、步骤和成功的案例。

一、旅游产品开发的意义旅游产品开发是旅游行业中不可或缺的一部分。

它对旅游行业的发展起着重要的推动作用：1. 提升旅游体验：旅游产品的开发能够满足游客不断增长的需求，提供更加丰富多样的旅游体验，使游客在旅途中得到更多的享受。

2. 推动旅游行业发展：通过不断开发新的旅游产品，可以吸引更多的游客前来旅游，促使旅游行业的繁荣发展，带动相关产业的发展。

3. 增加就业机会：旅游产品的开发不仅需要专业的策划人员和技术人员，还需要各类服务人员参与其中，因此可以为社会创造更多的就业机会。

二、旅游产品开发的步骤1. 市场调研：在开始旅游产品的开发之前，首先需要进行市场调研，了解游客的需求和市场的潜力。

通过市场调研可以确定旅游产品的定位和目标受众，为后续的开发提供依据。

2. 策划方案：基于市场调研的结果，制定旅游产品的策划方案。

包括确定旅游产品的主题、行程安排、服务内容等，确保旅游产品能够吸引游客并满足他们的需求。

3. 开发制作：根据策划方案，进行旅游产品的开发和制作。

这包括景点的开发和装修、行程的安排、交通和住宿的预订等。

在开发制作过程中，需要充分考虑游客的安全和舒适度。

4. 推广营销：旅游产品开发完成后，需要进行推广和营销工作。

包括制作宣传资料、建立销售渠道、开展市场推广活动等，吸引更多的游客来体验旅游产品。

5. 运营管理：旅游产品开发完成后，需要进行运营管理工作，确保旅游产品能够持续运营并提供优质的服务。

这包括人员培训、设施维护、客户关系维护等。

三、成功的旅游产品开发案例1. 悉尼歌剧院：悉尼歌剧院是澳大利亚的一座标志性建筑，也是世界著名的文化旅游景点。

它通过在海岸边建造独特的建筑和定期举办世界级的艺术演出，吸引了大量的国内外游客前来参观和观赏演出。

旅游贸易竞争力外文文献翻译2014年译文3500多字

文献出处：Bobirca A, Cristureanu C. The international competitiveness of trade in tourism services [J]Advances in Tourism Economics.，2014，16（5）: 189-202.原文The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism ServicesAna Bobirca and Cristiana Cristureanu1 IntroductionTourism is the only service activity that can potentially provide trading opportunities for all nations, regardless of their level of development. However, it is also a sector where there is clearly an uneven distribution of beneﬁts that is l argely dependant on countries’ ability to strengthen their performance in the global economy, which in turn requires improving their competitiveness.Since the beginning of the 1990s, Romania has experienced major changes in its tourism exports volume, growth rate and structure. These disparate punctuations have all inﬂuenced the relative competitive position of Romania on the international tourism market and have been associated with changes in its tourism trade balance. In the same time, the new and more heterogeneous European architecture has induced signiﬁcant changes in Romania’s regional tourism competitiveness.Against this background, the paper attempts to suggest a framework for assessing the international competitiveness of Romania’s tourism services trade, by focusing on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance.To this end, the ﬁrst part starts by introducing the concept of international competitiveness and by presenting, evaluating and systematizing key issues of the complex analysis on international competitiveness. The paper subsequently considers the relationship between export performance and international competitiveness, as well as its relevance for international tourism. The second part includes a macro overview of the tourism sector, focusing spherically on its importance to the econ omy. The third part of the paper sets out in detail the framework for calculating the proposed measures of competitiveness and shows the importance of the methodological approach in interpreting the information provided by these indicators. It also illustrates the recent performance of Romanian tourism, based on an integrated measure of international trade competitiveness. The paper concludes by explaining the competitive position of Romania on the European tourism market and by identifying research issues that require further study.2 Perspectives on International Competitiveness – The Relationship Between Export Performance and International Competitiveness and its Relevance for International TourismThe concept of international competitiveness, although controversial and elusive, has gained acceptance and continues to attract the attention of both academics and policymakers worldwide.Most measures of international competitiveness that have so far been considered were undertaken at the economy-wide level (Garelli 2003) and generally refer to the ability of a country to produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of its citizens (European Commission 2007).Because competitiveness ultimately depends upon ﬁrms in a country competing successfully on the domestic and international markets, attention has focused on competitiveness at the ﬁrm level (Porter 1990), where it is generally understood to refer to ―.. . the ability of the ﬁrm to retain and, better still, enlarge its global market share, increase its proﬁts and expand‖ (Clark and Guy 1998, OECD 1993).According to traditional economic theory, a ﬁrm can gain competitive advanage through comparative cost of production by, for example, reducing labor cost. However, recent research suggests that non-price factors are equally important determinants of competitiveness. The range of non-price factors is diverse and includes human resource endowment, such as skills; technical factors, such as research and development capabilities and the ability to innovate; managerial and organization factors, both internal to the ﬁrm and externally organized through relationships with other bodies, customers, suppliers, public and private research institutes, and other ﬁrms (Clark and Guy 1998, Fagerberg 1986). Together, these factors determine the ability of the ﬁrm to compete successfully in international markets, on the background of changing technological, economic, and social environments. Export performance and the ability of the ﬁrm to maintain its market share remain the ultimate indicators of international competitiveness.Consequently, although widely proclaimed, the theoretical bases of international competitiveness as it relates to national economies and their international trade have been less analyzed in academic literature. Thus, the nature, beneﬁts and constraints on a nation of being internationally competitive remain ambiguous (Coldwell 2000, Krugman 1994, 1996).International competitiveness, within the context of trade in goods and services, refers to a nation securing and maintaining a trade advantage vis-à-vis the rest of the world. International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of a nation is enhanced through an increase in the ﬂow of trade or through an alteration in the conditions of trade starting from a presumed initial equilibrium (Coldwell 2000).Trade theory asserts that economic welfare is dependent on the production of goods and services that a country has comparative advantage in. This, in effect, means that international competitiveness is secured when production is in line with a country’s comparative advantage situation. If countries perform well internati onally and compete successfully for export markets, this could be a sign of their sound international competitiveness.Therefore, at the international level, competitiveness can be deﬁned as the abilityof an economy to attract the demand for its exports and the investment to supply that demand, all within social norms that result in an improved standard of living for its citizens. This, in turn, depends on the macro and microeconomic policies, regulations and institutions that affect the productivity of the economy’s factors of production and the costs of doing business.A review of available literature and empirical evidences supports the notion that international competitivenes s can be explained, to some extent, by a country’s ability to export (Dollar and Wolff 1993, Fagerberg et al. 2004). There is, in fact, a self-recurring relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports are the ﬁrst level o f international competitiveness affirmation. The improvement in export performance leads to an increase in a country’s competitiveness. This effect is a result of enterprises’ skills, knowledge, propensity to innovate and use new technology, ability to exploit technological opportunities in a successfully commercial way, etc.On the other hand, in striving to achieve successful exports in highly competitive global markets, a country is forced to improve its competitiveness. The more competitive a country is, the more economically powerful it is. Consequently, it is more capable to compete on the global market, to attract people with higher level of knowledge, skills, to buy new technologies, etc., and to improve its export performance, as well as to achieve better export results. This can, in turn, favor additional innovations and trigger an improvement in its competitiveness.Consequently, export performance and competitiveness should not be considered in isolation, since they are mutually interdependent.However, competitiveness should not be equated only with a country’s ability to export. The evolution of export market shares is also an important element of trade competitiveness, while the latter is just a component of a nation’s competitivenes s deﬁned by the European Declaration of Lisbon as the capacity to improve and raise the standard of living of its habitants by providing more and higher quality employment, and a greater social cohesion. The gains or losses of world market shares by individual countries are often considered as an index of their trade competitiveness. However, market share growth depends also on structural factors. Due to changes in demand, a country’s geographical and sect oral specialization at the beginning of a period is an important factor shaping future market share growth. Similarly, the country’s ability to adapt its exports to such changes will also affect the ﬁnal outcome. Furthermore, the concept of international competitiveness in tourism services also encompasses qualitative factors, that are difficult to quantify; the quality of services involved, the degree of specialization, the capacity for technological innovation, the quality of human resources (Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001) are factors that may inﬂuence a country’s tourism trade performance favorably. Likewise, high rates of productivity growth are often sought as a way of strengthening competitiveness. But it is not necessarily the case that favorable structural factors of this sort will give rise to increased sales on foreign markets. They may, instead, show up as improving terms of trade brought about through exchange-rate appreciation, while leaving export performance broadly unchanged. It is for this reason, as well as because these factorsare hard to measure in quantitative terms, that consideration here is conﬁned to a more speciﬁc and integrated method for determining Romania’s relative competitive position in international tourism.3 An Overview of Romania’s International Trade in Tourism Services3.1 Key FactsRomania’s Travel and Tourism Economy1 currently shows a return to positive territory, following negative results posted during the early years of economic transition, with an optimistic outlook for growth over the next ten years, much stronger than that of the EU.With a 4.8% contribution of tourism to GDP, Romania ranks the 162nd among 174 countries, being currently among the lower-tier, tourism-intensive countries of the region and the world. However, Romania’s prospects for tourism sector growth are better than for most of its neighbors and competitors within the regional and world ranking, i.e. 6.7% contribution to GDP over the next 10 years and 12th position, respectively (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).Romania’s Travel and Tourism Industry2 contributed 1.9% to GDP in 2006, rising to 2.5% of total GDP by 2016, while in the European Union, the Travel and Tourism Industry posted a GDP contribution of 3.9% in 2006 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).While the Travel and Tourism Economy accounts for 8.7% of global employment, Romania’s Travel and Tourism Economy employment was estimated at 485,000 jobs in 2006, representing 5.8% of total employment, or one in every 17.4 jobs. The current 265,000 Travel and Tourism Industry jobs account for 3.1% of total employment, as compared with 4.2% of total employment in the European Union (8.6 million jobs) (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).Travel and Tourism represented, in the European Union, 13.0% of total exports in 2006. In Romania, exports make up a very important share of Travel and Tourism’s contribution to GDP. Out of the total Romanian exports, Travel and Tourism represented 5.2% (1.2 billion Euros) in 2004, with a prospect to increase, in nominal terms, to 1.8 billion Euros (4.6% of total) by 2016 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).The vast majority of international arrivals in Romania are from Europe. Since 2000, some 95% of visitors every year have been intra-regional. Out of these, a growing number – 75% according to 2004 ﬁgures –represent arrivals from the ﬁve countries with which Romania shares a border: Ukraine, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.3.2 Major FindingsThe analysis shows that, while still lagging behind the developed economies, the trend towards a service-oriented society is observable for Romania. This is also reﬂected by the increasing proportion of GDP attributable to tourism services and the growing share of employment in the tourism services sector.Although the overall tourism balance of Romania is positive, EU represents a net exporter of tourism services to Romania (the tourism balance is negative, with aworsening deﬁcit from 2005 to 2006); still, the propensity to trade with EU partners is stronger in this ﬁeld, reﬂecting a high er degree of integration into the EU tourism services market (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006).While Romania’s Travel and Tourism is growing in terms of international visitors, the country’s tourism receipts have been lagging considerably behind neighbori n countries. In 2004, Romania registered some 38% of those registered by Bulgaria, approximately 12% of those registered by Hungary and the Czech Republic and a mere 7% of Croatia’s receipts. This reﬂects the fact that many of Romania’s visitors do not stay overnight or spend anything while they are in the country, an important weakness to address for any tourism plan going forward (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 20058, 2006).