旅游文献资料中英文外文翻译
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCA TION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment – which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see head for the brightest thing they can see –– in nature, the water’s edge –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction direction –– and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment -based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今如今,,随着人民生活水平的提高随着人民生活水平的提高,,追求更高的精神生活追求更高的精神生活,,旅游业发展迅速旅游业发展迅速,,在国民经济比例不断上升。
自助游中英文外文文献翻译2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)原文The Serendipity Finding and Independent TravelNorman W, Hallo JAbstractThe independent travel market is not homogeneous. As smart phones and mobile navigation devices became ubiquitous, independent travelers are now allowed to explore the destination without making detailed plans. The purpose of this study is to explore tourists' preferences for the level of structure vs. serendipity in their travel experience, and investigate how different styles of independent travel relate to other tourist behavior.Findings showed that independent travelers, overall, had a higher preference for serendipity than following a structured itinerary. Respondents who were more ‘serendipitous’ participated in more activities, particularly sightseeing and outdoor sports, while those who preferred ‘structured’ travel took part in fewer activities, in spite of their planning. As predicted, the ‘structured’ respondents spent more time on travel planning and were more likely to look for specific information, such as price and location. The ‘serendipitous’ respondents, however, did not wander without knowledge. Searching for more general information about the area, they in fact used more information sources than those who preferred ‘structured’ travel. Keywords: serendipity, independent travel, travel planning, information search Introduction Within tourism research, numerous typologies have emerged to classify tourists according to their travel behaviour, preference, and experiences (Uriely 2005) One fundamental distinction is the difference between tour groups and independent travellers (Madriga11995). In the past, joining package tours generally require less individual preparation, while independent travellers must engage in some level of planning and information search prior to their journey. The growing popularity of smartphones and mobile navigation devices, however, has increased the potential of personalized travel (Tumas and Ricci 2009). Independent travellers are now free to wander off and explore the destination with minimal planning and morespontaneity. The independent travel market can be further segmented into different groups, such as backpackers (e.g., Larsen 2011; O'Reilly 2006), bicycle tourism (e.g., Lamont 2009; Ritchie 1998), and self-drive tourism (e.g., Lane and Waitt 2007; Prideaux and Carson 2003). In addition to their choice of transportation and accommodation, independent travellers may also differ in the amount of structure and planning in their trips. While some like to check reviews and make reservations beforehand, others may prefer to discover hidden local gems and be surprised. This study is the first attempt to examine the concept of 'serendipity' as a travel style. The measurement for this new pattern of travel was developed based on the different activity styles of independent pleasure travellers by McKercher et al. (2006). Although it is labeled as'style ofindependent travel' (SIT) with two dimensions: structure and serendipity, travel style is a broad concept consisting of one's travel budget, choice of transportation, special interest activities, ypes of experience sought, and more. While previous typologies have identified other aspects of travel style, it is argued that mobile technology and increased global connectivity have made it easier for people to travel on the spur of the moment. Along with new technologies and social changes, tourists have also become more mature and experienced as they evolve into a 'new' style of tourists, who are more autonomous, flexible, environmentally sensitive, and enjoy the state of being a tourist rather than making a checklist of attractions tovisit (Stanciulescu et al. 2011). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate independent travellers' preference for structured or serendipitous experiences so as to better understand the complexity of independent travel and provide appropriate information to different types of tourists in this new era. Literature ReviewNovelty and Independent Travel People of different personalities make different choices when it comes to travel. Plog (1974) first proposed that traveler personality fell on a spectrum from allocentrism to psychocentrism. Being more confident and curious, allocentric personalities were more likely to choose exotic locations and independent travel. On the contrary, psychocentric travellers were more insecure, and would prefer to visit familiar destinations and join packaged tours (Plog 1991). Building on Plog's allocentrism-psychocentrism continuum, Madrigal (1995) considered travel style as one type of travel behaviour with two main categories: group tour and independent travel. Becken (2003) further categorized the tourists in New Zealand into six clusters: coach tourists, visiting friends and relatives tourists (VFR), auto tourists, backpackers, campers, comfort travellers. Although auto tourists, backpackers, campers, and VFR tourists were generally considered independent travellers, they displayed a range of different characteristics within independent travel. The allocentrism psychocentrism continuum initially depicts the contrast between mass group tourists and independenttravellers, but both travel styles could be further examined under the same continuum. Novelty has been identified as one of the main motivations for travel (Crompton 1979; Lee and Crompton 1992; Snepenger 1987). Basala and Klenosky (2001) developed a novelty-familiarity continuumto classify different travel styles, including novelty seekers, familiarity seekers, and the group in between- average travellers. Weaver et al. (2009) also used 'novelty' to segment tourists into three groups: 'thrill seekers,' 'change seekers,' and 'homebodies' who were not seeking anything but trying to escape boredom. Their findings indicated that 'change seekers' were more likely to choose fully-packaged tours while 'thrill seekers' would rather buy partially-packaged tours, and their preferences would vary based on the destination.DiscussionThe two dimension of SIT also illustrated the difference between general and specific travel information. When asked about the type of travel information one would search for through the Internet, people who were more serendipitous would look for more general information about the area, while structured independent travellers would focus on detailed information related to price, addresses and phones numbers, and on-line reservations. Even though serendipitous travellers spent less time on travel planning than structured travellers, it should be noted that both types went through the anticipation stage of travel (Oawson and Knetsch1966). For those who preferred more structure in their trips, the longer planning time might signify a higher level of anticipation, as they mapped out their itinerary and imagined what they would see and taste. Serendipitous travellers, on the other hand, searched for general maps and images of the area, so they still had some pre-trip expectations. As opposed to iconic attractions and signature dishes, perhaps what they looked forward to the most was to be surprised. Hyde and Lawson found that some independent travellers purposely did not read up on the destination so as not to be 'disappointed' (2003: 19). The expectancy disconfirmation model of customer satisfaction stressed the importance of expectation as a point of reference for service quality and satisfaction (Oliver 1980). Therefore, it would be interesting to further explore how structure and serendipity may relate to different levels of pre-trip expectations, which in turn may affect travel experience and satisfaction.译文意外的发现之旅与自助游作者：诺曼；哈洛摘要目前的自助旅游市场发展的并不是很完善。
旅游的英文作文加翻译
旅游的英文作文加翻译英文，Traveling is one of my favorite things to do. It allows me to explore new places, experience different cultures, and meet interesting people. I believe that traveling is not just about visiting tourist attractions, but also about immersing oneself in the local lifestyle and learning about the history and traditions of the place.One of my most memorable travel experiences was when I visited Japan. I was fascinated by the country's unique blend of modern technology and ancient traditions. Ivisited Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, and each city had its own charm and character. In Tokyo, I was amazed by the efficiency of the public transportation system and the bustling energy of the city. In Kyoto, I visited the beautiful temples and gardens, and learned about the traditional tea ceremony. In Osaka, I tried the famous street food and went shopping in the vibrant markets.Traveling has also taught me important life skills,such as adaptability, problem-solving, and communication. When faced with unexpected challenges, such as missing a flight or getting lost in a foreign city, I learned to stay calm and find a solution. When communicating with people from different cultures and backgrounds, I learned to be respectful and open-minded.Overall, traveling has enriched my life in countless ways and I look forward to exploring more of the world in the future.中文，旅游是我最喜欢的事情之一。
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Assessment of Rural Tourism in Turkey Using SWOT Analysisn:XXX。
located at the crossroads of Asia。
Europe。
and Africa。
covers an area of approximately 780,000 square kilometers and has a coastline of 8,000 kilometers。
According to the 2000 n census。
the country has a n of 67,803,927.with approximately 35% XXX has nearly 37,000 villages。
with two-thirds of them having pXXX。
one-third of XXX.Body:XXX years。
In order to assess the potential of rural tourism in XXX。
a SWOT (Strengths。
Weaknesses。
Opportunities。
and Threats) analysis was conducted.Strengths:Turkey has a rich cultural heritage。
with many XXX。
as well as natural beauty。
such as mountains。
forests。
XXX。
XXX。
XXX.XXX:One of the main XXX。
many rural areas lack access to basic services such as XXX。
XXX.Opportunities:There is a growing XXX has recognized this trend and has XXX。
旅游主题的英语短文带翻译
Traveling has numerous benefits, both for the body and the mind. It allows people to break free from their daily routine, reduce stress, and gain new perspectives on life. Additionally, traveling can improve mental health by providing a sense of adventure and excitement. Furthermore, it offers the chance to learn about different cultures and traditions, which can foster greater understanding and empathy towards others.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, traveling offers a wealth of benefits, from personal growth and relaxation to cultural enrichment and lifelong memories. By exploring new places and stepping out of our comfort zones, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and ourselves. Whether it's discovering the hidden gems of a foreign city or witnessing the wonders of nature, travel has the power to transform and inspire us in countless ways.
