5修辞与翻译(1)
修辞格与翻译
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❖What salt is to food, wit and humor are to conversation and literature.
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1. Simile （明喻）
❖A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.
❖ 妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一 样。
❖What sculpture is to a block of marble, (that) education is to the soul.
❖ 教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。 ❖What blood vessel is to a man’s body, (that)
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2. Metaphor （暗喻；隐喻）
❖A metaphor also makes a comparison between two elements, but unlike simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
❖Metaphor 借自希腊语metapherein一词，原意 为transfer （转换）。它也是一种比喻手法，但 是形式简练，表达含蓄，无需借助比喻词，而是 直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。
汉英修辞对比与翻译(1)
除旅游点的介绍和广告外，新闻报道、法律文献、 科技文章等也都要求简洁明了，忌节外生枝，因 此四字词组也广泛应用于这几类文体中。 外交人员要立场坚定、目光远大、头脑敏捷、业 外交人员要立场坚定、目光远大、头脑敏捷、业 务熟练、才华出众、风格高尚。 务熟练、才华出众、风格高尚。 A Chinese diplomat should be firm in stand, broad in vision, swift in wit, qualified in profession, outstanding in talent, and noble in character.
1 汉英音韵修辞格(phonological 汉英音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)
在语音四要素音量、音势、音高、音色中， 在语音四要素音量、音势、音高、音色中， 音色是各种语言都重视的。 音色是各种语言都重视的。英语是音势敏感 的语言，而汉语是音高敏感的语言， 的语言，而汉语是音高敏感的语言，因此英 语强调重音，汉语成为典型的声调语， 语强调重音，汉语成为典型的声调语，声调 对字、 句各级单位的组成都有影响。 对字、词、句各级单位的组成都有影响。英 语是重音计时的（stress-timed）， ），每一语 语是重音计时的（stress-timed），每一语 句虽是重音和轻音交替出现， 句虽是重音和轻音交替出现，但仍以重读音 节为主。汉语是以音节计时的（syllable节为主。汉语是以音节计时的（syllabletimed），音节数是韵律的基础。 timed），音节数是韵律的基础。 ），音节数是韵律的基础
汉英语拟声词对比
（1）语音形式对比 汉英相似： 汉英相似： 狼嚎 鸽子咕咕 咯咯 关门声：砰 铃声：丁零 howl Coo Giggle, gurgle Bang Tingling
汉语中常用的修辞方法与文化、翻译的内在关系
汉语中常用的修辞方法与文化、翻译的内在关系修辞，它本身也是汉语文化的一种体现，其形式多而复杂。
本文认真地讨论了汉语中修辞的内涵，分别深入地分析了修辞与文化及修辞与翻译的内在联系，为汉语中常见的修辞的英译提供了一定的理论及实践依据。
标签：修辞；文化；翻译；关系一、修辞的内涵修辞是指人们在运用语言表达思想感情的时候，根据特定的目的精心选择用语的过程与方式，其目的是力求把话语说得更加的準确和明白，更加的生动和精彩，更能表达说话人的思想和情感。
好多时候，因为一句话，你可能就在表达自己思想情感的同时也把受话者给说笑了，反之，也会让受话者十分恼怒，根本不想再听你说下去，这样一来，不仅没有表达你想表达的意思，反而还伤了双方的感情。
由此可见，对于同一个意思，你会说和不会说，其产生的结果是完全不一样的，正所谓：说话是一门艺术。
而修辞，正是指提高语言表达效果而运用到的艺术。
在这里，笔者想明确一点，那就是：修辞不是简单地对语言文字进行修饰和加工，更不是刻意求工，给其涂脂抹粉，让其虚张声势。
提到修辞，人们往往会想到一个概念：修辞格。
所谓修辞格，即指在对语言进行修饰的过程中所形成的独具特色的、相对而言比较固定的语言格式，也称其为修辞方式、修辞手段、修辞方法或辞格。
修辞格一般具有以下特征：一是能生动形象地表意；二是具有独特的结构和规律；三是语言形式极为特殊。
二、修辞与文化的内在联系修辞与文化之间的内在联系是十分紧密的，不同的民族，拥有不同的文化，从而都有各具特色的审美观，这些审美观又可以通过语言表达出来。
语言是民族文化的载体，因此，修辞也可以展现一个民族的文化，修辞的风格正是一个民族的文化的体现。
汉语具有诸多方面的特点，利用这些特点，可以形成许多汉语所特有的修辞方法，如：声调的抑或扬可以形成平仄；许多单音节词可以形成押韵等。
另外，因为中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国，在五千多年的文明发展历史中，形成了丰富多彩的成语和典故，这些成语和典故使汉语变得言简意赅，独具极强的表意能力。
英语修辞的翻译
提喻 （synecdoche)
No one grasped you by the shoulder while there was still time; and naught will awaken in you the sleeping poet or musician or astronomer that possibly inhabited you from the begi得目瞪口呆的事。他体内充 满创造力的魔鬼不停地挣扎，挥舞魔爪又抓 又挖，试图冲出体外。魔鬼一边撕扯，一边 尖声狂叫，要他谱写藏于体内的乐曲。他遭 受这般折腾，可是他那可怜的脑袋和身躯却 没有被压跨，岂不奇哉怪也。
双关 (Pun)
--What does that lawyer do after he dies? --Lie still.