–Within EU-15 countries, Romani a’s largest markets are Germany, Italy, France, Austria and the UK. Worryingly, arrivals from all of the EU-15 countries showed negative growth in 2004. This can be attributed in part to the accession of ten new countries to the EU and related incentives for visitors to these countries, such as low-cost airlines.– Growth in 2004 was driven by Hungary, which showed a 69% increase in arrivals in Romania. Outside Europe, Romania’s main international markets are the USA, which has shown steady growth since 2000, to 111,000 arrivals in 2004, as American tourists have started to be aware of the fact that Romania is more than a ―Dracula‖ destination; and Israel, although the Israeli market has remained stagnant in recent years. Tourists from China are also expected to increase in the future, as Romania received approved destination status in June 2004 (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006). Analysis of accommodation ﬁgures shows that a large number of these visitors do not stay in registered facilities and either reside with friends or relatives, or do not overnight in Romania. Thus, it is difficult to quantify their impact on the economy.– The majority of international arrivals to Romania are by road, again mirroring the large proportion of the country’s visitors from bordering countries. However, arrivals by air have also seen a healthy rise over the past ﬁve years, with increased frequency of scheduled services and some charters operating in regional airports.As Romania is forced to liberalize its aviation industry as a consequence of EU accession, air transport is set to rise dramatically in the near future. Arrivals by rail are decreasing at almost the same rate that air arrivals are increasing, as air travel becomes cheaper and more accessible.4 Methods for Assessing the International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services4.1 The Research MethodFor the speciﬁc assessment of the international competitiveness of trade in tourism services, the underlying methodological approach undertaken in this study is based on the idea that the economy with an improving degree of competitiveness in tourism services is the one able to enhance the size of its tourism services exports to a certain market. Similarly, the economy with a declining degree of competitiveness is the one that increases the size of its tourism services imports coming from other countries.The greater or smaller degree of competitiveness a country (or sector) has shows the nature and degree of participation it has – through its exports – in the imports carried out by the analyzed market, i.e., a country improves its competitiveness in the way that the other country increases its imports coming from the former one (Mandeng 1991).In addition, the process of inserting a country in the international economy is related not only to its exporting progresses, but also to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez (De la Guardia et al. 2004) that introduced the aspect of the dynamic nature of markets and implemented through their work an ex—post assessment of services competitiveness, by providing a descriptive reference on the changes produced in the competitiveness level and specialization degree, in international trade. The commercial advantage is revealed through the evolution of tourism exports which reﬂects improvements in competi tiveness, and through the evolution of tourism imports that reﬂects a worsening of the commercial advantage.(1). Based on the aforesaid, the changes in the international tourism services trade competitiveness are measured through the analysis of different variables: 1. the ﬁrst variable is the market share or participation in the market, and measures the portion of the market that is supplied by a certain country or the tourism sector of this country;(2). the second variable used is the export structure of the analyzed country. This variable reﬂects the relative weight of the tourism sector in the total exports of that country;(3) ﬁnally, by means of the import structure of the market, the degree of dynamism that the tourism sector has in the analyzed import market can be determined. Through the combination of the aforementioned variables, three ―tourism competitiveness matrices‖ (see Table 12.1) are constructed, that allow for the description of Romania’s international tourism trade development proﬁle.The Market Share Competitiveness Matrix illustrates the fact that a country’s tourism exports can be classiﬁed according to their international competitiveness starting from the behavior of the country’s market share in tourism exports and the evolution of the world tourism services imports over time.In effect, the world market share held by each country in tourism services exports can increase or diminish throughout time; such modiﬁcations take place in the same time with the increase or decline that tourism imports register in international trade.This allows for the classiﬁcation of a country’s tourism exports as performing, missed opportunities, declining and retreating.Tourism services are performing when a country enhances its market share in tourism, in circumstances in which this activity has an increasing importance in world-wide trade.Tourism services are missed opportunities when a country is losing market share, while international trade in the sector is enhancing.Declining are those tourism services in which the exporting country increases its market share, while the international market is shrinking.Finally, we deﬁne the situation of tourism services as retreating when thiseconomic activity, besides losing market share, registers a decline of dynamism in international trade.The competitiveness matrix of the export structure is obtained relating the behavior of a country’s tourism services export structure with the tourism services import dynamism of the international market.This matrix shows how the adjustments of the export structure can take place in the same direction or in the opposite direction with respect to the changes in world imports structure. The different segments of services exports, including tourism, can be classiﬁed, from the point of view of their international competitiveness, through the changes that take place in the services export structure of the country and the world services imports structure throughout time.Combining these two variables, tourism, as a services exporting sector can be classiﬁed as performing, missed opportunity, declining and retreating, with the equivalent meaning mentioned before.Finally, tourism exports can also be classiﬁed from the point of view of their international competitiveness throughout time, when the degree of trade specialization of each country and the evolution of the world imports are simultaneously analyzed.The specialization index is deﬁned as the relative par ticipation that an exporting sector of a country has in world trade.3Similarly, tourism, as an exporting sector can be classiﬁed as performing, missed opportunity, declining and retreating, with an identical interpretation to the ones previously indicated.Our aim here is to adapt and apply the model developed by De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez in order to assess the international competitiveness of tourism services, using information related to the current situation of the EU-25 countries and to that of Romania, based on the statistical information available.Balance of payments transactions for tourism services are less easy to link to actual tourism services provision than is the case for goods; some tourism activities may be difficult to disentangle from goods or capital transactions. Countries have developed unique national methods for assembling the data: some have tended to rely more on statistical surveys and others have relied more on central banks’ administrative systems. Even so, there has been and still remains considerable variation in data collection methods. To compound the picture, methods of collection have changed considerably over time.Despite these troubles, we believe that the forthcoming descriptive analysis could bring some highlights on international competitiveness and the factors determining the commercial position in tourism services trade.The sample data is drawn from UNCTAD-IMF-BOP Statistics on Trade in Services by sector and country (OECD 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, UNCTAD 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006), a data-set which covers exports (credits) and imports (debits) of three main services categories: transportation, tourism and travel and other commercial services, according to the concepts and dentitions’ of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual with a focus on tourism services. Data-set comprises the 25 EU countries, Romania and the world (178 countries) and covers a yearly time periodcomprising 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006.4.2 The Research Results4.2.1 The IndicatorsThe evolution of the market share shows the penetration ability of tourism as a services exporting sector of each country in the international economy.The data reveal that, for the analyzed period, the EU-25 economies were among the main world suppliers of tourism services, since they maintained an overall participation next to 45% of the world supply in tourism exports. Altogether, the group constituted by these countries slightly diminished the held proportions of the world quota in tourism services (–0.68% growth rate).From the perspective of individual countries, the economies that registered an increase of their quotas in the world market of tourism services were, in order, those of Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, UK and Luxemburg.By contrast, especially signiﬁcant are the results registered by countries like Hungary, Finland and Spain, which decreased their market share in tourism.Romania’s market share in tourism services exports declined at both world level (Romania –world) and in relation to EU-25 countries (Romania –EU-25), but the decrease in the latter case was more severe (20.85%, as opposed to 4.65%). Also, the reduction in Romania’s market share on the EU-25 market was much higher then the overall European market retreat.Through the analysis of the export structure we can appreciate the importance that export of services has as currency provider for the EU-25 economies and Romania.Data show that, in relation to the examined services sectors, the exports of tourism services represent about 27% of the overall services exports in the EU-25 countries and about 28% at world level, meaning that, compared to the world export structure, the EU-25 countries exhibit a similar pattern, with a slight negative deviation for tourism services.In the analyzed period, most of the countries registered minor decreases in their currency entry through exports of tourism services. The countries that opposed this trend were Poland, Estonia, Malta, Germany, UK.In Romania, tourism services represent about 14% of the overall services exports, which is below the world and European average (27–28%).The evolution is similar with that signaled above, meaning that the structure of Romania’s exports is altered in the detriment of tourism services, that are decreasing both in relation to the world and to the EU-25 countries, but with a much higher amplitude in the latter case (27.85%, as compared to 6.14%).译文旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力安娜；克瑞斯缇娜1 引言对所有国家来说，旅游业都可以为本国提供交易机会，这也是唯一可能的服务活动。

生态旅游外文文献翻译

文献出处：Techera E J, Klein N. The role of law in shark-based eco-tourism: Lessons from Australia[J]. Marine Policy, 2013, 39(1):21-28.翻译后中文字数：9710第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。

默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。

法律在鲨鱼生态旅游中的作用：澳大利亚的经验教训摘要：海洋旅游为经济，教育，环境等方面提供了机遇，但相对于人来说，动物和环境是存在风险的，需要越来越重视法律和政策。

鲨鱼生态旅游尤其如此，这可能是这些物种的重要保护工具。

澳大利亚长期以来的旅游历史涉及鲨鱼和大白鲨，本文考察了澳大利亚的鲨鱼生态旅游法律和政策，确定了从澳大利亚鲨鱼生态旅游中获得的经验教训，作为确定最佳实践法律战略的第一步，既可以支持旅游行业又确保环境友好。