旅游文献资料中英文外文翻译
旅游文章Passage One天下绝景气吞云梦——黄鹤楼The Imposing Yellow Crane Tower黄鹤楼雄踞长江之滨，蛇山之首，背倚万户林立的武昌城，面临汹涌浩荡的扬子江，相对古雅清俊晴川阁，登上黄鹤楼，武汉三镇的旖旎风光历历在目，辽阔神州的锦绣山河也遥遥在望。
由于这独特的地理位置，以及前人流传至今的诗词、文赋、楹联、匾额、摩岩石刻和民间故事，使黄鹤楼成为山川与人文景观相互倚重的文化名楼，与湖南岳阳楼、江西滕王阁并称为“江南三大名楼”，素来享有“天下绝景”和“天下江山第一楼”的美誉。
Located on the top of Snake Hill, the Yellow Crane Tower stands against Wuchang, faces the vast Yangtze River and the elegant Qingchuan Pavilion. Ascending the tower, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of Wuhan. Thanks to its unique geological location, and the poems, prose, couplets and folk stories, the Yellow Crane Tower is reputed as one of the “three famous towers south of the Yangtze River”. It enjoys such titles as “best scenery under heaven” and “the first tower under heaven”.关于黄鹤楼因何而建，流传下来很多的传说，这就更给黄鹤楼增加了几分神秘色彩，引得无数人景仰。
传说一：一千多年前，有位姓辛的老人在蛇山上开了酒店，常客中有一道士，回回喝酒不买酒菜，只用随身带着的水果下酒。
国际旅游外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development of Global Social-Economic Processes（国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响）文献作者：Cherkasov I L等文献出处：《Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism》,2017,8(6 (22)):1166-1170.字数统计：英文2560单词，13979字符；中文4047汉字外文文献：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development ofGlobal Social-Economic ProcessesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes. The authors prove that international tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. The paper establishes that international tourism has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. Right now, the significance of tourism to the development of global social-economic processes is constantly growing, which is due to the influence of tourism on the economy of various nations. The authors conclude that the development of the tourism industry in various regions may also be fraught with certain dangers, like increased strains on the environment due to excessive concentration of production and people in tourism centers, devalued traditions, and declines in the prestige of national cultures as a result of the commercialization of life.Keywords:international tourism; development; globalization; need; service; export; cultureIntroductionTourism as a form of fulfilling people’s need for leisure has had a profound effect on the global community. Revenue from international tourism is currently among the more substantial components of so-called invisible export. The development of tourism relations is a crucial way to improve the situation around the world, strengthen partnership among nations, and foster mutual understanding among people of different cultures. Tourism has become an objective need in modern civilization.International tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. It has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. This adds extra relevance to investigating international tourism as a crucial phenomenon of today’s society.The basics of the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes have been examined by scholars K.B. Kostin (Kostin 2016), D.Yu. Rozhkova (Rozhkova 2015), E.N. Trofimov (Trofimov 2011), A.A. Shilnov (Shilnov 2014), O.A. Yastremskaya (Yastremskaya 2014), and others. Notwithstanding the large number of scholarly publications devoted to general and special issues related to international tourism, various aspects of the operation of international markets for tourism services, and issues related to national competitiveness in them, certain theoretical-methodological and applied aspects of optimizing participation in international tourism exchange may need further research.1.MethodsThe methodological basis for this study is a systemic approach, with a set of general scholarly and special economic methods also employed, namely: the historical-logical method of cognition; methods of comparative analysis; methods of structural, functional, and situational analysis; economic-statistical methods (employed in determining the latest trends in the development of the market for tourism services); methods of expert assessment and comparative analysis of existing models; methods of scholarly abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and extrapolation(employed in examining the prospects for the participation of various nations in international tourism exchange and ways to galvanize it).The study’s information base is grounded in various fundamental solutions, information-analytical reviews, research and methodological publications by domestic and foreign specialists, statutory and regulatory sources, and statistical materials from international organizations.The work is focused on the following aspects of tourism: its place in the world economy and the latest laws governing its influence on the development of global social-economic processes; the distinctive characteristics of the global market for tourism services and factors in the transformation of its structure; the effect of large-scale public activities on the development of the tourism industry.2.ResultsUnder today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services (Ek. Agamirova, El. Agamirova, Lebedeva, Lebedev, and Ilkevich 2017, Jacobs, Horowitz, Mavroudis, Siegel, and Sade 2013). The total volume of foreign currency receipts recorded between 1950 and 2016 has increased 145 times. To be specific, in 1950 the number of tourists globally was 25 million and the industry’s turnover totaled $2.2 billion, while in 2016 these figures exceeded 450 million and $372.8 billion respectively.Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. The region accounts for over 70% of the world’s tourism market and nearly 60% of all foreign currency receipts. Around 20% is accounted for by America and less than 10% by Asia, Africa, and Australia combined.The biggest suppliers of tourists are the US, Belgium, Denmark, Germany Holland, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, and England. The biggest recipients of tourists are Australia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt, Portugal, France, and Switzerland.Research indicates that international tourism may develop unevenly not only inparticular regions of the world but within a particular destination as well, which may be due to the degree of development of tourism infrastructure in the area, its remoteness, and other factors.The recent ebullience in the tourism market has had a positive effect on the economy of most nations around the globe, with the financial turnover of the global travel and tourism industry totaling nearly $6.3 trillion in 2016. The sector contributed a total of 10.7% of all revenue to global GDP, the largest share being accounted for by the EU (11.6%), North America (10%), and East Asia (9.7%).Thanks to the interrelationship between tourism and adjacent sectors of the economy, tourism has supported 221.7 million jobs (8.4% of total employment globally). The greatest number of residents employed in the tourism sphere is observed in Southeast Asia (Korea, Japan, and China) – 74,818 thousand people. Southeast Asia is followed by South Asia – 30,796 thousand people. In Europe, the figure is 24,302 thousand people.Receipts from international tourism have totaled around $2 billion per day. In 2016, total expenditure in the industry was $683 billion, which is $48 billion or 3.5% greater than the 2015 figure. If we add to this $132 billion spent by foreign tourists on transportation, we get over $850 billion worth of tourism exports, which is 7% of the world’s total goods and services exports.Most of the receipts to the tourism sector come from the expenditure of tourists who travel for personal reasons – $2,834 billion. In 2016, the way in tourist expenditure was led by the US, Japan, countries within the EU, Canada, and Mexico. The volume of tourist expenditure in Europe increased $21 million in 2016 and totaled $348.In Asia, the observed rate of increase is 51%. The increase in receipts has been brought about by high rates of growth in China and administrative regions – Hong Kong and Macau. Southeast Asia – especially Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam – is becoming one of the most attractive regions for tourists, its demand outpacing the supply of tourism services.The increase in receipts to the Pacific region has for the most part been broughtabout by tourists’ interest in the arts and everyday life of aborigines. The greatest number of tourists are visiting Australia and Oceania at a time when Europe and North America are experiencing a slump in tourism activity. This may help smooth out seasonal fluctuations in international tourism.Asia and the Pacific region attract tourists with their unique nature, and new industrial nations – with their business tours. Recreational tourism is well-developed in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The Japanese tourism industry is ranked 2nd in the world after that of the US. Hong Kong and Singapore offer shopping tourism services, while Thailand is developing new beaches on the country’s southern coast and organizing informative trips to its northern part.Tourism is well-developed in Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia and Micronesia. What additionally makes tourism lucrative for the Pacific Ocean islands is the relative proximity of the Australian market, and this getaway enjoys a good image with European tourists.In Africa, the current rate of increase is 64.2%. The warm climate, sandy beaches, unique historical and cultural monuments, and exotic flora and fauna of such nations as Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Tunisia, and Algeria have been facilitative of increases in the number of tourists visiting the African region. Right now, the most popular destinations in the North are Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco, and in the East – Kenya, Tanzania, the Seychelles, Mauritania, and Zimbabwe. Some of these specialize in elite coastal tourism and have a world-class hotel industry in place, which helps them generate up to $900 off each tourist. However, overall Africa is lagging behind other regions in international tourism, as many of its nations are poorly developed economically and lack political stability, with the progress of many areas being impeded by military conflicts and epidemic diseases.America is second to Europe in terms of tourism’s contribution to GDP (30.6%). These are South America, Central America, North America, and islands within the Caribbean. The leading role in this region is played by the US and Canada, which have a vast internal tourism market and a highly-developed infrastructure with an extensive network of hotels and a solid transportation industry in place. SouthAmerica’s tourism flows are relatively minor, which is due to political instability and slow economic development. The major types of tourism in the region are coastal tourism, sports tourism, excursion tourism, and business tourism.Revenue from international