矛盾（Oxymoron)
3. Parting is such sweet sorrow. (Romeo) 别离是如此地又甜蜜又令人心酸。
4. We are terribly pleased to hear the good news. 我们听到这一好消息真是欣喜若狂。
委婉（Euphemism)
1. That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing. 那个好色之徒现在开始喜欢看肚皮舞。
也许你一生下来就具有成为诗人、音乐家或天 文学家的天赋，但在时间还不算晚的时候，没 有人拉你一把，时机一过，就再也无法唤醒在 你身上沉睡着的才能了。
转喻（Metonymy）
转喻又称借代。它故意不用需要说的人或 物的本称，而是借用与该人或物密切相关 的事物来代替。
“A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.” (Webster’s New World Dictionary)
成语修辞与翻译
英汉语成语修辞与翻译Translation of Chinese Idioms and the rhetoric device概括地说,成语既是语言中的重要修辞手段,同时他们本身也是各种修辞手段的集中表现。
有的意思一望即明,有的意蕴隽永,有的含而不露、意在言外,有的可能包含几个意思。
恰当运用成语,对语言表达来说犹如画龙点睛,可以增加行文的风采,提高表述力。
但由于英汉语之间的社会文化的历史背景的差异和语言结构不同,往往给词语教学和翻译带来一定的困难。
通过对英汉成语从不同的角度进行比较,我们发现英汉成语有些是基本对应的,有些是部分对应,有些是根本不对应的。
所以,我们在理解和翻译处理时应有区别地对待。
英汉成语互译举例:1. 直译:有些成语在形、义和用法上全貌表现出来的直接采用直译的方法,如:a gentleman’s agreement君子协定; to play with fire玩火, to show one’s cards摊牌;We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. 井干方知水可贵;Blood is thicker than water; 血浓于水The bread of charity is bitter. 施舍的面包是苦的。
天下乌鸦一般黑,老狼都是吃肉的。
All crows are equally black, all wolves eat meat.A wolf in sheep’s clothing披着羊皮的狼。
2. 借译:英语和汉语都拥有丰富的成语。
有的汉语习语和英语同义习语在内容和形式上都符合,它们不但有相同的意义或隐义,并且有相同的及相类似的形象或比喻,翻译时,可以采取借用法。
An apple does not fall far from the apple tree. 落叶归根;Know something like the palm 了如指掌;有其父必有其子. Like father like sonhave one foot in the grave 风烛残年;Constant dripping wears the stone 滴水穿石;put the cart before the horse 本末倒置; ;six of one and half a dozen of the other. 半斤八两;The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 心有余而力不足;3. 意译: 在直译和借用汉语成语都不妥当时,我们只好牺牲原文引用习语的风格,配合上下文进行意译,以保持原作思想内容的完整性。
修辞与翻译
• 英语里 as ... as ...结构的明喻大多可以 直译 ： • as cold as ice 冰冷 • as hot as fire 火热 • as hard as rock 坚如磐石 • as light as feather 轻如鸿毛
• 下面的直译生动形象，也能被中国读者 所理解接受： • as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 • as bold as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛 • as cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快 活 • as blind as a bat 瞎得像蝙蝠
• 这个辞格在汉语和英语修辞里有着共同 的特点，那就是明显地打比方，在本体 和喻体之间都出现显而易见的喻词，如： 汉语里的 “像”、“好像”、 “比如”、 “仿佛”、“好比”、“像……一样”、 “如……一般”等等；英语里的like，as， as if，as though 等等。在翻译时，我 们可利用其共同特点，用译文中相应的 喻词来译原文里本体之间的喻词。
英语 metaphor兼有汉语修辞格隐喻、借喻以及拟物的格式， 作用也与这几种汉语修辞格基本相同。（毛荣贵，廖晟： 2005）
拟人；Personification
1) 每条岭都是那么温柔，虽然下自山脚， 上至岭顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可是谁 也不孤峰突起，盛气凌人。（老舍： 《小花朵集》）All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance，though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.