关键词：澳大利亚环境法，生态旅游，法规，鲨鱼旅游1.引言过去二十年来，基于自然的旅游业，包括海洋类和其他物种的发展迅速增长[1]。

旅游业可以带来多种好处，包括教育公众，提高对物种及其保护地位的认识[2]。

但是，对于有关物种和海洋环境，如果管理不善，可能会产生负面影响[3]。

适当的法律框架是一个至关重要的方面。

长期以来成功举措的案例研究为对其他国家或其他物种可能利用的各种监管方案提供了重要的见解。

本文对澳大利亚基于鲨鱼的生态旅游的治理进行了探讨。

许多鲨鱼种类的保护状况日益恶化，引发了一系列的反应，包括在国家和国际层面实施法律机制[4]。

基于鲨鱼的生态旅游是一种新兴的保护工具，因为它促成了海洋保护区的娱乐性利用，可以创造替代生计，促进海洋研究，提高公众对特定鲨鱼物种的困境的认识。

虽然生物和社会科学家都有一些重要的文献，但是研究这个领域的法律治理研究相对较少[5]。

本文探讨了法律在促进鲨鱼生态旅游作为保护工具方面的作用，并强调了澳大利亚方法及其在法律战略中所提供的经验教训。

旅游产品开发的新视角外文文献翻译2014年译文3300字

文献出处: Hill, John. A new perspective of tourism product development: The Case of South Korea [J]. The Journal of International Travel, 2014, 35(3): 125-141.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文A new perspective of tourism product development: The Case of South KoreaHill, JohnAbstractAs the tourism consumption rising demand for personalized, tourism consumer’s independent participation consciousness enhancement. Tourism product development to meet the growing demand for personalized, tourists pay attention to the experience of tourists is crucial. The development of modern society and the change of consumption concept, tourism are more likely to experience the real life experience, enhance feelings of self-realization. The authenticity of the tourist experience is the cultural meaning of tourism activities.In the study of tourism experience, authenticity is one of the core issues. The study of experience of tourism authenticity, not only has theoretical significance of cultural studies, and has a guiding significance to tourism development. In recent years, tourism research in the field of authenticity as the academic concern increasingly, especially in terms of tourism culture, from the perspective of tourism experience less research of the tourism product development research.Key words: authenticity; Experience; Tourists; Tourism product development1 Tourism product development processContrast the status of the previous South Korean tourism product development, be helpful for us in the tourism product development in the era of experience economy into more targeted experience elements, enhancing the market value of tourism products. In South Korea tourism product of the market by the buyer to the seller's market, selling changes - the three stages of buyer's market.1.1 The first stageThe characteristics of this stage is give play to the resource advantage of primarycharacteristics of supply oriented seller's market, is also the number of tourist product innovation stage of development, especially the number of tourist spots. Before 1987, nearly 70% of tourists tourists travel purpose is, arguably, the history of South Korea tourism is in accordance with the history of tourism products. This one phase, the south Korean tourism under the policy of opening to the outside world and invigorating, started from the past political reception, cultural exchange is given priority to, to give priority to with business services, earning foreign exchange of economic business, the tourism market is basically a seller's market, tourism product innovation basic work mainly focused on giving full play to the advantages of resources, expand the number of tourist spots. South Korea tourism products in this period is given priority to with primary resources, variety single, the structure is not complete, rely mainly on the increase of the number of the tourist attractions and tourism facilities to meet the needs of tourists. Traditional on the basis of the resources of tourism products is very rich, South Korea tourism product development based on tourism as the breakthrough point, to Korean culture as the main body of the purpose of the rapid development of market monopoly to South Korea tourism products play an important role1.2 The second stageThis stage is the continuing development of tourism at the same time, begin to pay close attention to the special tourism products and the development of special tourism products. After the first phase of development, a south Korean tourist product and have been able to put into the market on a large scale, but the same time the world tourism market consumption trend towards, pure purpose of products in the market space gradually narrowing, real special tourism and special tourism products, tourism market a major Asian tourism at the same time adjustment, declining proportion of intercontinental travelers, tourists from close range scale expands rapidly. Close the popularity of the tourist not only expand the market space, deduce the specific tourist motives more diversification and the diversification of tourism way. Participatory, entertaining and distinct personality constitutes a new market focus for the integration of new products and development trend. In 1987, the national tourism administrationproposed change single do line situation, special tourism and special tourism development, the development of the individual and family travel, form a pattern of diversification of products. Since the early 1990 s, South Korea tourism departments and enterprises pay attention to the use of South Korean tourist resources type, features colorful compose various types of tourism product development. Since 1992, a year to determine the different theme, with focus on the promotion of different types of tourism products. Holiday products to drive the rise of the special tourism development and construction, prompted South Korea tourism products to form sightseeing, holiday and special pattern of the three pillars of tourism products. (2) This reflect a shift from a seller's market to a buyer's market, on the other hand shows that South Korea tourism market consciousness and competition consciousness gradually enhanced. Tourism product development by relying on resources to expand the number of tourist spots, also gradually transformed into construction with emphasis and plan a batch of tourist routes, tourist route construction to stimulate the development of tourist spots and the depth of the tourism resources development. At this stage, a buyer's market trend of tourism product makes tourism products in every link more closely contact with the market demand, tourism product diversification and specialization trend gradually formed, and pay attention to hardware product quality and improve the quality of our services, in order to improve the economic benefits of the tourism industry as a whole.1.3 The third stageThis stage is a buyer's market stage of development. Concept of market competition, tourism enterprises and tourism managers to research the demand of tourists, to design a marketable product. Is a comprehensive very strong products, tourism products require breakthrough construction of tourist route in the past, become a including tourism destination image construction, the coordination with economic and social development of tourism, tourists, local residents and tourism practitioners, the tourist ecological social environment coordinated coexistence, every aspect of system engineering. Along with the development of regional tourism, tourist activities on the near distance and developed, and the supply of tourist activitiescharacteristics change requirements change along the traveling route line of original model, and into the travel purpose ground roll out, to tourism destination as a unit of overall construction, coordination and optimization of the tourist products, the tourists in the tourist destination can fully meet the demand of various substances spirit. This prompted the tourism product marketing gimmick diversification, into service and experience factors in the product, meet the demand of tourist’s mental stage.2 Two problems existing in the tourism product experience2.1 Type single tourism product experiencePine with Gilmore put forward to make people feel is one of the most abundant experience include entertainment, education, and escape from reality, aesthetics four types of experience, the experience type is rich, experience the better the results. South Korea now experience of tourism products is given priority to with the purpose, more dominant aesthetic experience, only to mobilize the visual sense in experience, experience type single make profound cultural connotation of tourism products difficult to explicit, and for some cultural relics of ornamental also need certain professional background knowledge, aesthetics and education experience very snorkeling, tourists to tourism products stay in watching, buildings, monuments and so on the surface of the scenic spot tourism experience content, the lack of deep, various types of tourism experience.2.2 Travel experience the same contentNo patents, tourism products have the features of easy to imitate. Traditional Korean tourism product innovation is insufficient, the phenomenon of redundant construction is more common. South Korea tourism product regardless of from the type and quantity is very rich, but in actual travel, content is similar, resource characteristics have not been able to come out of the full performance. At the same time, the design of tourism projects lack of features, the experience of the same content makes visitors feel familiar, it is difficult to obtain the unforgettable travel experience, tourism products lack of professional travel experience design. And experience respectively the core elements of tourism is the tourism product experience provided by the object with the tourists everyday life, the difference of the differenceis larger, the more can stimulate the tourists travel desire, also has development value. The present tourism products lack of diversity development, it is difficult to meet the demand of tourist’s experience.Experience respectively the development of tourism products in South Korea is still in the theory of infancy, domestic academia for its research is limited, although scholars have carried on the preliminary study on tourism experience, is only for one tourism product shallow levels of discussion. Due to the development of the theory of experience economy in South Korea at an early stage, there was lack of experience on tourism products design experience respectively.2.3 Tourism experience of participationTraditional Korean tourism product development mode is a resource - oriented, the dependence on resources to product development. For most of the tourism products, or directly to the original resources as the project, make tourists can experience the resources of ecological and historical value, the development depth is not enough, not characteristics. At the same time, need few tourists involved to complete the project, the development of tourism products to stay on the surface of experience, and the resource itself very little contact with the local population. Product development lack of innovation, imitation, following severe, similar products, to the use of resources at the simple extensive stage, can't meet the personalized needs of unusual experience for visitors3 The tourists and the development of tourism productsFor different types of tourism products, the authenticity of tourists demand is different. Here we combine clement chug in the authenticity of the tourism experience rule and the scenic area management problem "as a law in this paper, we summed up experience of tourism authenticity. Author put all the scenic spot is classified into humanities scenic spot and the natural scenic area, and puts forward the concept of the original true scenic area, it refers to those who have experienced a certain time of the historical and cultural precipitation, less interference or destruction of the scenic spot.For with a history of ontology in the sense of real estate field and reflect real life custom tourism destination specific landmark tourism cultural products, namely theoriginal true strong tourism products, such as historical and cultural heritage, cultural relics sites, from the objective, they are real, for these scenic area, the main task of management is to protect the good humanities and natural environment, the less artificial interference, to give visitors experience the real; At the same time in the cultural objective authenticity intact at the same time, should pay attention to environment, and guide the design of the artificial factors such as service. To reflect the cultural activities held at the destination, such as some real folk music, dance, and some onto the stage of festival celebration activities, can understand from the perspective of structuralism real authenticity. Authenticity of experience can be increased by operating organization, Pierce (1986) argues that authenticity can be achieved by the experience of the physical environment, social interaction, and based on the experience of people get, theatrical real also can let visitors get high quality tourism experience. At the same time, the enthusiasm of the community residents to participate in is also very important.England's rural tourism is, through the method of "reproduction history", through the participation of visitors and the community residents to improve interaction effect of the authenticity of the experience. Held in destination for the destination of the cultural activities outside of products (such as theme parks) the authenticity of the experience, can be interpreted from the perspective of existentialism real, tourist experience has nothing to do with the object of tourism, tourist experience has intensified, intoxicated, feel the real self. Experience of this kind of tourism products is short, need to inspire visitor’s experience, objective existence not true to the real experience, and constantly to update the tourism products, tourism products to achieve sustained development.译文旅游产品开发的新视角：以韩国为例作者：希尔·约翰斯摘要随着旅游消费个性化需求的上升,旅游消费者自主参与意识增强。