tourism reaches 15–25% of overall export revenue. A level this high is the consequence of the region being competitive and certain regions actually specializing in tourism, like Canada and islands within the Caribbean.Europe remains the worldwide leader in tourism. In 2016, the rate of increase of its tourism resources totaled 5.3%. Europe leads the world in sanatorium-resort therapy, leisure, and tourism. The European region is home to popular mineral springs, beaches, and alpine areas. A major portion of the region has all the conditions for those interested in leisure and sanatorium-resort therapy.Evidence from practice suggests that international tourism is quite a dynamic phenomenon. Experts are forecasting the tourism sector to grow tangibly over the next 10 years, with annual demand for tourism services expected to increase 4.7% between 2017 and 2025 and the contribution of international tourism to the world economy expected to total $10.8 trillion in 2025.The production of tourism services is expected to have an annual growth of 3.6%, with the number of those employed in the tourism sector expected to increase 1.5%. Annual growth in tourist arrivals will total 5.8%, with growth in capital investment expected to reach 4.9% and total $1.7 trillion by 2025. The number of jobs in sectors adjacent to tourism is expected to reach 275 million by 2025.The way in terms of the number of those employed in the sector will be led by China (78.6 million people), followed by India (26.1 million) and the US (19.3 million). Tourist expenditure is expected to increase over the next 10 years. For instance, the expenditure of American tourists both inside and outside the country is expected to nearly double. And in terms of increase in this indicator it is, above all, the developing nations of Asia that are expected to be among the top 10 nations globally.Tourist expenditure will increase the fastest in China. Among European nations, the top 10 will include a couple of Eastern European nations – Poland, whose averageannual growth in tourism expenditure will total 8.3%, and the Czech Republic – 7.7%.According to the authors’ forecast, one should expect increases in the market share of international tourism through to 2030 in all regions of the world except Europe and America (Table 1).Table 1. Forecast for the development of international tourism across regions around theworld (million people)The average rates of growth will be the highest in the Middle East and East Asia and Oceania (7.2% and 6.4% respectively), while the lowest ones will be observed in America (3.8%).3.DiscussionThe reliability of the above approaches to assessing the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes has been substantiated by the study’s findings. Europeans will have to withstand tough competition for revenue from tourism, which will require that the European tourism industry boost the quality of services it provides (Dzhilavyan and Varyukhin 2012, Kuzakhmetova, Sitdikova, and Shilovskaya 2016, Urbanovich 2012).Expenditure on all types of travel – and, above all, on transportation – will increase faster than other family budget items. Trips will be more frequent but shorter, as expenditure on a single trip will reduce. On the whole, expenditure on travel will increase due to the inclination to consume higher-quality leisure.The number of trips will be increasing thanks to intercontinental trips from Europe to America, Asia, and Oceania. The use of airborne transportation will be expanding faster due to increases in the number of convenient direct flights.Considering the increasingly active implementation of computer systems, the waiting times for booking a trip will also be reducing.The following 2 age groups are expected to be represented by the most active tourists: senior citizens and youth. We will continue to witness growth in demand for tourism related to visits to major cultural heritage sites and active leisure. The condition of the environment will be one of the dominant factors in attracting tourists, especially in rural and seaside areas.The geography of international tourism will be determined by specific factors in the attractiveness of particular regions that will be a priority for tourists. Going forward, nature potential will remain the major source of satisfaction of tourist needs.International tourism will continue to boom, with South and Southeast Asia expected to be among the most popular regions to visit. There will be gravitation toward intact nature, which is naturally associated with the concept of beauty, and in this regard we are going to witness further development of, above all, the environmental tourism sector.ConclusionTo sum up, it is worth noting that the significance of tourism around the world is constantly growing. This is due to the influence of tourism on a nation’s economy: tourism boosts the contribution to its balance of payments, ensures employment for the population, facilitates the diversification of the economy, and helps ensure a more rational use of recreation resources. Having said that, the development of the tourism industry is also fraught with certain risks, like outflows of currency overseas, environmental and technogenic dangers, and loss of cultural values.Under today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services. Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. Going forward, some of the major trends in the development of tourism will be boosts in the quality of the tourism product, increased tourist expenditure on travel, and the development of non-traditional types of tourism.中文译文：国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响摘要本文的目的是分析国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响。
旅游类文章-汉译英
灵活变通
满树金花、芳香四溢的金桂;花白如雪、香气 扑鼻的银桂;红里透黄、花多味浓的紫沙桂;花 色似银的四季桂;竞相开放,争艳比美。进入桂 林公园,阵阵桂香扑鼻而来 。
The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of different kinds of osmanthus trees. They are all in full bloom with flowers in different colors, which pervade the whole garden with fragranc颜亮的行 宫。
The Summer Place has a long history. It began to serve as a temporary palace as far back as the reign of Wanyan Liang(11501161), a ruler of the Jin regime(1115-1234).
四字格
省略 转化
省略
在中国一提到孔子，上至白发苍苍的老人， 下至天真幼稚的顽童，无人不知，无人不晓。 Confucius is a household name throughout China. 本店货色齐全，品种多样，任君挑选。 We have a good assortment of goods to choose from.
旅游类文章翻译
汉译英部分
要点概览
地名英译 篇章特点 四字结构
地名英译原则一
山西；陕西 渤海； 东海 长江；黄浦江 西湖；西湖风景区 中山陵；昭君墓； 鲁迅公园
旅游英文作文带中文翻译
旅游英文作文带中文翻译英文：Traveling is one of my favorite things to do. It allows me to experience new cultures, try different foods, and see beautiful sights. One of my most memorable trips was when I went to Japan. I was able to visit Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, and each city had its own unique charm.In Tokyo, I was amazed by the bustling city life and the bright lights of the Shibuya crossing. I also had the chance to try authentic sushi at a local sushi bar, and it was absolutely delicious. The people in Tokyo were incredibly polite and helpful, and I felt very welcomed.In Kyoto, I was enchanted by the beautiful traditional architecture and the serene atmosphere of the temples and gardens. I even had the opportunity to participate in a traditional tea ceremony, which was a truly special experience. The city was steeped in history and I learnedso much about Japanese culture and traditions.In Osaka, I enjoyed the vibrant street food scene and the lively nightlife. I tried takoyaki, a popular snack in Osaka, and it quickly became one of my favorite foods. I also visited Osaka Castle and learned about itssignificance in Japanese history.Overall, my trip to Japan was an incredible experience that I will never forget. It opened my eyes to a new way of life and gave me a deeper appreciation for the beauty of the world.中文：旅行是我最喜欢的事情之一。
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献中英文(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Wilson S, Fesenmaier D R, Fesenmaier J, et al. Factors for success in rural tourism development.[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2001, 40(2):132-138.英文原文Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development SUZANNE WILSON, DANIEL FESENMAIER, JULIE FESENMAIER, AND JOHNC. V AN ESSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the communityapproach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities ’ econom ic opportunities. Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities ’ economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areashave a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies.Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores).Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondaryincome for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful. Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components. While the above components and a community’ s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a reviewand description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks) directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development oftourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).A Complete Tourism PackageAs is recognized in the tourism literature, successful tourism involves getting tourists to stay longer than the time it takes simply to visit a major attraction and having repeat tourists. One focus group participant expressed it thus: “to succeed a community has to be a destination rather than a place to stop off.” Communities that have been successful at getting tourists to visit, stay, spend money, and come back have developed high-quality tourism attractions and put together successful tourism packages involving the community, its surrounding area, and businesses involved in tourism. While the less successful communities all have major tourist attractions, they have not developed the package of attractions and businesses necessary to attract and hold tourists; nor have they been able to promote their areas as effectively.Focus group participants felt that the key to putting together a successful tourism package is having a community that appeals to tourists. Through zoning, other local government activities (e.g., beautificationcampaigns), and participation of all businesses in the area, successful communities have worked to make their communities attractive to tourists. They also have worked to make sites and businesses around tourism attractions appealing to tourists. In the less successful communities, lack of cooperation from local government and businesses created problems such as eyesores and unattractive environments surrounding attractions.Similarly, many participants felt that successful rural tourism communities have created the right mix of businesses for tourism, including adequate lodging, restaurants, a group of attractions that entice tourists to stay, and shops where tourists can spend money locally. These communities have worked to