• Ｂ：明喻又称 “显比”，“直喻”，“明比”，是 一种十分明显的比喻。明喻是本体 ，喻体 ，比喻词 都要出现的比喻 。本体与喻体之就是 ： A 象 B。
修辞与翻译
文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译文法决定译文“通不通”的问题；逻辑决定译文“对不对”的问题；修辞决定译文“好不好”的问题。
文法与翻译打好语言基础，狠抓基本功的训练。
The sentence fragmentA grammatically complete sentence has a verb with its subject. Structurally it must be an independent unit, capable of standing alone. Now this means simply that dependent units such as phrases, clauses, appositives and other such groups of words, are not sentences and should not be written as sentences. When any one of these dependent units is written and punctuated as a sentence it is called a sentence fragment.Example 1:Because we could see the obvious signs of destruction caused by the bomb here and there, which maintained the memory in people’s mind and let the misery and sadness everlasting.改正：去掉句首的Because或者小写because并在该词前加逗号，跟上句连起来。
Example 2:The basketball game was cancelled. Because half of the players were in bed with the flu. 改正：The basketball game was cancelled because half of the players were in bed with the flu.Example 3:Looking out toward the horizon, she saw only the old cabin in which Mary had been born.A single cottonwood that had escaped the drought. The apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie.改正：改标点符号Example 4:With the knowledge that, although the documents have been stolen, they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent.改正：We knew that…Example 5:She can quilt, remember the family tree so clearly, and never rejects their own culture. Whereas, Dee, once refused the quilts and never took her friends home.The run-on sentenceA run-on sentence or a fused sentence put together two or more sentences with no mark of punctuation between them. When two complete sentences run together with only a comma between them, it is called a comma splice.Example 1:In Hiro shima, people don’t want to mention the very thing, such as, you will have a pain in a scar that hasn’t healed completely, if someone touch it.改正：Example 2:Kimonos and miniskirts mixed in this city, and the traditional Japanese house and modern skyscrapers also co-exist in this city, they show that Hiroshima is thriving and developing rapidlyExample 3:However, she is lack of education, she is lack of confidence, she represents the bottom class people in the society.Example 4:She is lack of education and refinement, however, those does not prevent her from having an inherent understanding of heritage based on her love and respect for those who came before her.Example 5:These snakes are dangerous however, most snakes are quite harmless.改正：Example 6:The pollution became strategic and started to affect our human living, now we have to face the consequences.后置、前置、倒装“主语+谓语” 词序：word order英语的“正常词序”(normal order)或“自然词序”(natural order)除状语位置比较机动外，主语、谓语动词、宾语和补语的位置都是相对固定的。
《修辞与翻译》课件
新闻报道的修辞与翻译
总结词
新闻报道的语言客观、准确，翻译时应注重信息的准确 传递。
详细描述
新闻报道的语言客观、准确，修辞手法相对较少。在新 闻报道的翻译中，译者需要注重信息的准确传递，避免 因修辞手法的不当运用而导致信息的误传。同时，译者 还需要注意新闻报道的语言风格和语体特点，保持译文 的客观性和准确性。
反语的翻译
反语是指用反义词或具有相反含义的词来表 达意思，在翻译时需要理解反语的含义，并 转化为目标语言中的相应表达。
修辞在翻译中的重
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修辞的运用可以使译文更加自然、流畅，符合目标 语言的表达习惯，提高译文的易读性。
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通过修辞手法，可以更好地处理句子的语序、语气 和节奏，使译文更加地道，易于理解。
《修辞与翻译》ppt课 件
目录
• 修辞与翻译的概述 • 常见修辞手法在翻译中的应用 • 修辞在翻译中的重要性 • 翻译中的修辞技巧与策略 • 修辞与翻译实践案例分析 • 总结与展望
修辞与翻译的概述
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修辞的定义与功能
修辞的定义
修辞是一门研究语言使用和表达的艺 术，旨在通过特定的表达方式来增强 语言的表达效果和说服力。
提高译者修辞素养的重要性
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提升译文质量
具备良好修辞素养的译者能够更准确地把握原文 意义，运用恰当的修辞手法传达原文的情感和意 图，提高译文质量。
增强跨文化交流能力
修辞素养有助于译者更好地理解和应对不同文化 背景下的语言差异，增强跨文化交流能力。
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培养综合素质
修辞素养的提升有助于译者培养创新思维、批判 性思维等综合素质，提高职业竞争力。
转换语言风格
根据目标读者的需求和接受 度，对原文的语言风格进行 适当的转换，以使译文更加 贴切自然。
英汉翻译5-修辞与翻译
词义上的修辞格lexical stylistic devices
明喻simile, 隐喻,借喻,拟物metaphor, 借代metonymy, antonomasia, synecdoche, 拟人personification, apostrophe , 反语irony , 夸张hyperbole, 含蓄渲染litotes,