旅游体验,旅游产品,营销模式【外文翻译】

外文翻译原文Travel experience,travel product,tourism product development Material Source: The Royal Society Author: Antoinette .MichaelIn his "Studies Tourism"，he thought that experience as a travel experience, should have to experience all the natural implication, but should also include the meaning of tourism itself.This is different from other industries to provide travel experience the essence of the experience. When tourists travel experience is to emotional, physical, intellectual or even the spirit of a particular level, resulting in his mind the good feeling that tourists to the tourism enterprises to provide some of the tourism generated by the intrinsic stimulus response.It is able to meet the emotional needs of tourists, products, services and atmosphere of the complex, tourist experience is the core of psychological feelings, exist in the minds of consumers, is its physical, emotional, intellectual participation in income, apart from foreign tourists ,and others can not understand.From the perspective of tourism consumers, tourists, travel experience is "consumed" (buying and experience) a tourism product "experience" - the good feelings. Travel experience is to meet the emotional needs of tourists based marketing offerings, is to let tourists in the tourism process from personal experience, resulting in feelings, leaving the impression that the excitement of a special service mode.Travel experience is the demand, and this demand is hidden in people's minds, is recessive, tourism enterprises need to create, to make it explicit. The core essence is to help all travelers to reach the real lofty realm of self-realization.Entertainment experience for those based tourism products, such as theme parks, fitness sports sites, amusement parks and movie such as the use of this model is more suitable. Shenzhen's "Happy Valley " is that the domestic entertainment experience to do good example.Gold mine in the town of Happy Valley in the entertainment, gold is a department in North America 200 years ago a dream of many people's gold rush town of the environment as the theme, design a gold mine, gold camp, gold mining river car there, so to Gold here, excited visitors.Here visitors relaxed mood, physical and mental feelings of a pleasant, sohere they are reluctant to leave.Aesthetics Marketing to meet people's aesthetic experience as the focus, through the perception of stimulus provided to the customer to the United States pleasure, excitement and enjoyment. By choosing to use the U.S. elements, such as color, music, shapes, patterns, as well as the style of the United States, such as fashion, elegant, gorgeous, simple, etc., which together with the theme of the United States to meet the consumer's aesthetic taste, which made consumers Buying interest and added value.Relying on natural resources, tourism products are all natural elements of this model highlights the role should be, dilute artificial colors, focus on overall coordination in the design sense and avoid unnecessary phenomenon.For resources from the type of product, in its appearance and internal structure should be designed around the theme of experience, to provide visitors with complete high-quality aesthetic experience.Emotional Marketing Model is the inner emotional feelings for the demands of tourists, is committed to meet the emotional needs of tourists.People's emotional feelings and emotions can be divided into two aspects, from positive to negative feelings of emotional states, from mild to strong feelings of mood, froom the sad emotions to love and hate, can be included in the scope of emotions.Most of people a memorable travel experience that is emotional touch.Tourism enterprises need to combine features of tourism products, explore the emotional response patterns of tourists, and strive for them to create a positive emotional experience, to avoid and remove the negative feelings.Atmosphere that is around a group, the effect of place or environment, or feeling.Marketing is intended to create an atmosphere that people forget to return to the atmosphere experience.Experience the atmosphere of the effect of contrast for tourists will also play an important role.But not all of the tourism products to the tourists to have fun and relaxing atmosphere.Depending on the product's style orientation, to create the appropriate atmosphere for the tourists will experience the effects of optimization, creating extraordinary experiences.Such as the Museum of the time express a thick, Sea World, express a mysterious sea, farm music express a simple natural feeling will make itself more attractive tourist products.Several more marketing model is not completely separate, in the marketing of tourism products, you can experience the specific needs of tourists, pattern, comprehensive marketing mode using the experience to develop a viable marketing strategy.译文旅游体验，旅游产品，营销模式资料来源: 英国皇家学会作者：安东尼特•迈克尔他在《旅游产品学》一书中认为，旅游体验作为体验的一种，自然应具有体验的全部蕴涵，但也还应包括旅游本身的涵义。

乡村旅游外文翻译文献

乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。

旅游产品开发体验旅游外文文献翻译2014年译文3900字

旅游产品开发体验旅游外文文献翻译2014年译文3900字导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“旅游产品开发体验旅游外文文献翻译2014年译文3900字”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!文献出处: Horman D. The Development of Experienced T ourist product [J]. Annals of T ourism Research, 2014, 15(6): 15-31.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Development of Experienced T ourist product Author: Horman D1 The essence of experienceExperience in essence is a person, is when a person achieveemotional, physical, mental, or even a particular level of mind, he produced the good feeling of consciousness. No two people will be able to get the same experience, because any a kind of experience are personal mental state, and the result of the interaction effect between planning events. Experience of production and consumption was conducted at the same time, it tangible results, however, its value is embodied in can give people left a deep impression and good memories of memories. Therefore, the characteristics of the experience summed up in a few words, that is: interactive, uniqueness, utility sustainable results.Keywords：Experience travel; Travel Production Development;1.1 Experience is a processStanding on the first position, people tend to do everything to come and try to shorten the process of the results. But with reason to think, we will soon be able to think of, only process with novelty. Because of unknown territory means the process of exploration and the change of means, means and unknowns will appear, and the results represent the end of the process. Process means that individuals struggling to texture, direction of movement of things, action andmentality details concern and attention, means that the spirit of high tension and concentration, life in the excited state, the result means that reached a height, can enjoy the existing results. In terms of the development of human spiritual life and intelligence, more should be put life process in priority. If you ignore the process, and will not be able to feel thetemptation of the unknown world, unable to experience the delicate state of novelty and excitement. Have a process to change, change is novel, have new wizards have stimulation, the stimulation can be exciting and full of life. Experience of happiness and joy is not necessarily lies in the causes and results of things, on the contrary, the development and change of the thing itself can give a person infinite pleasure.1.2 Experience is a process of understandingExperience as a person’s mental ability, in the understanding of the perceptual and rational thinking and make. We say the experience of main body is to grasp a to be expressed comprehension process. Express is phenomenon. Is it mean. Subject always inadvertently to express the mental state through body activity, the subject not onlyknown around the world, and feelings to realize it, especially the event expressed the meaning and significance. The rational cognition as a scientific method can accurately grasp the object, method and experience as the mind, is to realize a in interaction relation to convey meaning. T acit experience is, therefore, the main spirit of the process, is the world center of the life indispensable part of the intellectual activity. We are through the way of experience (of course, cognition and thinking) to control the composition of the world, the meaning of life, fate and individual decision making, and set up the whole world outlook and outlook on life. The so-called life experience, is their perspective. The structure of the person’s own inner life itself determines the degree of depth of his experience, also decided to his intrinsic value of depth. Experience can improve a specific event to truly wealthy mean height, is that it can from one’s own inner spirit, to the perspective of specific life events.1.3 Experience is a “imagine” enrich the comprehension processBody through imagination will experience, make it’s become the content of the real life. Imagine fantasy is by nomeans out of thin air, but the communication in the past and the future of mediation. Its authenticity, according to is it in accordance with the rooted in human nature in the law, namely category from the value of the us tomake a meaningful world. Memories of the past, memories and the dreams of the future building too. Every experience in everyday life in changing people memory storage of materials, and people’s desires and dreams for the future, and driven beyond the limits of the known reality, immersed to imagine the scene.2 The process of tourism experience2.1 Travel is a processT ourism is the combination of space and time. People spend a certain time, to a strange place, have a different from ordinary life - it is the essence of tourism characteristics. But if only from a pure dimension in order to understand the process is not complete, tourism is not profound. T ourism activities is an understanding of the different landscape, culture, folk custom and experience the process of the utility of it in the end is to make a wonderful experience deep permanently retained in the memory ofpeople, life and personal subject in space-time dimension and an organic part of the spirit world. Experience has two meanings, one is “experience or experience”, and the other is “experience and comprehension. A tourist activities is a personal experience, formed a kind of experience; But not all can increase the tourist experience, inspire people the feeling of life, leaving enduring memories, some even will leave lifelong regret. Therefore, a profound tourism experience is not only a physical experience, but also psychological and spiritual baptism, is one of the internal spiritual world of people “reaction”.T ourism can cause people psychological this kind of feeling, just because it’s itself is a process, the process is novel all in coming. Six elements of tourism can become the object of tourist experience: eat food can provide people a new experience; The accommodation environment is different from home; Transport is different from daily use of public transportation; Participate in the tourism project also makes people seem to be in another time and space, immersed in the event of an unexpected, usually cannot be achieved. Playing a novel, play out the taste, the play get carried away: and finally, only belongs to the experience of souvenirs, aphysical imprint for this period of experience, for later on. This novel and constantly stimulate the sensory systems of the visitors, brought their vitality to uplifting and full. T ourism is full of experience object, containing the infinite experience value, arguably the best stage of practice experience economy. As long as we are good at digging, the careful planning, strict implementation, will let visitors experience brand-new travel experience.2.2 T ourism is one of the ways to realize lifeT ourism is one of the human internal migration of the subconscious, is an organic part of human life. Part in the development of history, when people seem to have no migration or drift, when everything is settled in life in order, tourism has become a hidden deep in their unconscious migrating a necessary complement to the plot and compensatory, the impetus of the development of settled people happy life and essential power. Human beings in the conquest of nature, reformation nature in the process of gradually split themselves and natural, into two opposing entities, it is contrary to the purpose of the people as an organic part of the natural world. As a result, people need totravel, walk into nature, and return to natural life style, the core of understanding the essence of life that is the harmony between man and nature, common development. In addition, people often with a relaxed state of mind, open state of mind towards tourism activities, took his daily life wearing a hypocritical mask. Such states tend to be more natural, more likely to get to some profound life proposition of thinking inspiration and understanding of life. Visible, tourism provides a content to the nature of life experience, at the same time, the main body in the process of tourism and relatively easy to use emotional perspective of his inner world, to experience provides a good foundation.2.3 T ourism is induced to imagine constitute one of the factorsIn everyday life, people’s imagination because subject to clear the utilitarian purpose and subject to the causality of complex, become heavy, reality, lost a powerful and unconstrained style of poetic and aesthetic feeling. On the other hand, in the process of tourism, people get rid of the fetter of daily life, beyond the rational rule, as the process of evolution, novel and carrying stimulation, inspired withenthusiasm, imagine so immersed in a strange free mood. Main body can be completely according to their own internal spirit to experience as a bridge, combined with the outside world perceptual image formed unique imagination.3 T ourism productsT ourism product is a complex concept, it is theoretically refers to the tourists’ overall experience to be gained at one time. Generalized travel products are made from landscape attractions, facilities and services three categories of elements, the landscape is made up of natural entity and historical and cultural entities (including) culture and tradition of attractions, it is because of landscape attraction of potential tourists travel motivation; Facilities is refers to the tourists to enter and meet the basic physiological needs, top physiological need of transportation infrastructure; Service is the tourists experience in landscape and facilities in place to accept the physical or mental luxury, they usually are physical form, artificially created 5.Generally speaking, these three can be a core attractions, inspire interest of potential visitors. Generally reflect the characteristics of tourism products are: a comprehensive, long distance,invisibility, production, consumption of unity.。

旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献

旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern AbstractProblems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.Key words:Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature1.Why a Common Concern?In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmonywith the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation.In 1994, in Leeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of landbased recreation on the area's natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region.2.A Summary of the SituationI. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape.II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along themainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over.The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called "bad weather facilities" like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird species.IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathingthe fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The currentpossibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, "nature combing", walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature?A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it.3.Developments and New Trendsit When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector.1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health spa with a beach. Work is already inprogress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns.2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more transport is required.3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often.The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume.4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made.4.summarize:(I) more and more space is taken by accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist;(II) Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape;(III) Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds;(IV) Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature;(V) The tourism related cash flow is on the rise;(VI) A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and.., disturb each other.The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the area's natural development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just toomany people around.It's not enough to acknowledge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds.A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area?When and where can they take place? Whatamounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation.5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden SocietyThe Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature" oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane or a disco party on the beach.What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tropical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need moreresearch. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.T oformulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opportunities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: "when', "where" and "what amounts'. - formulate clear policy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute itTime is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In "Nord Friesland a "Zukunftswerkstatt Tourism’s und Umwelt" is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for "umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung'.The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recreation at a trilateral level. It must be possible to developa common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational interests.译文:旅游业共同关心的问题摘要旅游业协会针对瓦登海问题进行了讨论，讨论的内容是关于陆地活动与自然和谐以及环境的保护。