get businesses and attractions that would attract certain groups of tourists, especially families and upper-middle-class individuals with relatively large disposable incomes. They tried to package together individual tourist attractions (e.g., fishing, hunting, boating, golfing, and canoeing) that complement each other. While the less successful communities have not managed to do these things, focus group participants in all the communities clearly realized that the right mix of tourism businesses and attractions can increase the stay of tourists and the amount of money that they spend locally.Communities with successful tourism have worked to sponsor special events that tie in with local tourist attractions, such as fishingtournaments for communities with outdoor tourist recreation attractions and historical festivals for towns with historic sites. These special events not only have drawn tourists to the area but have helped promote local tourism as a package. Perhaps most important, successful tourism communities not only have worked to create a complete tourism package, but they have tried to understand and promote what it was that brought the tourists to the town in the first place. Businesspersons and local leaders in successful communities have promoted their communities as having a high-quality tourism product. Many focus group participants recognized that advertising tourism in their communities involves promoting the community as a whole rather than simply promoting one or two attractions. They realized the attractions of rural tourism—rural communities can be a relatively inexpensive tourism experience, and they have an appeal of being calm—and have tried to promote their communities as having a relaxed rural way of life.中文译文乡村旅游发展成功因素作者:苏珊娜·威尔逊，丹尼尔·费森梅尔，朱莉·费森梅尔，约翰·瓦尔20世纪70年代以来, 经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少, 同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低, 迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
旅游目的地外文文献翻译
文献出处：Cucculelli, Marco, and Gianluca Goffi. Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from the Italian Destinations of Excellence [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production (2015)：1-13.原文Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence fromItalian Destinations of ExcellenceMarco Cucculelli, Gianluca GoffibAbstractThis paper extends the Richie, Crouch (2000) model on destination competitiveness by introducing a set of sustainability indicators and testing their role in explaining the competitiveness of a tourism destination. The model is tested on a unique dataset of small Italian “Destinations of Excellence”, i.e., outstanding tourist destinations recognized by prestigious national and international awards. Both a principal component analysis and a regression analysis are applied to test the empirical validity of the model. Empirical results show that factors directly referring to sustainability have a positive impact on all the competitiveness indicators used as dependent variables. Furthermore, the impact of sustainability variables is larger in value than other variables, thus confirming the role of sustainability as a crucial determinant of the competitiveness of a tourist destination.Keywords: Sustainability; Tourism; Destination competitiveness; Italy Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in many countries around theworld, and the main source of foreign income for a significant number of developing countries. Therefore, the study of tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) has attracted the attention of policy makers, public and private organizations, and tourism researchers (Pearce, 1997, Crouch and Ritchie, 1999, Kozak and Rimmington, 1999, Buhalis, 2000,Hassan, 2000, Dwyer and Kim, 2003 and Enright and Newton, 2004).After the milestone study by Ritchie and Crouch, 2000 and Ritchie and Crouch, 2003, a number of theoretical models have been developed to explain destination competitiveness (De Keyser and Vanhove, 1994, Hassan, 2000, Heath, 2002 and Dwyer and Kim, 2003), as well as to analyze the competitive positions of tourism destinations (Sirše and Mihalič, 1999, Dwyer et al., 2003, Enright and Newton, 2004 and Gomezelj and Mihalič, 2008). Many authors have highlighted the relationship between sustainability and the competitiveness of a tourism destination and suggested, with different emphases, that sustainability can improve competitiveness (among others, Ritchie and Crouch, 2003 and Hassan, 2000).However, the large debate on the role of sustainable development has partly overlooked the call for a deeper empirical test, and there is still no clear empirical evidence of sustainability's role in explaining the competitiveness of a destination. The empirical models developed in the TDC literature (e.g., De Keyser and Vanhove, 1994, Sirše and Mihalič, 1999, Dwyer et al., 2003, Enright and Newton, 2004 and Gomezelj and Mihalič, 2008) provide very useful insights into destination competitiveness, but partly neglect the role of sustainability factors.This study aims at contributing to this literature by integrating a basic model of TDC (Ritchie and Crouch, 2000) with features related to sustainability. To test the relationship between factors of sustainability and TDC, we operationalize the conceptual approach by analyzing a number of indicators we have found to be important in defining sustainability. The study also has the potential to offer a more comprehensive assessment of the factors that influence TDC. We follow the Dwyer et al. (2003) approach in identifying a list of indicators derived from previous empirical models of TDC and from the literature in sustainable tourism and tourism planning and management.Furthermore, little empirical work has focused on small tourism destinations, and practically no research on TDC has been applied to small destinations such as villages or small towns. The existing literature has mostly dealt with countries or large geographical areas, whereas the issue of TDC has been assessed by considering the prevalent role of large tourist destinations. However, there are a number of countries where a significant part of the tourist competiveness actually relies on small places because of the highly fragmented cultural heritage, or the inherent nature of the tourist sites. Italy is a paradigmatic example of this pattern: the four major destination cities (Rome, Milan, Florence, and Venice) account only for a part of the tourism flows (24.7% in terms of total international bed nights), whereas a great number of minor destinations constitute the largest remaining part. Surprisingly, the empirical literature neglects the role of these small centers almost entirely: these destinations need attention not only because they account for a sizable share of the total arrivals, butalso because they represent a tourism model that is common to many other tourism countries. Therefore, our result could be of interest for a larger audience.We selected small Italian “destinations of excellence” as those that have been awarded importa nt international (“Blue Flag”) and national certifications (“Orange Flag,” “Most Beautiful Villages in Italy,” “Blue Sail”). To test the role played by sustainability factors on the competitiveness of a tourist destination, we studied the relationship between TDC, measured by four dependent variables (environmental impacts, socio-cultural impacts, economic impacts and tourists' satisfaction), and some explanatory variables that can be identified in terms of sustainability. To reduce the large set of independent variables to a smaller set, we performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), as in Dwyer et al. (2004), and used these results in the subsequent OLS estimates of the model. As opposed to previous indicators of TDC such as arrivals, bed-nights, revenues, or market share, the TDC measures we use in the paper acknowledge the view of Müller, 1994, Hunter, 1995, Buhalis, 2000 and Ritchie and Crouch, 2000, and others who recognize that a competitive destination pursues and establishes the right balance on the following different objectives: optimum satisfaction of guest requirement, subjective well-being of the residents (economic health), unspoiled nature, and healthy culture.The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 sets the theoretical framework. Section 3 gives details about the empirical analysis (variables, case study, data and methodology). Section 4 provides a discussion of the main findings. Conclusions are drawn in the last section of the paper.Sustainability and competitiveness in small tourism destinationsMany studies and models have identified destination competitiveness by using the lens of high visitor numbers and market share as contributing factors to a competitive destination. This view has a major limitation in that it ignores the sustainable perspective of not overloading the carrying capacity of a destination, or preserving its environmental integrity (Croes, 2010). Many authors seem to agree that the competitive destination is the one that preserves natural and cultural resources and increases long-term well-being for its residents by delivering an experience that is more satisfying compared to similar destinations (Hassan, 2000, Heath, 2002, Ritchie and Crouch, 2003 and Bahar and Kozak, 2007).The concept of sustainability was introduced to tourism from the notion of sustainable development, following the publication of the World Commission on Environment and Development Report, known as the Bruntland Report (WCED, 1987). Even though after a quarter-century the world is an enormously different place (Sneddon et al., 2006), and the Report has been criticized for its central approach (Adam, 1990) and the lack of attention given to power relations among local-to-global actors (Lélé, 1991), it represented an important starting point for the formulation of sustainable policies. In Sharpley's view (2000), sustainable tourism development does not appear to be entirely consistent with the developmental aspects of sustainable development, but has a larger inward and product-centered perspective.Tourism researchers have been trying to define sustainable tourism development (STD) for many years. Despite the fact that it is widely accepted that STD is along-term goal (WTO, 1992), or a concept that is constantly evolving (Inskeep, 1991) and intrinsically dynamic (Liu, 2003), there is no standard definition for “sustainable to urism destinations” (Tepelus and Cordoba, 2005). Lee (2001, p. 314) observes that, “Since destinations are unique, so are sustainable development issues in these destinations.”However, there is an emerging consensus that STD aims to minimize environmentally negative impacts, preserve cultural heritage, while at the same time provide learning opportunities, including positive benefits for the local economy and contributing to the enhancement of local community