委婉语innuendo, euphemism, 对照contrast, 反映oxymoron, 移就transferred epithet, 双关pun, 异叙syllepsis, 拈连zeugma, 暗引allusion, 仿拟parody , 隽语paradox,
句子结构上的修辞格syntactical stylistic devices
反复Repetition, anaphora, 联珠 catchword repetition, 回文 chiasmus 对偶,排比parallelism 反对antithesis, 设问rhetoric question, 倒装anastrophe, 描述性引语represented speech, 层递climax, 跳脱aposiopesis
拟人
Personification
借代
畬 [shē] 刀耕火种的田地：“长刀短笠去烧～。”
Metonymy
双关
Pun
排比
parallelism
P51 Of Studies
Thank you!
音韵上的修辞格phonetic stylistic devices
双声,叠韵Alliteration, assonance 拟声onomatopoeia
比喻
Metaphor
Simile
英汉翻译修辞与翻译
There are a lot of good heads in the university.
synecdoche
这所大学有许多优秀的头脑。
He blushed to the roots of his hair.
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Hyperbole
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他的脸红到了发根。
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I must write one line out of my dreary bed …I am not going to talk of my suffering----it would be useless and painful. Transferred epithet 我必须从忧郁的床上爬起来写几个字…我不想谈我的苦痛----谈了也无用，且令人痛心。
用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练，饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门， 也打开了自己的心扉。
Yesterday he had a blue coat and heart.
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Oxymoron
The world is in orderly chaos.
I used to organize my father’s tools, my other’s kitchen utensils, my sister’s boyfriends.
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Zeugma
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我过去常常整理父亲的工具，收拾母亲的厨房用具，排列姐姐的男朋友们。
pun
与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。可分为谐音双关和语义双关。 The wounded captive, an enemy high-ranking officer, lies before the doctor. 受伤的俘虏是敌人的高级军官，他躺在医生面前——对医生撒谎。
第二节修辞格的翻译 (1)
第二节修辞格的翻译英汉翻译中，修辞格的翻译往往比较棘手。
原因是英语修辞格一般都具有形式独特新异、内容形象丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。
用汉语把所有这些要素都翻译出来自然比较困难。
这时就要坚持首先保证内容、其次尽量保留原文效果、最后力争形式妥贴的原则。
根据这一原则，修辞格的翻译一般有直译法、解释法、意译法、替换法等。
6．2．1直译法修辞格的翻译直译法应为首选。
例如下面一些句子：1. His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿，他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。
2. Of me, my mother would say, with characteristic restraint, "This bandit. He doesn't even have to open a book---'A' in everything. Albert Einstein the Second."至于我，母亲总是以特有的矜持说："这小鬼头，他甚至连书本都不消打开──门门都是优秀，真是个活脱脱的爱因斯坦。
"3. The Dutchman was six-foot, a great, red-faced,hot-tempered trek-ox of a man.那荷兰人身高六英尺，大块头，红脸膛，暴脾气，简直是一头拉车的公牛。
4. The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.父母的惩戒可以说是残酷的仁慈。
5. Safety will be the sturdy child of terror, and survival the twin brother of annihilation.安全是恐怖的健壮婴儿，生存是毁灭的孪生兄弟。
6. The plays adapted from Greek tragedies and Shakespearean drama by Suzuki, although performed in Japanese, caused a big stir among the western audience with their strange and cruel beauty.铃木正改编自希腊悲剧和莎士比亚戏剧的剧作，虽然以日语演出，但那种奇异而残酷的美，却在西方观众中引起了轰动。
英语常用修辞格的翻译分析
quiet, light, fresh ,blind, clear, stubborn, cunning, old ,slippery, busy
明喻 Simile
英语中的simile和汉语明喻基本格式相同，一般情况下，可以照直翻译。as busy as bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌as brave as lion 像狮子一样勇猛as black as crow 像乌鸦一般黑as sharp as knife 像刀一样锋利
英语比喻美感的再现应以比喻内容为基础，发掘比喻美的真正所在，同时致力于形式的表现，尽可能用“形神兼备”的翻译来传神达意。在实在不可能“形似”时，要在“神似”的条件下，竭力用其它方法和手段表现出原比喻的意之真谛、美之内涵。依据这一原则，可采用以下方法：
1 go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and water. (Dickens. Little Dorrit) 在杰纳勒尔夫人跟前，一个人的激情会变得麻木不仁，热血也会变成掺了水的牛奶。
少时所学，到老不忘。我赚的不够吃。当我发了财时，我要到非洲去。每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
直译+意译法
1. Most of us are too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise. 我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。2. Men are April when they woo, December when they wed, maids are May when they maids, but the sky changes when they are wives. (Shakespeare) 男人求爱时如和煦的4月，婚后却像寒冬腊月；闺中少女则宛若温暖的5月，而为人妇后却像易变的天气阴晴莫测。
修辞与翻译