越南旅游产品开发外文文献翻译2014年译文3200字

越南旅游产品开发外文文献翻译2014年译文3200字文献出处: Friedman D. The development of Vietnam tourism products [J]. The Journal of International Travel, 2014, 15(6): 55-71.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库）原文The Development of Vietnam Tourism ProductsFriedman DAbstractTourism product development and innovation is the key to tourism competition, each country can develop tourist satisfaction products, decide how much to the visitors and tourism competitive power degree, the design of tourism products and innovation is crucial for the development of tourism. In this paper, the Vietnamese, analyzing the present situation and problems of the development of tourism products to evaluate each tourist products.Key words: Tourism product development; Vietnam1 The development present situation of Vietnam tourism productIn recent years, the implementation of the national comprehensive reform of Vietnam's economy has maintained a high level, the growth of tourism has outstanding contribution. Tourism has been identified as one of the important sector of the economy, the government has been focus in order to promote the development of tourism industry and provide many specific Suggestions at all levels and departments and potential in the whole society and national strength. In 20 years ago, Vietnam tourism growth levels still ranked as the last in southeast Asia,but now Vietnam tourism growth levels have been rising average in southeast Asia. In 1994, Vietnam has hosted over 1 million international tourists, from 1994 to 1994, 10 development, the number of international passengers has been increased to nearly 3 million people, 300% increase over 1994.And in 2010, the number of international passenger number has reached 5 million, increased by nearly 170% over 2004.With the increase of number of passengers, the revenue of tourism industry is becoming more and more high.Vietnam has very rich tourism resources, cultural resources from ecologicalresources. Tourism resources is the foundation of the tourism. So, Vietnam is a country full development potential of tourism. According to the current tour resources, Vietnam's main developing island tourism, cultural and ecological tourism. Most of the passengers choose to Vietnam for tourist destination and to experience the special and appreciate its unique scenery. Of island tourism development present situation, island tourism attracted 70% of the total international travelers, 50% of domestic passengers, accounting for 70% of the total amount of the national tourism revenues. Vietnam has a large number of development of island tourism coast and the size of the island. The number and level of accommodation facilities are continuously increase and improve, especially more than 3 star accommodation facilities mostly concentrated in coastal areas.2 Vietnam tourism product development evaluation2.1 Island tourism productsCoastal resources is Vietnam's most important tourist resources. Long sea lines with different climate make island has different features, such as: the beaches, islands, lagoon, bay, etc.Because of the terrain and climate partition, each are not identical in the form of haicheng in Vietnam. The diversity of land with mountains, hills and plains dozens of beautiful beach. Especially the bottom of the sea, the island has many attractive scenery, interesting caves. Due to its own belong to tropical monsoon climate, so in Vietnam can be effectively organized beach tourism activities all year round. Moreover, Vietnam beach tourist haven't environmental pollution. Coastal resources include rich vegetation, national forest, nature reserves, mineral water, water source, such as rare animals attract tourists to participate in the holiday travel, tour, sports, or scientific research, such as the attraction of the tourism activities. Coastal biological resources is also provide passengers with food and specialty resources, to make beautiful art by hand travel products provide raw materials (such as tortoise shell, pearls, coral, wood, etc.).2.2 Cultural tourism product evaluationVietnam has four thousand years of history, thus have great potential in terms of cultural tourism development. Cultural tourism is to create the most species form oftourism, tourism products is the most classic form of tourism destination. Each nation's unique culture characteristics is an important factor to attract tourists, the tourists want to know and experience the culture of different countries and regions. Therefore, the development trend of tourism industry in the world, although the life development lead to changes in lifestyle and requirements, but the development of tourism in cultural tourism is always leading tourism form.2.3 ecotourism product evaluationin recent years, the ecological tourism in the world many countries have increased rapidly, be widely attention andwelcome by the masses. In addition to natural protection, biodiversity conservation, cultural community, the significance of developing ecological tourism to the local communities, with beautiful landscape and the natural reserve in remote areas bring large economic profits, employment opportunities and increase the national income. In addition, the ecological tourism also help through the environment education, culture, history, entertainment and other activities and improve the intellectual property rights and public health. The climate of Vietnam belong to tropical monsoon climate, and about three-quarters of the area is a mountainous area, so the Vietnam's ecological tourism has great potential for development. Under the trend of developing ecological tourism in the world, Vietnam also is forming and developing many kinds of ecotourism products.3 Three Vietnam tourism products to develop new ideas3.1 Establish special island tourism productsVietnam island tourism overall product from above, can be divided into four special island tourism products, thus creating the image of special products to attract more tourists market: coastal landscape (main products long wan) of the sea, coastal seaside resort (main product is bonsai holiday coastal area and service, combined with heritage tourism), sea movement, the main products are some of the key sea international sports tourism destination (diving activity in nan tang, windsurfing in mina), island tourism, vacation and explore (rich island, Queensland island).For four kinds of special products in area of island tourism resources characteristics and classification. Northern area and coastal landscape become theleading product, is in central and south central NorthVietnam's coastal area, the largest in bonsai holiday and sea movement for leading products, with rich countries in southern island and the island tourism Queensland island products. These special products is the core of each regional tourism development, the development together with the region's tourism products system. In order to satisfy the tourist and rich journey, should use were culture or other characteristics of the tourism resources to create additional tourism products, tourism resources, promote and maintain the value of other tourism products development. Based on this, you can create some suitable for island tourism passenger's products, such as: dragon under the northern area of coastal tourism combined with the nearby city tourism and shopping tourism, coastal landscape tourism and recreational activities, enjoy gourmet activity combination, coastal landscape travel and appreciate the scenery of mountain area, understand the coastal mountains and customs and cultural characteristics; Central coastal resort tourism products with high central region combining with the common product development. Create high bonsai holiday products and experience, understand the central region and coastal zone, customs, habits and culture.Binhai holiday tourism products with hue, quango name provincial heritage tourism system; The bonsai eco-tourism products combined with national park ecological tourism activities;Binhai holiday products combined with sightseeing and shopping tour to explore tourism products, ecotourism products and islands.Island tourism product development of infrastructure, of seaside tourism destination tourism infrastructure when compared with other tourism products. But, also need to improve infrastructure and improve the close to the seaside tourismdestination. Develop more domestic and international flights to particular island tourism products of tourist destination. Improvement and development of the port transportation system and perfect water shipping network to meet the needs of maritime transport and tourism. Four special sea travel products have different travel purpose, therefore, have different sevice requirements, and also to the requirement of tourism personnel training. For coastal landscape tourism products need knowledge, culture, geography and geology in coastal resorts and tourism products of recoveryand health care, food and other aspects of knowledge. In addition, in fact, the high quality human resources mainly concentrated in the big cities, the coastal tourist destination in attracting high quality human resources is limited to a certain degree of. So, it is necessary to create a more professional training on near seaside tourism destination facilities, at the same time, the cultivation of the enterprise itself also want to do more projects.3.2 Establish the special cultural tourism productsVietnam now cultural tourism products mainly include: view and understand the local life and culture, heritage, historical sites, to understand and appreciate the food culture and national history. In fact, cultural tourism products only focus on cultural heritage and development of historic sites, lead to some cultural heritage destination appear the phenomenon of degradation or commercial. On this basis, the need to play - the value of social development under the perspective of cultural tourism products, to broaden the scope of existing traditional cultural tourism destination, can according to the following topics and develop cultural tourism products:Visit the sites to understand history and traditional history revolution;Visit cultural heritage or combined with experience of non-material cultural heritage; Festival tourism or combine with cultural heritage tourism;Religious tourism;Community culture and appreciate the food;Cultural tourism products was very rich, from the above subject orientation can create more cultural tourism products in each region. North of the old street - yen Bai - rich life of three provinces of northern clusters become the center of the cultural tourism. Hue - da nan - central quango name in the three provinces of cluster heritage cultural tourism products and appreciate the food as theme, also is the central part of the cultural tourism center.Mei Shu cities of the nations of central highlands residents cultural traditions and customs, is the main bond me Shu cultural tourism products. Southern and western delicacies and Kowloon residents of the Yangtze river delta of the traditional culture is a cultural tourism products here.Each region of the different culture to form the cultural characteristics of each region and distinguish the basis ofeach region.3.3 Establish ecological tourism special productsThe diversity of the ecological tourism resources of Vietnam and many special properties, which can well meet the needs of tourists. However, the development of guidance on the product type: biodiversity, ecological studies Vietnam - adventure tourism, natural ecological landscape. In order to ensure the development of ecological tourism, is bound to improve ecological tourism infrastructure, the next time, planning anddesign of each form of ecological tourism resources right accommodation type of research is also very important. Need to research and development of tourism resources of appropriate regulations and policies, business management and regional tourism activities. And ecological tourism service training organization improve cognitive course, step by step to national parks, nature reserves, investment, convenient to maintain, and meet the demand of tourists in the protection and development. In addition, because of the ecological tourism products only in the primary stage, therefore, in the process of ecological tourism product diversification, to carefully study is suitable for the type of ecological tourism and ecological tourist area's ability to not affect the landscape and the diversity of resources, the resources of protective unique service activities.译文越南旅游产品的开发作者：弗里德曼摘要旅游产品的开发和创新是每个国家旅游业竞争的关键，能否开发出令旅游者满意的产品，决定着游客量的多少和旅游业竞争实力的强弱程度，可见旅游产品的设计和创新对旅游业的发展来说至关重要。

旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译

外文资料译文及原文译文(一)消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合米契尔罗伯特定义消费者体验旅游制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。

在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。

有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。

这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。

参与的品牌品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求：（1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）;（2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）;（3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激）CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。