structures (Weaver, 2005).Practical evidence shows that STD can not only stop further deterioration, but it can also contribute towards the appreciation of the destination (Aguiló et al., 2005). Various mass tourism destinations are trying to move toward a more sustainable approach for the tourism development model (Fortuny et al., 2008 and Rodríguez et al., 2008). Mass tourism was initially considered incompatible with the notion of sustainability (Krippendorf, 1987, Butler, 1991 and Valentine, 1993), as they were seen as polar opposites by Pearce (1992). This idea was followed by the position of the “movement,” resulting in the demand to change mass tourism into more sustainable forms (Cohen, 1987 and Butler, 1990), and finally to the idea of “convergence” between the two types (Inskeep, 1991). Inskeep, 1991, Hunter and Green,1995, Clarke,1997, Swarbrooke,1999, Budeanu,2005 and Tepelus,2005 highlight that all types of tourism can aim to be sustainable. Budeanu (2005, p.90) asserts that, “Sustainable tourism cannot be achieved if mass tourism practices arenot adjusted to integrate sustainability.”Hence, economic benefits for locals and the minimization of environmental and social repercussions could be complementary aims in every kind of destination: the key factor could be managing and controlling the tourism activity. That is the main reason why we aim to demonstrate that a more sustainable tourism policy and destination management could have a positive impact on destination competitiveness.Furthermore, two other aspects of sustainability need to be considered. Firstly, Liu (2003) and Kastenholz (2004) observe that sustainable tourism cannot be achieved without proper management of tourism demand. Notwithstanding, demand issues have often been neglected in the sustainable tourism debate. This may be due to the fact that the concept of sustainability was simply transposed from the broader concept of sustainable development, where the nature of demand is considered as a given condition. This is not the case for tourism – which is both supply and demand driven –requiring consideration of the demand factor in the explanation of TDC (Dwyer et al., 2003), and also in the case of small tourist destination competitiveness.Secondly, many authors agree that the competitive destination is the one that increases well-being for its residents in the long term (Crouch and Ritchie, 1999, Bahar and Kozak, 2007, Dwyer and Kim, 2003 and Heath, 2002). In this sense, Bramwell, (1996) observed that “locals” need to be empowered in order to move towards sustainable tourism development: if tourism is an income-generating sector for local communities, and it can have a multiplier effect, then the host population has to feel empowered, fully participating in the development process,which could be even easier in a small community.译文可持续性能增强旅游目的地的竞争力吗？来自意大利优秀目的地的证据马尔科，詹卢卡摘要本文通过引入一组可持续性指标，继承了里奇,克劳奇(2000)关于目的地竞争力的模型，并测试了解释旅游目的地竞争力的作用。
生态旅游 外文文献翻译
文献出处：Techera E J, Klein N. The role of law in shark-based eco-tourism: Lessons from Australia[J]. Marine Policy, 2013, 39(1):21-28.翻译后中文字数：9710第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。
默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。
法律在鲨鱼生态旅游中的作用：澳大利亚的经验教训摘要：海洋旅游为经济，教育，环境等方面提供了机遇，但相对于人来说，动物和环境是存在风险的，需要越来越重视法律和政策。
鲨鱼生态旅游尤其如此，这可能是这些物种的重要保护工具。
澳大利亚长期以来的旅游历史涉及鲨鱼和大白鲨，本文考察了澳大利亚的鲨鱼生态旅游法律和政策，确定了从澳大利亚鲨鱼生态旅游中获得的经验教训，作为确定最佳实践法律战略的第一步，既可以支持旅游行业又确保环境友好。
关键词：澳大利亚环境法，生态旅游，法规，鲨鱼旅游1.引言过去二十年来，基于自然的旅游业，包括海洋类和其他物种的发展迅速增长[1]。
旅游业可以带来多种好处，包括教育公众，提高对物种及其保护地位的认识[2]。
但是，对于有关物种和海洋环境，如果管理不善，可能会产生负面影响[3]。
适当的法律框架是一个至关重要的方面。
长期以来成功举措的案例研究为对其他国家或其他物种可能利用的各种监管方案提供了重要的见解。
本文对澳大利亚基于鲨鱼的生态旅游的治理进行了探讨。
许多鲨鱼种类的保护状况日益恶化，引发了一系列的反应，包括在国家和国际层面实施法律机制[4]。
基于鲨鱼的生态旅游是一种新兴的保护工具，因为它促成了海洋保护区的娱乐性利用，可以创造替代生计，促进海洋研究，提高公众对特定鲨鱼物种的困境的认识。
虽然生物和社会科学家都有一些重要的文献，但是研究这个领域的法律治理研究相对较少[5]。
本文探讨了法律在促进鲨鱼生态旅游作为保护工具方面的作用，并强调了澳大利亚方法及其在法律战略中所提供的经验教训。
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
旅游翻译材料
1. Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace. Hunks of coral reef, coconut palms, and fine white sand.座座岛屿玲珑小巧，紧密相连，像一串串珍珠缀成的项链，环绕着半岛边缘。
岛上珊瑚礁红，椰树成片，沙滩如银，景色如诗如画。
2. The harbor looked most beautiful in its semi-circle of hills and half-lights. Thi color of a pearl gray and a fairy texture... This Arctic scenery has a beauty which is the exact antithesis of the Christmas card of tradition. Soft, melting halftones. Nothing brittle of garish.只见海港环抱于半圆形小山丛中，煞是好看，朦朦胧胧，一片银灰，宛若仙境。
...。
这北极地区景色之美，同传统的圣诞贺卡适成对照，它浓淡交融，光影柔和，清雅绝俗。
3. For me this landscape was always a magical prospect, the austere countryside stretching away with the sharp definition of an 18th-century aquatint across hill and woodland to Mt. Battie outlined against the horizon---"The Last Hill" by Francis Rusell我总觉得这儿的山野风光格外迷人，那乡间淳古浑朴的原野绵延伸展，跨过小山，越过森林，一路延伸到遥远地平线上赫然矗立的巴蒂山--- 好一副轮廓鲜明的十八世纪铜板风景画！4. 这里三千座奇峰拔地而起，形态各异，有的似玉柱神鞭，立地顶天；有的像铜墙铁壁，巍然屹立；有的如晃板垒卵，摇摇欲坠；有的若盆景古董，玲珑剔透...神奇而又真实，迷离而又实在，不是艺术创造胜似艺术创造，令人叹为观止。
在线旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
在线旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerceenvironmentU GretzelAbstractOnline travel industry as the combination of tourism and the Internet, have different characteristics with the traditional tourism. In this process,the Internet is always playing an important role in the world. With the progress of the society, the Internet technology perfect fusion together with the traditional commerce, has given rise to a new economic form, namely the electronic commerce. Electronic commerce appeared was penetrated into society at an alarming rate of all walks of life, to bring all walks of life the subversive, new changes. The speeding up of the modernization process, making online travel services and online travel services business model also have different characteristics and features. Keywords: e-commerce, online travel, business model1 IntroductionCompared with a previous any technological revolution in the computer network is widely used for the symbol of the social impact of modern science and technology revolution in both depth and breadth is unprecedented, it is in the human into the information age also created a new industry, information technology industry. Electronic commerce if it shows strong vitality and influence, its impact on the society as a whole both in breadth and in depth are far more than any time before the scientific and technological achievements. On the one hand, it forced firms to transfer the line of sight to the traditional business constraints, across the existing competition boundaries to create a new market. On the other hand, it also create conditions for the adjustment of enterprise business model. Enterprise business model, its essence is business modeldesign and implementation of business model of systemic framework and tools. Therefore, in this with differentiation, personalized for the demand of the mainstream market environment, companies can create, practice its strategy is essentially refers to the enterprise business model innovation is valid.The biggest characteristic is to customers of tourism demand elasticity, sensitive to the environment. The penetration of the thorough application of the Internet and e-commerce is bound to have a significant impact on the development of the industry. Therefore, the enterprise can be in a whole new perspective of business model innovation as the starting point is the access to resources, improve ability and the key to achieve strategic competitive advantage.2 Literature reviewThe rise of online travel services and development, and changed from the wooden curve of the development of tourism industry and tourism enterprises operating mode and business process, influence is more, I want to focus ten online travel service management, the relationship of relevant interest groups, business model, sales, and pure way, successful experience and the development trend of the future.Fesenraaier (2008) analyzed the business situation and business models. Think there are three kinds of operation mode: general tourist information service website, online travel booking service agents, travelservice and travel products suppliers directly. Analyzes the travel website works in the United States, the U.S. travel sites is the brand cooperation, preferential prices, the network marketing, service fees and other measures to boost profits.Sigak (2007) discusses the social network such as the use and management of new technology of web 2.0, web 2.0 combined with online travel is a new innovation, will set up a new online travel business model, the use and management of web 2.0 will be to influence business decisions.Reuver, etc. (2008) studied the importance of online travel website domain name online, online domain influence consumer concern for its tourism website on the Internet, analyze the importance of the search engine's influence on online travel and tourism search engine.Olson (2010) through the travel sites, travel sites users and tourism service providers to three aspects of survey, reveals the most is a regional tourist destination travel website supplier organization, provides comprehensive local tourism information and online services. Analyzed the user's satisfaction, discuss the obstacles for realizing the online travel service lies in technology and finance, Internet speed is slow and high cost, and put forward the possible methods to improve the quality of service of online travel.Terwiech (2005) studied the NYOP consumer behavior, analysis to simulate the NYOP intermediate distributors and bargaining between a group of consumers buying and selling model.NYOP middlemen to accept potential buyers choose to accept orreject after quotation. Bargain buying and selling model through price discrimination to show us how to use this NYOP business model set limits the price the retailer and get a better profit.Fay (2004) studied the NYOP business model of repeated issue quotation. Enterprise’s single bid of Priceline it may cause repeated bidding procurement, paper studies the limit consumer the behavior is not conducive to the number of bid NYOP company's profits. Results show that the number of repeat for the impact on the profit is not unified, too high and too low will repeat to NYOP bidding behavior and the impact on profits.3 Online travel enterprise business model analyses3.1 The summary of online travel related3.1.1 The meaning of online travelOnline tourism is refers to the use of the Internet technology route query reservation and travel products, online services and other related tourism products, include sharing tourism process through the network or tourist experience, and the interactions between passengers. Specific include: tourism and the corresponding prepared; ongoing interaction and tourism after the sharing and review. In general, the online travel is the travel service industry and the combination of electronic commerce, with the "online" to serve "tourism", and got a new forms of operation in the service