探讨闭合性复杂胫骨平台骨折最佳手术时机及其影响因素孙俊峰

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探讨闭合性复杂胫骨平台骨折最佳手术时机及其影响因素孙俊峰

发表时间:2019-04-28T11:40:19.360Z 来源:《中国医学人文》(学术版)2019年1月下第2期作者:孙俊峰

[导读] 研究閉合性复杂胫骨平台骨折最佳手术时机与手术入路选择,并观察影响骨折愈合的因素

孙俊峰

黑龙江省七台河市120急救中心 154600

【摘要】目的:研究閉合性复杂胫骨平台骨折最佳手术时机与手术入路选择,并观察影响骨折愈合的因素。方法:此次研究的对象是选取2015年6月-2016年7月本院收治的闭合性复杂胫骨平台骨折患者130例,根据手术入路方式不同分为Ⅰ组(32例膝前外侧单切口单钢板内固定)、Ⅱ组(33例膝内外侧切口双钢板内固定)、Ⅲ组(36例膝前正中直切口双钢板内固定)、Ⅳ组(9例膝前后联合入路单或双钢板内固定)、Ⅴ组(20例小切口或闭合复位外固定架固定),比较各组手术出血量、切口感染、内固定失败、骨折愈合时间、关节功能,观察不同手术时机延迟愈合、皮肤缺血坏死、浅表感染、深部感染发生率,应用Logistic多因素回归分析影响骨折愈合的因素。结果:V组术中出血量最少,Ⅳ组术中出血量最多;Ⅳ组无切口感染,V组切口感染发生率最高;Ⅳ组无内固定失效,V组内固定失效率最高;Ⅳ组骨折愈合时间最短,Ⅰ组骨折愈合时间最长;Ⅳ组关节功能优良率(100%)最高,V组关节功能优良率最低。5~8 d行手术无延期愈合、皮肤缺血坏死发生,7~8 d行手术浅表感染发生率最低,7~8 d和>8 d深部感染发生率为0。Logistic多因素回归分析显示:年龄、糖尿病、术后并发症是影响骨折愈合的因素(P<0.05)。结论:膝前后联合入路单或双钢板内固定治疗闭合性复杂胫骨平台骨折效果较好,5~8 d是行手术的最佳时机,年龄、糖尿病、术后并发症是影响骨折愈合的因素。

【关键词】胫骨平台骨折;复杂性;闭合性;手术时间;手术入路

[Abstract] Objective:To study the optimal operative time and approach for closed complex tibial plateau fractures,and to observe the factors affecting fracture healing.Methods:130 patients with closed complex tibial plateau fractures admitted to our hospital from June 2015 to July 2016 were selected and divided into group I (32 cases of anterolateral single-incision single-plate internal fixation),group II (33 cases of double-plate internal fixation of medial and medial knee incision),group III (36 cases of anterolateral straight knee incision double-plate internal fixation),and group IV (9 cases)according to different surgical approaches.Group V (20 cases of small incision or closed reduction and external fixator)and group V (single or double plate internal fixation)were used to compare the amount of bleeding,wound infection,internal fixation failure,fracture healing time and joint function.The incidence of delayed union,skin ischemic necrosis,superficial infection and deep infection at different operation time were observed.Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the shadows.The factors influencing fracture healing are discussed.Results:The bleeding volume was the least in group V and the bleeding volume was the most in group IV.There was no wound infection in group IV,and the incidence of wound infection was the highest in group V.There was no failure of internal fixation in group IV,and the failure rate of internal fixation was the highest in group V.The healing time of fracture in group IV was the shortest and that of fracture in group I was the longest.The excellent rate of joint function in group IV (100%)was the highest and that of joint function in group V was the lowest.No delayed healing and skin ischemia and necrosis occurred in 5-8 days of operation.The incidence of superficial infection was the lowest in 7-8 days of operation.The incidence of deep infection was 0 in 7-8 days and > 8 days of operation.Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that age,diabetes mellitus and postoperative complications were the factors affecting fracture healing (P <

0.05).CONCLUSION:Single or double plate internal fixation through anterior and posterior knee joint approach is effective in the treatment of closed complex tibial plateau fractures.Five to eight days is the best time for operation.Age,diabetes mellitus and postoperative complications are the factors affecting fracture healing.

[Key words] Tibial plateau fracture;Complexity;Closure;Operation time;Operative approach

胫骨平台骨折是胫骨远端骨折较常见类型,是一种关节内骨折,会引起关节面移位和压缩,需要及时有效治疗[1-2]。复杂胫骨平台骨折一般属于Schatzker Ⅴ型和Ⅵ型,常伴随周围软组织损伤,病情复杂,是临床上治疗的难题[3-4]。手术治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折时需要同时处理骨折及周围软组织,术后并发症较多,具有较高的致残率[5-7]。而手术时机也是治疗的关键,但是对于手术时机选择报道尚少。因此,本研究旨在分析闭合性骨折胫骨平台骨折最佳手术时机与手术入路选择,并观察影响骨折愈合的因素,为临床诊疗提供依据,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料选取2015年6月-2016年7月本院收治的闭合性复杂胫骨平台骨折患者130例,纳入标准:所有患者均符合Schatzker Ⅴ型或Ⅵ型,均知情同意并自愿参加研究。该研究已经伦理学委员会批准,患者知情同意并签署知情同意书。根据手术入路方式不同分为Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组。

1.2 方法根据患者的伤情进行处理,若存在血管伤或筋膜间室综合征则行急诊开放手术,否则给予冰敷、脱水、石膏、止血等,待病情稳定后给予手术治疗。Ⅰ组:膝前外侧单切口单钢板内固定治疗,给予全身麻醉,使患者平卧,应用气囊带扎在大腿上,在胫骨外侧髁上缘进行切口,向内下弧延伸,直到胫骨结节的下方,将胫前群肌切开,使胫骨外侧关节面显露,在X线透视下将胫骨平台复位,在胫骨外侧踝放置L型的支持钢板、锁定钢板或高尔夫钢板,必要时将自体髂骨或异体骨植入[8]。Ⅱ组:给予膝内外侧切口双钢板内固定治疗,麻醉、体位、止血带均同Ⅰ组,膝前外侧切口的同时,在膝内后缘行弧形切口,使两个切口的宽度超过8 cm,逐层进行切开,使胫骨内侧平台显露,将骨折复位,应用双钢板螺钉固定,根据患者情况植入髂骨或异体骨[9]。Ⅲ组:给予膝前正中直切口双钢板内固定治疗,麻醉、体位、止血带均同Ⅰ组,于髌上约2 cm经过正中髌骨、胫骨结节到胫骨干的中上段,长度约18 cm,依次将皮肤、皮下组织以及深筋膜切开,使胫骨内侧平台复位,应用钢板、螺钉固定,术中酌情将膝关节切开,检查关节腔情况。应用高尔夫解剖钢板或者L型钢板固定。Ⅳ组:给予膝前后联合入路单或双钢板内固定治疗,麻醉、止血带均同Ⅰ组,先使患者俯卧位,取膝内后做切口,从膝横纹上约2 cm,沿着腓肠肌内侧头的内缘做斜行向下的切口,长度约10 cm,切口深部筋膜,注意保护腓肠肌及神经,在半膜肌和腓肠肌内侧间隙进入,将关节囊切口,必要时候将动脉结扎,将骨膜剥离,使骨折复位,应用钢板和螺钉固定。膝后外侧入路:于膝横纹上约3 cm处,沿着股二头肌内

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