这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。

认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。

CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。

此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。

缺乏现有的直接研究关注迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。

米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。

此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。

米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。

该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。

消费者体验旅游的多样性消费者体验旅游业是一群不同的旅游景点。

艾克斯罗德和布伦伯格（1997）配置了288工厂在整个美国欢迎参观者。

同样，伯杰和伯杰（1997年）提供约1,000自由工业旅游背景资料。

文化遗产旅游玛雅文化旅游外文文献翻译2014年2400字译文

外文出处：Medina L K. Commoditizing culture: Tourism and Maya identity [J]. Annals of tourism research, 2014, 30(2): 353-368.原文Commoditizing culture: Tourism and Maya IdentityLaurie MedinaAbstractThis ethnographic study examined how the commoditization of culture for tourism affected traditional practices in a formerly Maya village adjacent to the most-visited Mayan ruins in Belize. Though the majority of villagers had abandoned this indigenous identity, they responded to the tourism demand for representations of an essentialized Mayan culture by utilizing new channels to access traditions they could no longer learn through old ways: they turned to the publications of archaeologists and epigraphers who study the ancient Maya. As villagers developed expertise in the cultural traditions of their ancestors, they remained ambivalent about whether or not their unconventional acquisition of this knowledge provided sufficient basis for reclaiming Maya identities.Keywords: culture; commoditization; identity; Maya; BelizeINTRODUCTIONOne school of thought in tourism studies has argued that the commoditization of culture for consumption renders the resulting practices inauthentic. This position distinguishes between traditions which persist in relative isolation from market forces, and practices elaborated specifically for the tourism market. Against this perspective, other scholars have asserted that such transactions between tourists and “tourees”generate new cultural configurations which are both meaningful and authentic to their participants. Advocates of this argument reject both the distinction drawn by the first group of scholars between more and less authentic cultural forms and the notions of culture and authenticity on which that distinction rests. The second school of thought instead portrays culture as dynamic and emergent. This paper introduces a third alternative in this debate: the commoditization of culture for tourism may involve the utilization of new channels to access cultural traditions of great antiquity. Posing thispossibility for a formerly Maya village in western Belize, this paper engages two sets of debates in the social sciences: it explores how the debate in tourism studies sketched above intersects with contemporary ones in the field of Maya studies, where “constructivists”cast Maya culture as a (relatively recent) social construction, while “essentialists”define it in terms of continuities that have persisted across centuries from pre-colonial times into the present.Early studies suggested that touristic commoditization—the offering of cultural products and practices for money—results in the emergence of a culture distinct from the traditional practice of “tourees”and less authentic by virtue of being both “staged”and a commodity. MacCannell (1976) suggests that tourists are largely motivated by a “quest for authenticity,”which is fundamentally a search for cultural difference. Tourists interpret such difference as an indicator of less contamination by contemporary capitalism and thus greater authenticity in relations among people and between people and nature. However, MacCannell asserts that tourees—the host population confronted with the arrival of tourists in their midst—protect and insulate their culture by dividing their lives into “backstage”areas, where they continue meaningful traditions away from the gaze of tourists, and “frontstage”areas, where they perform a limited range of activities for a tourist audience. This makes available portions of host culture for guest consumption, while it protects other parts from commoditization. Such an argument assumes that touristic cultural performance, which MacCannell calls “staged authenticity,”is less authentic than practices not performed for tourists or for cash. Greenwood (1977) also engages this assumption by asserting that commoditization changes the meaning of cultural products and practices to such a degree that they eventually become meaningless for their producers. The conclusion drawn is that the “staged authenticity”of commoditized culture is not authentic at all. Ryan (1996), focusing away from concerns with authenticity, suggests that a “tourist culture”distinct from the everyday cultures of either tourists or tourees emerges from their inter- (or trans-) actions; however, he builds on the same assumption that tourism leads to the emergence of a culture different from the original one of the tourees.TOURISM, CULTURE AND IDENTITYIf there were such a thing as a “typical Maya village”’San Jose Succotz would certainly not be it. A village of some 1,400 people in western Belize, Succotz is linked to “Mayaness”in two ways: through proximity to the ruins of an ancient Maya city that has become a popular tourism attraction; and through the ancestry, culture, and identities of its contemporary residents. If the former connection provides an important source of income for the village, the latter connection is characterized by ambivalence and ambiguity.This article is based on ethnographic research undertaken in Succotz during the summer of 1999, combined with archival sources. The ethnographic research included a survey of 25% of the household, in which an adult member of every fourth unit was surveyed, working up and down both sides of each street in the village. This resulted in a total of 73 surveys, which elicited information about household size and composition, languages spoken in the household, their ethnic affiliations, factors considered by respondents in determining their ethnic identifications, and languages spoken by adult household members’parents. In addition, information about sources of household income was elicited.This survey was complemented by longer, semi-structured interviews with 15 Succotzeños employed in tourism. This sample, developed by asking villagers to name individuals or families working in tourism, included most tour guides (6), all pottery-making households (5), slate carving households (2), and owners of tourist accommodations (2). These interviews explored each individual’s history in tourism work, the development of the knowledge required for that work, their assessments of “what tourists want”, their ethnic self-identifications, and connections between those identities and their work in tourism.Ambiguous Identities in SuccotzSuccotz is located just across the Mopan River from Xunantunich, the ruins of an ancient Mayan city that is now Belize’s most-visited archaeological site. Both Succotz and Xunantunich are adjacent to the Western Highway, making them readily accessible to tourism. During the year this research was conducted, 27,614 touristsvisited Xunantunich. However, because Xunantunich is primarily a ‘day trip’for tourists staying at resorts throughout Belize or for cruiseship passengers, few tourists stayed in the village. Of households surveyed in Succotz, 12% reported earning income from tourism.Beyond its proximity to the ruins, Succotz has a Mayan past of its own: during the 19th and into the 20thcentury, the village was described as an “Indian”community populated by Mopan and Yucatec Maya with origins in the Guatemalan Peten and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The earliest ethnographic research on Succotz reported that primicias (traditional Maya rituals), formed an integral part of the community’s agricultural cycle ( Thompson 1930:114). These rituals reflected the core cosmological principles identified by essentialist scholars that link people, nature, ancestors, and sacred forces. However, in contemporary Succotz, only 20% of the survey sample had land for agriculture, and wage labor has become the dominant economic activity. Village residents have been integrated into regional and national economies, commuting to locations where work is more readily available. Since Succotzeños are known for their skill in construction work, 31% of the households surveyed had members working in that field. The relative decline of agricultural production in Succotz has led to a consequent reduction in the practice of rituals associated with traditional agricultural cycles.Tourism and Maya Culture in SuccotzHowever, tourism may present new possibilities for Succotzeños to claim or reclaim Maya identity and culture. Tourists visit to Succotz specifically to experience Xunantunich. As Castañeda (1996) suggests, the publications of Mayanist archaeologists (together with the publications of tourism promoters) have generated interest in the ancient Maya among North Americans and Europeans. Archaeologists’work at Xunantunich has made this site available for tourism; simultaneously, archaeologists’enthusiasm for Mayan culture has generated increased respect for the knowledge of the ancient Maya on the part of some Succotzeños, especially those employed in excavations.Tourism to Xunantunich has had a broader effect on local ethnic hierarchies: as tourists demonstrate interest in ancient Maya culture bygenerating demand for goods that reflect that culture, positive value attaches to the “Maya”label. Villagers are very cognizant of this fact; they often mentioned the tremendous appreciation that tourists demonstrate for “things Mayan”. For example, one tour guide explained that she used both English and Mayan languages in her tour: “I share what I can in Mayan, because what the tourists are looking for is the genius of the Maya”(author’s translation). Another guide recalled having little interest in Maya culture when he began a job as a guide at a nearby resort. When tourists in his charge wanted to visit Xunantunich, he had hired someone else to guide them through the ruins. However, little by little he began to appreciate how tourists valued Mayan culture, and thus he also became interested. When the opportunity arose, he enrolled in a three-day class taught by an archaeologist who was excavating at Xunantunich. He also began reading books on ancient Maya culture and cosmology, either purchased or received as gifts from tourists or archaeologists. Since tourists demonstrate little interest in Mestizo identities and culture, they thus invert the local hierarchy that values Mestizo over Maya (though the “inversion”involves the “othering”of Mayas in a way that in some respects simultaneously preserves that hierarchy).译文文化的商品化: 玛雅的文化旅游劳丽·麦地那摘要民族学研究探讨了旅游文化的商品化是如何影响玛雅的古村落的游客访问量，该村落毗邻伯利兹最大的玛雅遗址。