1.He and his driving license expired last week. 2.weeping eyes and hearts 3.wage war and peace 4.poor but not wanting in enterprise; poor but with lofty ideals (aspirations)； 5.What a heavy load this aeroplane bore! It carried the hearts of the people of the liberated areas, the hopes of the entire Chinese people, and the destiny of our country.
Amplification 增词法 e.g. 1. The stone fell on his head. 石头叭嗒落在他的头上。 2．The kids are crying loudly. 孩子们 在哇哇大哭。 3．John fell asleep almost immediately. 约翰几乎倒头就呼呼睡 了。 4．木梆一声一声地响过去。 The tock-tock-tocking of a watchman’s hollow gong goes by.
2）衔接原则 如： 一声吼叫之后，一只老虎从矮树丛中跳将出 来。 Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
3）强调原则 如： 肯定是热极了。 Terribly hot it certainly was.
4）尾重原则 如： 把自己的生命献给全人类的解放事业的人是 幸福的。 Happy is he who dedicates his life to the emancipation of all mankind.
常见的修辞格翻译 (1)
他清清楚楚地看见一条丁字街，横在他 眼前。 He saw distinctly the cross-road ahead of him. After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。
权曰：“今听臣言，则西蜀有泰山之安， 不听臣言，则主公有累卵之危矣。” Huang Quan replied: “Heed my words and our rule can be secure as Mountain Tai. Heed them not and your own position will become as precarious as a pile of eggs. ”
With this faith we will be able to hoe out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. 抱有这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山凿出希望 之石。抱有这个信念，我们就能把我们这个民 族中那些刺耳的噪音变成一部歌颂手足之情的 美妙交响曲。
常见的修辞格翻译
一、比喻（figure of speech）
比喻无处不在，为各语言文化共有。 比喻有四个要素：本体（tenor），喻体 （vehicle），比喻词（comparative word）及相似点（point of resemblance）。这里主要谈谈明喻 （simile）和暗喻（metaphor）的翻译。
英语中所有种修辞手法的全部解释和例句
英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻〕It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻〕It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比〕It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人〕It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸大〕 It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述〕 It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(成心地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉〕 It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻〕It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻〕 It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or thewhole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻〕It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语〕 It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙〕 It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losingone's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配〕 It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语〕 It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the oppositeof their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽〕 It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (挖苦〕 It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语〕 It is a figure of speech consisting of a statementor proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰〕 It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照〕 It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句〕 It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进〕 It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw,I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降〕It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong toweak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe： (顿呼〕 In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词〕 It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance,I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵〕 It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequentintervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声〕 It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movementExplanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
新闻中的修辞及翻译
2. Houston, July 20—Man stepped out onto the moon tonight for the first time in his two-million-year history. “That’s one small step for men,” declared pioneer astronaut Neil Armstrong at 10:56 P.M. EDT, “one giant leap for mankind.”