industry, in a narrow sense, tourism electronic commerce, broadly speaking is the online travel industry chain.3.1.2 The characteristics of online travelDepending on the technology of online travel refers to the network through online access and booking travel products, and can travel through the network to share or travel experience. Online travel and primarily due to the traditional tourism mode and refer to the difference of information, not in addition to no other difference. Online travel service is a kind of means, through the Internet or mobile Internet to facilitate everybody. No matter traditional website is now online travel agency, is with the nature of the agents, provide passengers with scenic area as the center of the related tourism products experience, the ultimate goal of all of them is to get benefits, to maximize profit.Online travel cost is low; the travel agency for the launch of advertising is increased, but the return on investment is small. It can take advantage of the Internet, reducing the costs of tourist information filtering. Through the vertical search engine, users can learn different price differences, price-sensitive online users will be able to buy relatively cheap travel products, as a result, passengers can travel through online channels to get product price, price advantage. Online travel to maximize the integration of the world in the fan of tourist information, diversified services to realized. Mobile network application is breakthrough space constraints, promoted the growth of online travel. The travel speed of network marketing, transmission range is wide,advertising effect is obvious. Tourism product differentiation, service content, the advantage of diversity and tourism users do not need to on-the-spot investigation, can through online access to other tourists travel information sharing. Network interactive advantage user confidence is in the tourism product, the tourism become a group of potential customers.3.2 The online travel business model and its operationOnline travel market size, and has huge potential, online travel companies in competition, many different kinds of business models, and to diversify its business model include:The agent service is business model. See this business model is more. The online travel companies act as the role of intermediate distributors, provide trading services for users and product suppliers, and draw a certain proportion in the trading commission. The business model of the lower trading revenues, but the income is stable.Single reservation mode, subdividing the individual content of tourism experience, have special only responsible for hotel reservation website, only responsible for car rental Booking website and only make a reservation for flight Booking website, etc., such as hotel reservation services only Agora and Booking, etc., only provide Avis car rental service.Social media everything is business model. The model through theInternet for reviews of tour and travel guides, tourism information sharing, novel share gathered a large number of the target group of social interaction, produce traffic, at the same time use the display of the contents and advertisements in mass effect, its main source of profits is content display and ads. This new online is travel enterprise profit model with on behalf of the enterprise.Users' bid mode is namely the NYOP business model. The business model pioneered in the United States, the main business hotel reservation, ticket booking, tankers, car rental and destination scenic area cooperation business, with the product quantity and relatively fixed price to get the corresponding goods, online travel service providers as intermediate distributors have pricing power, provide fuzzy information to consumers, the asymmetric information of earn commodity price bidding behavior. Income is higher; the model of single deal main profit source is the product of the difference.E-commerce development model is online tourism Commodity Exchange acceleration, goods online mall. Due to the traditional tourism holds the proportion of the resources, the advantage of electric business model makes the traditional travel agencies to consider online services, using the offline products online sales network, both online and offline sales channels. Tourism market in the future, there will be no difference between traditional tourism and online travel sites, online travelcompanies to offline channels, and traditional tourism enterprises start to online service channel, tourism enterprises double channels of the online and offline two-way integration of the business model inevitable trend. Related business model a relatively stable earnings, due to the power of the web, price difference is not obvious, profit space is small.4 ConclusionsOnline travel industry is the development trend of intelligent tourism and social services, so the development of online travel service business model to the intelligent and high quality of service development. Information to continue to strengthen, the advantages of using new technology to adapt to the needs of social development, meet people's needs, intelligent is means. Tourism is a service industry experience, the ultimate purpose is to improve the service and customer satisfaction, information into a consumer experience, no matter how tourism landscape changes, to serve the community for the purpose. Future, information technology will further development, the development of the online travel industry chain are built on the basis of the mobile network to develop, the online travel service from the user needs to have the necessary quality of service, moreover also requires attention to two-way integration of online and offline business.译文:电子商务环境下的在线旅游模式创新U Gretzel摘要在线旅游业作为旅游业与互联网的结合,有着与传统旅游业不同的特点。
旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern AbstractProblems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.Key words:Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature1.Why a Common Concern?In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmonywith the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation.In 1994, in Leeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of landbased recreation on the area's natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region.2.A Summary of the SituationI. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape.II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along themainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over.The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called "bad weather facilities" like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird species.IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathingthe fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The currentpossibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, "nature combing", walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature?A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it.3.Developments and New Trendsit When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector.1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health spa with a beach. Work is already inprogress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns.2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more transport is required.3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often.The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume.4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made.4.summarize:(I) more and more space is taken by accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist;(II) Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape;(III) Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds;(IV) Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature;(V) The tourism related cash flow is on the rise;(VI) A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and.., disturb each other.The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the area's natural development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just toomany people around.It's not enough to acknowledge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds.A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area?When and where can they take place? Whatamounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation.5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden SocietyThe Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature" oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane or a disco party on the beach.What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tropical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need moreresearch. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.T oformulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opportunities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: "when', "where" and "what amounts'. - formulate clear policy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute itTime is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In "Nord Friesland a "Zukunftswerkstatt Tourism’s und Umwelt" is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for "umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung'.The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recreation at a trilateral level. It must be possible to developa common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational interests.译文:旅游业共同关心的问题摘要旅游业协会针对瓦登海问题进行了讨论，讨论的内容是关于陆地活动与自然和谐以及环境的保护。
旅游专业毕业论文外文文献及翻译--旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一-其他专业
外文翻译：旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一原文来源：Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet 电子商务包括如何建立客户关系网络将成为即将举行的为期一天的夏洛特周三重点。
旅游电子商务发展的世界小型和中型企业的胜利最新的策略，在11月15日夏洛特万豪城市中心。
这次活动将包括一个由八莫里西的营销总监赛恩特主持，全国的领先供应商的电子商务解决方案，谁将会是怎样的因特网正在改变的企业，挑衅性的研究一发表演说大和小，从开始既定的企业窗口。
旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一，它是一个互联网，自然伙伴，那里也是世界上最大的在线行业。
旅游业是增长最快发展中国家，它是一种最经济的重要组成部分。
，。
以社区为基础的旅游（CBT）的已被证明在发展中国家促进地方发展，特别是在贫穷的农村地区。
与此同时，信息与通信正在部署的技术在贫困社区发展中国家，开始表现出诱导地方发展的潜力。
本文介绍了引入电子商贸的行动研究倡议社区在三个亚洲的旅游业农村社区（电子CBT）的，以揭示其潜在的（CBT）的，社区发展。
电子CBT的目标是在CBT的重要和不断增长的市场发展中世界，对他们来说是重要的个人旅行的旅客组成，其组成部分的生活方式，谁寻求新的和真实的体验，是不是，，，针对大众市场。
建议描述了一个战略合作伙伴关系大学在香港及其他亚洲三所大学将与当地谁并为社区的发展最终传播旅游部门利益电子在这些国家间更广泛的农村人口CBT的。
CBT的。
“在电子商务获胜，是既要提供优质的客户服务和产品，它更是一个技术问题。
互联网开辟了特别为小型和中型企业知道如何提供顶尖的可能性和新市场，新领域电子服务，“莫里西说。
其他会议会议包括来自夏洛特的一些电子商务公司专家的介绍。
演讲内容包括一个有关电子商务行业发展趋势与法案MindBlazer，Wachovia证券塞莫内斯惠特利的小组讨论，公司也将是一个包括资金的基础上为讨论，，与乔治的小企业技术开发中心（SBTDC），霍华德和克里斯的保障科学飞行风险投资基金的第一凯利Lubert麦卡利斯特。
旅游资料的汉英翻译
孤山: Gushan (Solitary Hill)
2
Examples --- explanation
01
02
湖南省位于长江中下游南部，东经108度至114度，北纬24至30度。因地处洞庭湖之南，所以叫做湖南。
Hunan Province lies just south of the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River between 108’ and 114’ E longitude and 24’ and 30’ N latitude. As it is also situated south of Lake Dongting, the Province has the name Hunan, which means “south of the lake”.