旅游管理毕业论文外文翻译

Exploring Asian Cruise Travelers’ Travel Experience and Perception Sangchoul YiHospitality and Tourism ManagementPurdue UniversityJonathon DayHospitality and Tourism ManagementPurdue UniversityandLiping A. CaiHospitality and Tourism ManagementPurdue UniversityABSTRACTThis study aims to explore Asian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensional perception of cruising as well as the effect of travelers’ perception on satisfaction and behavioral intention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions, survey items were adapted from SERVQUAL and SERV-PERV AL. Exploratory factor analysis was performed first to identify travelers’ multidimensional perceptions on travel experience. Subsequently, a multiple regression was conducted so that researchers examine how the tourist’ perceptions affect travelers’ satisfaction and behavioral intention. Statistical results showed that Asian cruise travelers have two dimensional perceptions and each perception can be named as “perceived quality” and “perceived value”. The perceived quality has four components. They are “Facility”, “F&B”, “Entertainment”, and “Staff”, and the perceived value consists of three components including “Emotional response”, “Perceived price”, and “Behavioral price and reputation”. According to the statistical results, travelers’ perceptions on cruise experiencing affect travel satisfaction and travelers’ behavioral intention.Keywords: Asian cruise tourists, Cruising experience, Perception dimensionality, Perceived quality, Perceived valueINTRODUCTIONThe cruise industry has been experiencing dramatic growth in the international tourism sector. According to the Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), its average growth rate is over 8% a year and the number of cruise passengers was 14 million in 2005, which was ten times more than that in 1980 (Dwyer & Forsyth, 1998; Kwag & Lee, 2009). With dramatic growth of the cruise industry, the market environment is getting competitive and appears to be saturated because of overcapacity (De la Vina & Ford, 2001; Kwortnik, 2006). This is because most of the cruise market is based upon North America and the regional market share accounts for 85% of the total cruise market. A strategic effort to occupy the competitive cruise market can be represented in the number of newly launched cruise ships because a quality stateroom, upscale cruise facilities, and stable room supply are essential for successful business in the cruise travel market, and these success factors can be achieved by launching new cruise vessel. For instance, major cruise liners have launched about 100 new cruise ships from 1996 to 2004, trying to attract potential customers, occupying a growing market share and developing new market segments (Lobo, 2008).Recently, the Asian cruise market has been highlighted as a new emerging market in the cruise industry. Currently, the Asian cruise market has 5% of total cruise market share, but the Asian cruise market has great potential as a new locomotive to sustain the cruise industry because a rise in national income in Asian countries can cause a dramatic increase of Asian cruise travelers. In East Asia, Hong Kong is a major hub for an international flight and international cruise liners. The city is attracting a number of western cruise travelers to Asia cruise travel, and Hong Kong is also a base for mainland Chinese cruise travelers. The number of the cruise travelers from Hong Kong alone 459,000 in 2007, which is more than double than from 201,000 in 2005 (Stanley, 2008). However, the Asian market has been still underdeveloped, and the market needs more investment and marketing research on the Asian market (Kwag &Lee, 2021).LITERATURE REVIEWThe tourism industry is service based industry, and the cruise travel and cruise ship itself can be viewed as a floating resort and tourism destination. Therefore, service quality issue is one of most important topics for cruise marketers because a good service quality and consumer’s satisfaction can guarantee business survival at least in the service industry. Consequently, the hospitality and tourism industry have focused on service quality improvement and customers’ satisfaction.Service qualityA great deal of service-quality studies have been done in last three decades, and most of topics have been center around efficient and accurate measurement of servicequality (Ladhari,2008; Martínez Caro & Martínez García, 2008). This is because measuring a service quality is a starting point to research consumers and consumers’ perception on service experience. In the service industry context, service quality can be viewed as perceived service quality and it can be defined as “ the consumer’s judgment about an entity’s overall excellence or superiority”(Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988). Developed measurement instruments are mainly based on identified consumers’ perception on consumption experience. For example, Parasuraman et al. (1988) conducted the most influential studies on service quality, which was developing the SERVQUAL instrument. The SERVQUAL instrument had had ten perceived dimension, but Parasuraman et al. refined SERVQUAL measurement items, achieving five dimensions of perceived survey quality. The dimensions were labeled as “Tangibles”, “Reliability”, “Responsiveness”, “Assurance”, and “Empathy”. The instrument has become a foundation of service quality measurement instruments in various industry setting. One of distinct features is that the instrument compares between consumers’ expectation and realized performance of specific service. However, this approach has been challenged by some alternative measurement approaches.Service quality in the hospitality and tourism industryIn the hospitality and tourism industry, the perception of service quality has been widely researched and focused because it is imperative for marketers to know how consumers feel about service level in the hospitality and tourism industry. In order to measure consumers’ satisfaction and a perceived service quality, the SERVQUAL instrument has been introduced and modified in specific industry setting (Badri, Abdulla, & Al-Madani, 2005; Engelland, Workman, & Singh,2000; Frochot & Hughes, 2000; Khan, 2003; Knutson, Stevens, Wullaert, Patton, & Yokoyama,1991; Raajpoot, 2002; Stevens, Knutson, & Patton, 1995; Tkaczynski & Stokes, 2021). For example, Knuston et al. (1991) tailored the SERVQUAL into the lodging industry and generated LODGSERV instrument in order to measure consumers’ expectation for service quality in the lodging industry. Khan (2003) examined ecotourists’ the service quality expectation by using modified the SERVQUAL instrument, named as ECOSERV. It was found that tourists have unique a dimension in service quality expectation at each tourism industry setting. Stevens et al. (1995) and Raajpoot (2002) tried to measure consumers’ service quality in the lodging industry setting by modifying the SERVQUAL instrument. They generated modified versions of the instrument. DINESERV, which was generated by Stevens et al., was general version of the SERVQUAL in restaurants industry, and TANGSERV, which was proposed by Raajpoot, was focused on specific the SERVQUAL dimension, tangible quality.METHODOLOGYA questionnaire was developed based on previous empirical studies and SERV-PERV AL perceived value measurement instrument. The survey instrument consists of mainly four parts, which are perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction level and behavioral intention, and demographic variables. This research extended the SERV-PERV AL instrument because the instrument has just four perceived quality items and they are too general to measure cruise travelers’ perception on cruise experience. Qu (1999) provided cruise travel attribute items, which consists of four dimensions such as “Accommodation”, “Food and Beverage”,“Entertainment”, “Other facility”, and “Staff”. Because the attribute items have uniqueness and similarity with SERVQUAL instrument at the same time, the attribute items were merged into SERV-PERV AL instrument.The sample was collected from cruise travelers of a Korean cruise liner. The convenience sampling was chosen because of time and cost limitations. Two trained interviewers visited a medium sized cruise ship, the Penstar Honey, and distributed questionnaires. Questionnaires were placed in 200 cruise ship cabins. After respondents completed the survey voluntarily, the questionnaire were gathered at the reception desk of the cruise ship. A total of 140 questionnaires were collected between May and June in 2008. Participants were sampled on eight separate 3-day and 4-day voyages with various destinations such as the Korean national marine park, Osaka in Japan and Bebu, which is a famous Japanese spa destination. The samples yielded 117 usable observations.An exploratory factor analysis was first performed so that underlying dimensions of each construct were revealed. Based results of exploratory factor analysis on each construct like perceived quality and perceived value, four perceived quality dimension were identified and three perceived value dimensions were obtained. These sub-dimensions of perceived quality and value composed overall perceived quality and value construct for cruise travel. SPSS version 18 and STATA 10 were used to conduct exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis to examine the relationship between hypothetical relationships between constructs.RESULTSAccording to the factor analysis results in Table 1, perceived quality has four dimensions including cruise ship facilities, food and beverage service, entertainment, and crew’s service. Perceived value consists of three dimensions such as emotional response, perceived price, and behavioral price and reputation. Each construct has sub dimensions, which means that cruise tourists recognize their cruising experience based on four dimensions like facilities, food and beverage, entertainment, and staff as well as the tourists value their experience by two constructs perceived quality and perceived value.Table 1Exploratory Factor Analysis Results for Perceived Quality of the Cruise ExperienceSub-dimensions of two constructs are measured by multiple survey items. Exploratory factor analysis provides construct reliability for determining whether survey items are suitable for measuring the sub dimensions and constructs. Items with factors loading are less than .5 were eliminated to refine survey measurement items. Mean value of each survey items represent cruise tourism service quality index, and most of the means recorded higher than 5, indicating high quality of cruise service experience. Results can show that cruise tourists are more likely to have positive cognitive image on cruise experience and cruise ship brand.In Table 2, it was showed that perceived value construct has three dimensions including emotional response, perceived price, and behavioral price and reputation. Petrick (2004) suggested that the perceived value construct has five dimenstions, which included perceived quality as a part of the construct. However, in this study, researchers specified perceived quality as independent part of the construct when the perceived quality was measured because a survey instrument was developed to measure service quality more specifically than original SERVPERV AL instrument.CONCLUSIONThis study aims to explore Asian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensional perceptions of cruising experience as well as the effect of travelers’ perceptions on satisfaction and behavioral intention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions,survey items were adapted from previous empirical study, the SERVQUAL instruments and the SERV-PERVAL instrument item. An on-board survey was conducted on eight separate 4-days voyages of the Far East Asia in 2008. Exploratory factor analysis was performed first to identify travelers’ multidimensional perceptions on travel experience and service quality in cruise travle. Subsequently, a regression analysis was conducted so that researchers examine how the travelers’perception of cruise travel experience affects tourists’ satisfaction and behavioral intention.对旅游者旅游体验感知的探索——以亚洲邮轮游客为例Sangchoul Yi，Jonathon Day，Liping A. Cai，酒店与旅游办理专业，美国普渡大学。

旅游产品作文英语

旅游产品作文英语英文回答：Traveling the world is an incredible opportunity to broaden your horizons, experience different cultures, and create lasting memories. I've been fortunate enough to travel to many amazing places, and I'm always amazed by the things I learn and the people I meet.One of the best things about traveling is that it challenges you to step outside of your comfort zone and try new things. Whether you're sampling unfamiliar cuisines, learning a new language, or navigating your way around a foreign city, travel forces you to adapt and grow. I remember the first time I went to Japan. I was overwhelmed by the language, the culture, and the food. But I was also excited to embrace the experience and learn as much as I could. By the end of my trip, I had made new friends, tried some of the most delicious food I've ever eaten, and gained a newfound appreciation for Japanese culture.Traveling also allows you to connect with people from all over the world. You learn about their lives, their cultures, and their perspectives. And you realize that, despite our differences, we all have more in common than we think. I met a woman from Brazil while I was traveling in South America. She was traveling alone, just like me, and we ended up spending a week together, exploring the ruins of Machu Picchu and sharing stories about our lives. By the end of the week, we felt like we had known each other for years.Of course, traveling isn't always easy. There are times when you'll feel lost, frustrated, or homesick. But it's important to remember that these challenges are all part of the experience. And they're what make travel so rewarding. When you look back on your travels, you'll remember the good times and the bad times, and you'll be grateful for the opportunity to have experienced it all.So if you have the opportunity to travel, I encourage you to take it. It will change your life in ways you neverimagined.中文回答：旅游世界是一个开阔视野、体验不同文化、创造美好回忆的绝佳机会。

介绍旅游产品英文作文

介绍旅游产品英文作文英文：As a travel enthusiast, I have had the opportunity to explore various travel products. One of my favorite travel products is a guided tour package. This type of travel product is perfect for those who want to explore a new destination without the hassle of planning and organizing everything themselves.Guided tours usually include transportation, accommodation, meals, and activities. The itinerary is carefully planned and executed by a tour guide who is knowledgeable about the destination. They will take you to the must-see attractions and provide insightful information about the history and culture of the place.I remember when I went on a guided tour of Japan. The tour guide was fluent in both English and Japanese and was able to provide us with a lot of interesting facts andstories about Japan. We visited iconic landmarks such as the Tokyo Tower and the Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto. We also got to experience traditional Japanese culture by participating in a tea ceremony and trying on a kimono.Another travel product that I highly recommend is a cruise. Cruises are perfect for those who want to explore multiple destinations in one trip. The ship provides all the necessary amenities and entertainment, making it a comfortable and enjoyable experience.I went on a cruise to the Caribbean and visited several islands such as Jamaica, Grand Cayman, and Cozumel. The ship had multiple restaurants, bars, and activities such as a rock climbing wall and a water park. It was a great way to relax and explore different cultures at the same time.中文：作为一个旅游爱好者，我有机会探索各种旅游产品。

介绍旅游产品英语小作文

介绍旅游产品英语小作文英文回答：In the world of wanderlust, where dreams unfurl and adventures beckon, I present to you a tourism product that will ignite your soul and leave an eternal imprint on your memory. Embark on an extraordinary journey, where every destination is a captivating chapter in the tapestry of your life.From the sun-kissed shores of the Mediterranean to the enigmatic peaks of the Himalayas, our curated itineraries will transport you to realms of wonder and awe. Explore ancient ruins that whisper tales of forgotten civilizations, marvel at the vibrant hues of bustling marketplaces, and immerse yourself in the heart of vibrant cultures.We believe that travel is not merely a means of traversing distances but an experience that enriches the soul. Our tours are designed to foster meaningfulconnections, forge lasting memories, and inspire personal growth. Whether you seek solitude amidst nature's embrace or the exhilaration of urban adventures, our offerings cater to every traveler's desires.Our team of expert guides is dedicated to making your journey unforgettable. With their passion for discovery and local knowledge, they will unlock the hidden gems of each destination, sharing stories, and captivating you with their insights. From breathtaking landscapes to intimate interactions with local communities, we ensure that your experiences are authentic, immersive, and deeply fulfilling.At the heart of our tourism philosophy lies a commitment to sustainability and responsible travel. We believe in preserving the pristine beauty of our planet while empowering local economies. By partnering with local businesses and supporting community initiatives, we strive to make a positive impact on the destinations we visit.As you embark on these extraordinary adventures, knowthat you are not merely a tourist but a traveler with a purpose. You will return home not only with a suitcase filled with souvenirs but with a heart overflowing with memories, a mind expanded with knowledge, and a spirit forever transformed by the wonders you have witnessed.So, embrace your wanderlust, let your curiosity guide you, and allow us to craft the journey of a lifetime. Together, we will create moments that will resonate with you long after you return home, leaving an unerasable mark on your soul.中文回答：在环游世界的强烈渴望中，梦想展开，冒险招手，我向你展示一项旅游产品，它将点燃你的灵魂，并在你的记忆中留下永恒的印记。