6. 对照 对照antithesis
又称对偶或对仗，是用一对字数相等、 又称对偶或对仗，是用一对字数相等、语法 结构相同或相似的词组或句子连在一起， 结构相同或相似的词组或句子连在一起， 来表达相似、相关或相对、相反的意思。 来表达相似、相关或相对、相反的意思。 1. If the economy stays down, can Conservatives stay up?
poor “I used to think I was poor,” she wrote. “Then they told me I wasn’t poor; I was needy. Then they said it was self-defeating to think of myself as needy, that I was culturally deprived. Then they told me deprived was a bad image, that I was underprivileged. Then they told me that underprivileged was overused, that I was a dime— disadvantaged. I still don’t have 无忧PPT整理发布 but I have a great vocabulary!”
高考语文文言文常见修辞的翻译
文言文常见修辞的翻译班级姓名 _________________一、比喻的翻译1、明喻仍译为明喻。
古文中的明喻一般与现代汉语的使用习惯相同，所以直译就行了。
例：（1）皆玄衣白刃，剽疾如猿猴。
（《冯婉真》）译文：“像猿猴一样剽悍敏捷”。
（2）火烈风猛，船往如箭。
（《赤壁之战》）译文：“船像箭一样往前冲”。
2、暗喻用了比喻词的，仍译为暗喻不用比喻词的，译为明喻。
例：（1）如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉。
译文：现在人家是刀和砧板，我们是鱼和肉。
（2）古来万事东流水。
译文：自古以来万事都像东去的流水一样。
（3）夫秦王有虎狼之心。
译文：秦王有像虎狼一样凶狠的心肠。
3、借喻译为它所比喻的事物，即把喻体还原成本体。
例：（1）北筑长城而守藩篱。
《过秦论》译文：在北边筑起长城来把守边疆。
（2）误落尘网中，一去三十年。
《归园田居》译文：误入污浊的官场，一误就是三十年。
二、借代的翻译古今汉语在借代的使用上差别很大，如果把借代直译过来，会让人感到不易理解和接受，所以借代应意译，译为它所代替的人或物。
1、肉食者鄙，未能远谋。
《曹刿论战》译文：做官的人见识浅陋，不能做长远的打算。
2、意北亦尚可以口舌动也。
《指南录后序》译文：考虑到元军也许还能够用言语来打动。
3、大阉亦逡巡畏义，非常之谋难于猝发。
译文：魏忠贤也迟疑不决，害怕正义，篡位的阴谋难于立刻发动。
4、沛公不胜杯杓，不能辞。
《鸿门宴》译文：沛公承受不住酒力，不能前来告辞。
5、洎牧以谗诛，邯郸为郡。
《六国论》译文：等到李牧因为谗言被杀害，赵国成了秦国的一个郡。
三、夸张的翻译1、状态、程度方面的夸张，仍译为夸张，前面加上“像要”或“快要”。
例：（1）相如因持璧却立，倚柱，怒发上冲冠。
《廉颇蔺相如列传》译文：蔺相如于是拿着和氏壁退后站在那里，靠在柱子上，愤怒得头发像要顶起帽子。
（2）成顾蟋蟀笼虚，则气断声吞。
《促织》译文：成名回头看到蟋蟀笼空着，就急得快要出不来气，说不出话。
2、数量方面的夸张，可把数量词换成表示“多”“高”“大”等副词、形容词例：军书十二卷，卷卷有爷名。
古书修辞翻译及例句1
古文翻译中借代和借喻的处理一、先谈借代文言文中借代是一种常见的语言现象。
如“布衣”代未做官的人“缙绅”代官员“三尺”代法律“万钟”代高官厚禄。
我们要了解古文中借代的大致情形，翻译时，必须把所代称的事物写出来。
1、以特征代事物，要译出事物本来的名称例如：黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。
（《桃花源记》）“黄发”和“垂髫”分别是老人和孩子的特征，借指老人和孩子。
全句译为：老人和孩子一同过着自得其乐的生活。
甚矣，乌纱之横、皂隶之俗哉！（《虎丘记》）“乌纱”，即乌纱帽，借指官吏；“皂”，黑色，官府中的差役穿黑衣，借指衙门里的差役。
全句译为：官吏的横暴，衙役的粗俗，也太过分了！2、以部分代全体，要译出整体名称例如：远弃风雅，近师辞赋。
（文心雕龙·情采）今寡人不能，将率二三子夫妇以蕃。
（《勾践灭吴》）“国风”和“大小雅”是《诗经》的主要部分，所以“风雅”作为《诗经》的代称。