Chinese version
祖国山水，风格多样；多样的风格，相对应而存在，相比较而多姿。杭州西湖，水谢歌台，人工赋予它典雅美。蜀中仙山峨眉，漂浮于云涛雾海，呈秀色于烟雨浸漫的山林，誉满中华的桂林山水，水秀山奇，山水平分秋色。
English version
China is a land of scenic contrasts, each uniquely representing its own area; West Lake in Hangzhou with enchanting pavilions set in quiet surroundings, Mount Emei in Sichuan with peaks peeping through mist and clouds, Guilin in Guangxi with panoramic views of mountains and rivers.
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Assessment of Rural Tourism in Turkey Using SWOTAnalysisMaterial Source: Journal of Applie Sciences Author: Hasan AkcaINTRODUCTIONTurkey is a country situated at cross roads of three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa. It occupies some 780 thousand km^2 of land and is surrounded by 8000 km of coastline. According to the results of 2000population census, the population of the country is 67 803 927. Nearly 35% of the country population lives in rural areas. The number of villages is nearly 37 thousand and about two-thirds of them have populations below 500. Besides, one-thirds of rural dwellers live in the villages located within and adjacent to the forests.The need to redress regional imbalances and to improve income distribution among various sections of society is engaging the attention of policy makers. The creation of employment, the improvement of rural living standards and the reversal of the trend towards migration of rural populations to urban areas are some of the main objectives of Turkish government's rural development policies (Muthoo and Onul, 1996) At the beginning of 1990s, Turkey has decided to diversify tourism in order to compete with western countries. The basic philosophy of new tourism concept of Turkey can be summarized as tourism activity in four seasons, throughout the country and evaluating cultural, historical, environmental potential of the country. In this context, Turkey is working on two types of alternative tourism. The first type includes botanical, air balloon, water-related, thermal and health, physical recreation, religious and cultural tourism. The second type, closely related to the first, includes camping and caravan, bird watching (ornithology), winter sports, hunting (sportive fishing and wild animals) and golf tourism (Pirnar, 1996; Tavmergen and Oral, 1999). Northern and Central Anatolian actors arebusy promoting rural and highland holidays, soft tourism activities like rafting, trekking and caving while local partners along the Southern coast are busy developing mass tourism activities (Goymen, 2000).Rural tourism is at the introduction stage of tourism product life cycle since it is a new activity in Turkey. Therefore, the number of research dealing with rural tourism is limited. And also there is a difficulty in gathering and disseminating data. In order to look the future clearly and make accurate policies drawing the whole picture of rural tourism in Turkey is very important.In this context, the aim of the study is to evaluate current constraints for and future possibilities of rural tourism sector point of view of conservation of natural, historical and cultural values, sustainable rural development and integrating tourism, agricultural and rural development policies of Turkey with those of the EU.THE CONCEPT OF RURAT, TOURISMRural tourism is a multi-faceted activity: It is not just farm-based tourism. It includes farm-based holidays but also comprises special interest nature holidays and eco-tourism, walking, climbing and riding holidays, adventure, sport and health tourism, hunting and angling, educational travel, arts and heritage tourism and, in some areas ethnic tourism (Bram well and Lane, 1994)Lack of studies on rural tourism is compounded further by the absence of a commonly accepted definition as to what constitutes rural tourism. Sometimes rural tourism is equated with farm tourism (Oppermann, 1996) .Some authors include outdoor recreation and tourism in National Parks and wilderness areas into rural tourism (Ladki, 1993; Owens, 1984); But Dernoi (1991)excludes them. On the other hand, Pearce (1990) discusses second homes in the context of rural tourism.RURAL TOURISM ACTIVITIES IN TURKEYIn recent years local governors and NGOs throughout the country have been trying to benefit from rural tourism via supplying all historical, natural, culture land religious values in both domestic and foreign tourism markets. Some of the activities are summarized as follows:Urged municipality has decided to apply a project aiming at introduction of rural life in the Cappadocia region. Total budget of the project is 50 million dollars and it will be organized by Magic Life International. In the context of project, both domestic and foreign visitors will attend village wedding ceremonies, cook traditional rural meals, milking cows and sheep.In the Valley of Kizilcukur, located in the district of Ortahisar, Nevsehir province local governor is organized a tour for tourist to see the sun. Because this area is a good place where the sun rises and sets best inthe world. Every year nearly 30,000 tourists visit the place paying nearly $1.5 per day.Camel wrestling is organized in many villages and counties of Mediterranean, Marmara and Egean regions during winter season.In the last two years, soap opera were made in rural areas of Turkey. In addition, Turkish films named Sun Shines from the East, Taste at the Summits and Heads or Tails were made in Cappadocia. Therefore, many people go to villages mentioned above to see actors and actress. Visit historical places and live nostalgia.In recent years some tourism agencies have organized tours covering the route of Silk Road.Some rural people who were trained by professionals joint paralyzing activity in rural areas of Arizonian and Mugla provinces.There are some private organizations supplying rural tourism service in Southwest part of Turkey. One of them is HUZUR VADISI. It is a holiday retreat, which offers yoga, holistic and walking holidays and alternative therapies at a beautiful traditional restored farmstead in a secluded mountain valley on Fisheye coast. Tourists are accommodated in comfortable nomadic yurts, a special highlight of the holiday. Another professional rural tourism activity is organized by TOHUM presents an opportunity to visit and live in traditional villages, organic farming, folk dancing and other activities.Black Sea Region of Turkey is suitable for ecotourism and plateau tourism. In the context of rural tourism projects, some local governors are establishing or restoring wooden cottages in the highlands to accommodate tourists. During the holiday visitors have an opportunity breathing fresh air, eating traditional meals and sightseeing the exotic flora and fauna.MATERIALS AND METHODSSWOT analysis technique was used in order to explain current constraints and future possibilities of rural tourism in Turkey. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A SWOT analysis is essentially a brainstorming session on the key variables that affect a firm's/sector's performance (Hendricks, 1999; Huber et al.1999).In the study following methods were used in order to collect data: i) thorough out the year 2004, all TV programs showed in 20 TV channels related to tourism, rural life, cultural activity, mountain, etc were watched, ii)10 provinces and their counties and villages were visited in different geographical regions of the country, iii) reported speeches were made with rural dwellers in order to define possible potential sources for rural tourism, iv)literature was reviewed to have background information about rural tourism and their likely effects on rural people and areas. v) government policies were examined to learn their views on rural development and rural tourism.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results of SWOT analysis of rural tourism in Turkey are given in Table1.Table 1: SOWT analysis of rural tourism in TurkeyPromotion of rural tourism as a new product is very low in Turkey, compared to western countries. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of television programs focused on rurality and also rural tourism in Turkey. Everybody except that these programs have an important role in the introduction of rural dwellers' life style, flora and fauna and historical and cultural values in rural areas to urban people desiring to see different places, to live adventure and to be in a natural environment. Some of the programs are summarized as follows: Adrenaline on the BRT, Caravan and Adventurer on STV, Vital Point on NTV, Discoverer on ATV, Telecritics and Rainbow on TGRT, .Let's Visit and See and In Eddies or whirls: Anatolia on TRT1, Sea Magazine, Zeugma. Yesterday, Today and Turnover on TRT2 and Mr. Tourism and Holiday Guide on TV8, Nostalgia on Flash TV, Things that we have not seen and heard on Star.CONCLUSIONTurkey has an important potential tourism. However, rural tourism resources for alternative have not been used for the development of less favored areas of Turkey at adequate level due to terrorism in the Southeast part of Turkey since second half of the 1980s. Therefore, the rural areas, only in the Black Sea region, Mediterranean and Aegean regions, are opened to mass and also highland tourism activities. As starting the end of 20th century，the terrorism activity stopped (erased) by Turkish government. It is expected that the number of foreign tourists visiting rural areas will increase in the medium or long run as parallel to increase in the number of incentives, initiatives and investments towards rural milieu in the short term. Another obstacle for the development of rural tourism in Turkey is war in neighbor countries because Turkey is located in a difficult geography ,where many wars happened during the last two decades.To sum up, "I want to feed and live in the place where I was born" is the slogan of people living in rural areas. To achieve this aim, there is a need to develop new employment opportunities in rural areas in addition to agriculture. Many successful applications throughout the world show that rural tourism can create additional income for especially rural youth and women.译文乡村旅游在土耳其的评估使用SWOT分析资料来源: Applie科学杂志作者：哈桑.阿克贾引言土耳其是一个地跨亚洲，欧洲和非洲三大洲的国家，国土面积约780000平方公里，拥有8000公里的海岸线。
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旅游文章Passage One天下绝景气吞云梦——黄鹤楼The Imposing Yellow Crane Tower黄鹤楼雄踞长江之滨，蛇山之首，背倚万户林立的武昌城，面临汹涌浩荡的扬子江，相对古雅清俊晴川阁，登上黄鹤楼，武汉三镇的旖旎风光历历在目，辽阔神州的锦绣山河也遥遥在望。
由于这独特的地理位置，以及前人流传至今的诗词、文赋、楹联、匾额、摩岩石刻和民间故事，使黄鹤楼成为山川与人文景观相互倚重的文化名楼，与湖南岳阳楼、江西滕王阁并称为“江南三大名楼”，素来享有“天下绝景”和“天下江山第一楼”的美誉。
Located on the top of Snake Hill, the Yellow Crane Tower stands against Wuchang, faces the vast Yangtze River and the elegant Qingchuan Pavilion. Ascending the tower, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of Wuhan. Thanks to its unique geological location, and the poems, prose, couplets and folk stories, the Yellow Crane Tower is reputed as one of the “three famous towers south of the Yangtze River”. It enjoys such titles as “best scenery under heaven” and “the first tower under heaven”.关于黄鹤楼因何而建，流传下来很多的传说，这就更给黄鹤楼增加了几分神秘色彩，引得无数人景仰。
传说一：一千多年前，有位姓辛的老人在蛇山上开了酒店，常客中有一道士，回回喝酒不买酒菜，只用随身带着的水果下酒。
店主人揣想他一定清贫，执意不收他的酒钱，同他交了朋友，道士也不推辞，就此领受。
一天，他用橘子佐酒，饮罢，用橘皮在酒店的壁上画了一只黄鹤，自言道：“酒客至拍手，鹤即下飞舞。
”遂去，再也没有见他回来。
店中吃酒的人里，有好奇的，想当场试试，面对壁上的画拍手，那黄鹤展翅飞下，在店外舞了一圈，又复原位，此事迅速传开，酒店大旺，连店里的井水也喝干了。
当地一名贪官借口要除妖，命人把那面墙壁移到官府，谁想船行到中途，黄鹤抖翅飞走了，贪官追鹤，葬身江中。
卖酒老人为怀念仙鹤，在原址建立了黄鹤楼。
There are many legends about the reason why the Yellow Crane tower was built, which brings mystery to the tower and attracts many people to admire the tower.Legend 1 More than 1000 years ago, an old man surnamed Xin ran a restaurant on Snake Hill. A Taoist who was a regular visitor never ordered dishes, but drank wine with fruits he brought along. The owner refused to accept the Taoist’s money, assuming that he was poor. They became friends. One day, the Taoist drew a yellow crane on the wall with the orange skin, said, “The crane will dance upon hearing the clap”. Then he left and never returned.The curious customers clapped their hands and the crane flew from the wall, danced and then returned to its original place. The restaurant became very famous as the story was widely spread.A corrupt official ordered somebody to move the wall to the local authorities. But the crane flew away and the official chased after the crane but drowned in the river. The old man selling wine built the Yellow Crane Tower on the original site to commemorate the crane.传说二：黄鹤楼始建于三国吴黄武二年，公元223年，当时吴主孙权处于军事目的，在形势险要的夏口城即今天的武昌城西南面朝长江处，修筑了历史上最早的黄鹤楼。
黄鹤楼在群雄纷争，战火连绵的三国时期，只是夏口城一角嘹望守戍的“军事楼”，晋灭东吴以后，三国归于一统，该楼在失去其军事价值的同时，随着江夏城的发展，逐步演变成为官商行旅“游必于是”、“宴必于是”的观赏楼。
往事越千年，黄鹤楼时毁时建、时隐时现，历经战火硝烟，沧海桑田，仅明、清两代黄鹤楼分别七建七毁。
公元1884年，清代的最后一座楼阁在一场大火中化为灰烬，百年后，一座金碧辉煌、雄伟壮观的楼阁在武汉横空出世，正可谓千古风云传盛事，三楚江山独此楼。
Legend 2 The tower was first built in 223 A.D of the Three Kingdoms Period. Sun Quan, the King of Wu built the earliest Yellow Crane Tower on the Town of Wuchang. During the Three Kingdoms Period, the tower served a significant military purpose. After the three kingdoms were united, with the development of the city, the tower lost its military value and gradually became an ornamental tower. The tower was built and ruined many times and undergone many wars and changes. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the tower was built and ruined seven times. In 1184 A.D., the tower was reduced to ashes. One hundred years later, a magnificent tower, the only one in China, appeared in Wuhan.Passage Two北京世界公园北京观光客自然会游览故宫和长城，这是因为故宫和长城是举世闻名的旅游景点。
而今天我想向大家推荐北京第三大旅游场所，北京世界公园。
北京世界公园于90年代初在北京兴建，是北京的新景点之一。
在这里，游客那种“一日游尽天下景”的梦想便可以成真。
While the Palace Museum and the Great Wall, the two world-famous scenic spots, are known to all a must tourist destination for tourists visiting Beijing, today, I’d like to introduce to you the Beijing World Park, the third major tourist site in Beijing. Completed in the early 1990s, the Beijing World Park boasts one of the new scenic spots in Beijing. Here the visitors may realize their dream of “touring around the world in a day”.北京世界公园的规模雄踞亚洲同类公园之冠，所收微缩复制品的数量也堪称世界之最。
世界七大奇观以及50个国家的约100处历史名胜和自然景观均已微缩模型展出。
占地面积46,7公顷的世界公园分为17处风景区，收录了亚洲、非洲、欧洲、南北美洲以及大洋洲的主要名胜景点。
游客可以在这里观赏法国的凯旋门和埃菲尔铁塔、英国伦敦的塔桥、印度的泰姬陵、意大利的比萨斜塔、美国的大峡谷及自由神像、澳大利亚的悉尼歌剧院、中国的长城等景物复制品。
The Beijing World Park is the largest of its kind, with mini replicas on the largest scale in Asia. The Seven Wonders of the World and some 100 famous historical and natural sights from 50 countries are on display in miniature. The 46.7-hector World Park features 17 scenic areas staging all the major tourist sites in Asia, Africa, Europe, Americas and Oceania. Here tourists can appreciate a variety of replicas of famous sights, such as the Arc of Triumph and the Eiffel Tower of France, London’s Tower Bridge, the Taj Mahal of India, the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, the Grand Canyon and the Statue of Liberty in the United States, Sydney Opera House, and the Great Wall of China.这些旅游景观制作精巧，工艺精湛，其中大多为原作的精确复制品，用料均为白玉、大理石、上乘花岗岩或其他优质石料。