旅游产品英文作文模板范文

旅游产品英文作文模板范文The user is looking for a template and example essay in English and Chinese about a travel product. They prefer a first-person perspective, examples, idioms, and casual language to make the essay more relatable. The essay should be at least 1500 words long, with English and Chinese responses separated and clearly marked as "英文，" and "中文，" respectively.e Travel Product。

1. The travel product I want to introduce is a portable language translator device. This device has become an essential companion during my travels, helping me overcome language barriers and communicate effectively with locals.II. Features and Benefits of the Travel Product。

1. The portable language translator device is equipped with advanced AI technology that can instantly translate conversations in real-time. It supports multiple languages, making it versatile and useful in various countries.2. One of the key benefits of this device is its compact size and lightweight design, making it easy to carry around during sightseeing and exploration. It has a long-lasting battery life, ensuring uninterrupted use throughout the day.3. The device also comes with a user-friendly interface and voice recognition capabilities, allowing for seamless communication without the need for typing or complex setup.III. Personal Experience and Examples。

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文献出处: Horman D. The Development of Experienced Tourist product [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014, 15(6): 15-31.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Development of Experienced Tourist productAuthor: Horman D1 The essence of experienceExperience in essence is a person, is when a person achieve emotional, physical, mental, or even a particular level of mind, he produced the good feeling of consciousness. No two people will be able to get the same experience, because any a kind of experience are personal mental state, and the result of the interaction effect between planning events. Experience of production and consumption was conducted at the same time, it tangible results, however, its value is embodied in can give people left a deep impression and good memories of memories. Therefore, the characteristics of the experience summed up in a few words, that is: interactive, uniqueness, utility sustainable results.Keywords：Experience travel; Travel Production Development;1.1 Experience is a processStanding on the first position, people tend to do everything to come and try to shorten the process of the results. But with reason to think, we will soon be able to think of, only process with novelty. Because of unknown territory means the process of exploration and the change of means, means and unknowns will appear, and the results represent the end of the process. Process means that individuals struggling to texture, direction of movement of things, action and mentality details concern and attention, means that the spirit of high tension and concentration, life in the excited state, the result means that reached a height, can enjoy the existing results. In terms of the development of human spiritual life and intelligence, more should be put life process in priority. If you ignore the process, and will not be able to feel thetemptation of the unknown world, unable to experience the delicate state of novelty and excitement. Have a process to change, change is novel, have new wizards have stimulation, the stimulation can be exciting and full of life. Experience of happiness and joy is not necessarily lies in the causes and results of things, on the contrary, the development and change of the thing itself can give a person infinite pleasure.1.2 Experience is a process of understandingExperience as a person's mental ability, in the understanding of the perceptual and rational thinking and make. We say the experience of main body is to grasp a to be expressed comprehension process. Express is phenomenon.Is it mean. Subject always inadvertently to express the mental state through body activity, the subject not only known around the world, and feelings to realize it, especially the event expressed the meaning and significance. The rational cognition as a scientific method can accurately grasp the object, method and experience as the mind, is to realize a in interaction relation to convey meaning. Tacit experience is, therefore, the main spirit of the process, is the world center of the life indispensable part of the intellectual activity. We are through the way of experience (of course, cognition and thinking) to control the composition of the world, the meaning of life, fate and individual decision making, and set up the whole world outlook and outlook on life. The so-called life experience, is their perspective. The structure of the person's own inner life itself determines the degree of depth of his experience, also decided to his intrinsic value of depth. Experience can improve a specific event to truly wealthy mean height, is that it can from one's own inner spirit, to the perspective of specific life events.1.3 Experience is a "imagine" enrich the comprehension processBody through imagination will experience, make it’s become the content of the real life. Imagine fantasy is by no means out of thin air, but the communication in the past and the future of mediation. Its authenticity, according to is it in accordance with the rooted in human nature in the law, namely category from the value of the us tomake a meaningful world. Memories of the past, memories and the dreams of the future building too. Every experience in everyday life in changing people memory storage of materials, and people's desires and dreams for the future, and driven beyond the limits of the known reality, immersed to imagine the scene.2 The process of tourism experience2.1 Travel is a processTourism is the combination of space and time. People spend a certain time, to a strange place, have a different from ordinary life - it is the essence of tourism characteristics. But if only from a pure dimension in order to understand the process is not complete, tourism is not profound. Tourism activities is an understanding of the different landscape, culture, folk custom and experience the process of the utility of it in the end is to make a wonderful experience deep permanently retained in the memory of people, life and personal subject in space-time dimension and an organic part of the spirit world. Experience has two meanings, one is "experience or experience", and the other is "experience and comprehension. A tourist activities is a personal experience, formed a kind of experience; But not all can increase the tourist experience, inspire people the feeling of life, leaving enduring memories, some even will leave lifelong regret. Therefore, a profound tourism experience is not only a physical experience, but also psychological and spiritual baptism, is one of the internal spiritual world of people "reaction".Tourism can cause people psychological this kind of feeling, just because it’s itself is a process, the process is novel all in coming. Six elements of tourism can become the object of tourist experience: eat food can provide people a new experience; The accommodation environment is different from home; Transport is different from daily use of public transportation; Participate in the tourism project also makes people seem to be in another time and space, immersed in the event of an unexpected, usually cannot be achieved. Playing a novel, play out the taste, the play get carried away: and finally, only belongs to the experience of souvenirs, a physical imprint for this period of experience, for later on. This novel and constantly stimulate the sensory systems ofthe visitors, brought their vitality to uplifting and full. Tourism is full of experience object, containing the infinite experience value, arguably the best stage of practice experience economy. As long as we are good at digging, the careful planning, strict implementation, will let visitors experience brand-new travel experience.2.2 Tourism is one of the ways to realize lifeTourism is one of the human internal migration of the subconscious, is an organic part of human life. Part in the development of history, when people seem to have no migration or drift, when everything is settled in life in order, tourism has become a hidden deep in their unconscious migrating a necessary complement to the plot and compensatory, the impetus of the development of settled people happy life and essential power. Human beings in the conquest of nature, reformation nature in the process of gradually split themselves and natural, into two opposing entities, it is contrary to the purpose of the people as an organic part of the natural world. As a result, people need to travel, walk into nature, and return to natural life style, the core of understanding the essence of life that is the harmony between man and nature, common development. In addition, people often with a relaxed state of mind, open state of mind towards tourism activities, took his daily life wearing a hypocritical mask. Such states tend to be more natural, more likely to get to some profound life proposition of thinking inspiration and understanding of life. Visible, tourism provides a content to the nature of life experience, at the same time, the main body in the process of tourism and relatively easy to use emotional perspective of his inner world, to experience provides a good foundation.2.3 Tourism is induced to imagine constitute one of the factorsIn everyday life, people's imagination because subject to clear the utilitarian purpose and subject to the causality of complex, become heavy, reality, lost a powerful and unconstrained style of poetic and aesthetic feeling. On the other hand, in the process of tourism, people get rid of the fetter of daily life, beyond the rational rule, as the process of evolution, novel and carrying stimulation, inspired withenthusiasm, imagine so immersed in a strange free mood. Main body can be completely according to their own internal spirit to experience as a bridge, combined with the outside world perceptual image formed unique imagination.3 Tourism productsTourism product is a complex concept, it is theoretically refers to the tourists' overall experience to be gained at one time. Generalized travel products are made from landscape attractions, facilities and services three categories of elements, the landscape is made up of natural entity and historical and cultural entities (including) culture and tradition of attractions, it is because of landscape attraction of potential tourists travel motivation; Facilities is refers to the tourists to enter and meet the basic physiological needs, top physiological need of transportation infrastructure; Service is the tourists experience in landscape and facilities in place to accept the physical or mental luxury, they usually are physical form, artificially created 5.Generally speaking, these three can be a core attractions, inspire interest of potential visitors. Generally reflect the characteristics of tourism products are: a comprehensive, long distance, invisibility, production, consumption of unity.One tourist products, on the basis of the experience characteristics of landscape, aiming at visitors a unique experience, using the experience of means is one of the products design planning tourism products. Its core: unique experience, it is an unusual experience and feeling full of intriguing process: the external landscape of the world, including natural, cultural and social resources in the service of experience, formed the foundation of experience and the object; Various tangible and intangible services is not only the object, the visitors experience is also offer visitors experience the medium.4 the innovation of the tourism product development path4.1 Development of experience-based tourism product valueExperiential tourism products relative to the general tourism product advantage is obvious, it conforms to the trend of the tourism customer market demand for thedevelopment of tourism products provide innovative ideas, to fundamentally enhance the overall quality of the tourism products.4.2 The future development trend of experiential tourism productsAs the wave of experience economy on a global scale has emerged, spawned a massive cultural resources into social and economic fields, the cultural creativity's contribution to the economic progress directly by the indirect booster into the core essential factor to promote the development of productivity. Thus to speculate that the excavation of the tourism product contains rich cultural connotation, through the form of development and packaging, and converted to tourists can experience the feeling of wonderful cultural experience, you can directly improve the level of the development of tourism products and grade, to promote the attraction and taste of the product, thus forming another expansion breakthrough for the development of tourism economic benefits, both social and environmental benefits. Therefore, the development of experience-based tourism products is also the only way for China's tourism product development. Will become the inevitable trend of tourism development.4.3 The innovation of the experiential tourism products designCombining tourism and people's dreams, unprecedented experience and experience to tourists, or implement them in real life dream will not come, is the path of experiential tourism product innovation. Contribute to development of experience-based tourism product reaches its best state of the key factors is to make the visitors thought spirit and eyes charming scenery. In the past, people tend to attribute the responsibility to guide the explanation, in fact, the design of the product itself, atmosphere build can achieve this effect, just don't get enough attention. Today, the paper puts forward the purpose of the experiential tourism products is to give the design of tourism products and the developer point of view, a review on the spirit and the cultural connotation of mining resources and market of consistency, develop tourist empathy, interesting products.译文体验型旅游产品开发作者：霍曼1体验的本质体验在本质上是个人的,是当一个人达到情绪、体力、智力、甚至是精神的某个特定水平时,他意识中所产生的美好感觉。

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