全句译为：（当代人为文）远远地丢弃了《诗经》的优良传统，而学习近代辞赋的浮华辞藻。
“二三子”，指代越国民众，全句译为：我没有才能，将率领你们夫妇们来繁殖生息。
3、以原料代成品，要译出成品名称例如：无乱丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳形。
（《陋室铭》）故木受绳则直，金就砺则利。
（《劝学》）“丝”是制作弦乐器的材料，“竹”制作管乐器的材料，这里借指音乐。
译成：没有杂乱的音乐扰乱耳朵，没有官府公文使身体劳累。
“金”是制作刀剑的材料，译成：刀剑拿到磨刀石上磨就变锋利了。
4、以具体代抽象，要译出抽象事物名称例如：振长策而御宇内……执敲扑鞭笞天下。
（《过秦论》）蔺相徒以口舌为劳，而位居我上。
（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）“策”的意思是“马鞭子”，这里借指抽象的“武力”，“敲扑”本是古代的刑具，这里借指严酷的“刑罚”，应译为：用武力来统治各国，用严酷的刑罚来奴役天下的百姓。
同样，“口舌”代抽象的言辞，译为：蔺相如仅凭言辞立下功劳，但位置却比我高。
5、以地、以官代人，要译出人名古书中常以做官的地点或是官职作为人的代称，翻译中要译出人名，才符合文句的意思。
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• 蠢的象猪
• 胆小如鼠
• 公鸭嗓
• 勇如猛虎
• 噤若寒蝉；守口如瓶 • 骄傲得像公鸡 • 体健如牛 • 牛饮
• as proud as a peacock
• as strong as a horse
• drink like a fish
无对应
• as poor as a church mouse • as cool as a cucumber • as tight as a drum • as sharp as a
英汉对应
• 完全对应
• Our blood boils.我们热血沸腾。
• 部分对应
• draw water in a sieve 竹篮打水
• 无对应 • be tied to sb’s apron-strings 受人控制
比喻的翻译
• 保留原语形象（直译） • 转换原语形象（替换）
• 舍弃原语形象（意译）
转喻：英汉对比
• 投笔从戎 • throw away the pen and take up the sword in defense of the country • Pen is mightier than sword. • 笔威于剑。 • His wife spent all her life on the stage. (theatrical profession) • 他的妻子在舞台上渡过了一生。（戏剧工作，表 演艺术）
直译法 • Joe, a clumsy and timid horseman, didn’t look to advantage in the saddle, “Look at him, Amelia my dear, driving into the parlor window. Such a bull in a china shop I never saw”. • 乔胆子小，骑术又拙，骑在鞍子上老不像样。 “埃米丽亚，亲爱的，快看，他骑到人家客厅的 窗子那儿去了，我一辈子也没见过这样的，真是 大公牛闯到瓷器店了”。（杨必《名利场》）
something different from and often opposite
to their literal meaning.
• 反语：使用同本意完全相反的词句来表达本意，
明显含有嘲弄讽刺的意思，从而使本意更加突出。
反语译例 1 • It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in his pocket. • 在异国他乡，身无分文，那才叫“绝”呢！
排比 parallelism/parataxis
• 定义 • 译例
排比定义
• Parallelism: the use of identical or equivalent syntactic constructions in corresponding clauses. • 排比：指用结构相似、语气一致、关系并列的一 组语句，接连表达几个相关意思的一种修辞方式。
夸张译例
• 夸张一般直译，对夸张的内容不需改变，也不能
改变，但涉及语言习惯时，可略作调整。
• Thanks a million.
• 万分感谢。
• I have told you fifty times.
• 我告诉过你好多次了。
反语 irony
• 定义 • 译例
反语定义
• Irony: the use of words to express
替换法
• put all the cards on the table • 打开天窗说亮话 • go for wool and come back shorn • 偷鸡不成蚀把米
意译法
• By the winter of 1942 their ce to the Nazi terror had become shadow. • 到了1942年冬季，他们对于纳粹恐怖活动的抵制 已经名存实亡。
• 他浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有！
• He doesn’t have a single defect in his whole body. Why, he doesn’t even have a belly-button!
反语译例 2
• If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes, don’t listen… They are probably trying to trick you into living longer. • 如果有人苦口婆心劝你戒烟，不要理他们—— 他 们是想骗你活得长久些！ • --- It is raining cats and dogs! • --- Lovely weather, isn’t it?（太好了！）
夸张 hyperbole
• 定义 • 译例
夸张定义
• Hyperbole: a figure of speech which contains an exaggeration for emphasis. • 夸张：指凭借丰富的想象，用铺饰张大的语言， 对事物的某些方面进行夸大或缩小，进行艺术渲 染。
转喻：翻译方法
• 汉语和英语里的转喻内容丰富，有借人或事物的 特征或标志来指人或事物；有借与人或事物有关 的工具或材料代指人或事物；有借与人或事物有 关的所属或所在代指人或事物。一般而言，可以 对这种辞格采用直译，但有时因为两种语言的不 同表达习惯，需要采用意译。
转喻译例 • Only a knife can save the patient’s life now. • 要拯救病人只能动手术。 • Paper and ink cut the throats of men, and the sound of a breath may shake the world. • 纸墨能割断人的喉管，嗓音能震动整个世界。（写 几个字，说几句话） • Gray hair should be respected.（graying China/ aging China） • 老人应该受到尊重。
排比译例 1 • • I came, I saw, I conquered. 我只身前往，我明察秋毫，我旗开得胜。
• 不要问国家能够为你做什么，问问你能够为国家 做什么。
译例 2：变通
• It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land. (Ray Bradbury, The Vacation) • 绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此 清新可爱。蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声咽，大 地音沉，这日子是如此安静。
第五章：修辞与翻译（1）
修辞与翻译（一）
• • • • • • 明喻 暗喻（隐喻） 转喻（借代） 夸张 反语 反复
• • • • • 排比 拈连 头韵 尾韵 递升；递降
明喻 simile
• 明喻的定义 • 明喻的构成
• 明喻的文化内涵
明喻的定义
• Simile: a figure of speech in which one
转喻 metonymy；借代synecdoche
• 转喻定义 • 英汉对比
• 翻译方法
转喻定义
• Metonymy: a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute or a thing is substituted for the thing itself as in the use of Washington for US government. • 转喻：也叫借代。不直接把所要说的事物名称说 出来，而用跟它有关系的另一种事物的名称代替 它。例如用华盛顿来指代美国政府。
thing is likened to another, in such a way
as to enhance an image.
• 明喻：把甲事物比作乙事物，两者既不同类，又
不同质，只是在某一点上有相似之处。
明喻的构成
• 1）组成 • I wandered alone as a cloud. (“I” 是 Object/tenor本体, “lonely” 是sense喻意, “a cloud” 是image/vehicle喻体)
• He drove as if possessed by the devil.
• 他着魔似地驾车狂奔。
明喻的文化内涵 2
•
个性（peculiarities）
1. 喻意相同，喻体相同或略异
2. 喻意相同，喻体相异 3. 无对应
喻意相同，喻体相同或略异
• know sth./ sb. like the palm of one’s hand • as light as a feather • as cold as ice • as busy as a bee • as cheerful as a lark
• 2)比喻词
• 英语：as…as…, like, as, as if/though • 汉语：像，好像，如，犹如，若，宛若，宛如， 仿佛，如同，跟……一般
明喻的文化内涵 1
• 共性（universals） • 她的脸色苍白而带光泽，仿佛大理石似的；一双 眼睛又黑又大，在黯淡的囚房中，宝石似的闪着 晶莹的光。 • Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell.