科技英语翻译
大学英语四六级翻译--科技类词汇(精炼版)
四六级翻译——科技类词汇1.科技园science and technology park2.高新技术开发区high-tech industrial zones3.信息产业IT (Information Technology)4.电器设备electrical appliance5.电子设备electronic device6.电子商务e-commerce7.人工智能artificial intelligience8.先进技术advanced technology9.尖端技术state-of-the-art technology10.载人航天飞行manned space flight11.发射成功successful launch12.自然科学natural science13.新兴学科new branch of science14.科技成果research achievements15.科学发展观concept of scientific development16.科教兴国revitalize China through science and education17.可持续发展战略strategy of sustainable development18.科技基础设施science and technology infrastructure19.专利，专利权patent20.生态农业environmental-friendly agriculture21.物种起源origin of species22.生物工程bio-technology23.基因工程genetic engineering24.转基因食品GM food (genetically modified food)25.技术产权technology property right26.科技含量technology content27.电脑病毒computer virus28.黑客hacker29.垃圾邮件junk mail30.数码科技digital technology31.虚拟社区virtual community32.网络空间cyber space 网络文化cyber culture33.网民netizen34.克隆cloning 激光laser35.纳米nanometer 粒子particle36.太阳能/ 核能/ 原子能solar/ nuclear/ atomic energy37.突飞猛进advance by leaps and bounds38.技术创新technological innovation39.中国科学院the Chinese Academy of Science40.科学技术是第一生产力Science and technology constitute the foremost productive forces.41.科技前沿the forefront of science and technology42.科技发明的传播和交流dissemination and exchanges of advanced scientific andtechnological inventions。
科技英语的翻译技巧
摘要：本文主要阐述了科技英语的翻译技巧以及应遵循的准则关键词：科技英语；被动语态；名词化结构我们科技工作者在工作中经常需要了解国际国内交通发展的状况，借鉴国内外先进的科学技术或进行学术交流，这样不可避免地要翻阅大量的外文书刊和杂志。
虽然我们在学习普通英语的基础上掌握了几千个单词的词汇量，但对科技英文书刊的查阅仍有较大的困难。
科技英语（English for science and Technology，通常略为EST ），它之所以能同普通英语分道扬镳，形成一门独立的学科，很重要的原因在于它有不同于普通英语的特点，笔者根据自己多年的翻译经验，认为我们要掌握其中的几种技巧。
一、首先要拥有一本好的科技词典学习普通英语几年以后，你大约掌握几千个单词的词汇量，这时你就会发现英语拥有极其丰富多彩的词汇，但在科技文章中，又会对大量的专业词汇和术语而头疼。
有些词晦涩难懂，大而长，看起来吓人，如posttention（后张拉力），prefabricate（预制），意义比较简单，只要查一下词典就行。
有些词在文章中起着举足轻重的作用。
光凭上下文含义猜测其中的含义是行不通的。
另外有许多词比如negotiate这比较常见的是“谈判”的意思，但是当它出现在“negotiate a bad turn”这个词组中，译成“谈判”就不合适，查查词典就知道是“顺利通过”的意思，所以翻译时选择在具体语言环境中最恰当。
一本好的科技词典可以成为你的良师益友，为此笔者推荐《英汉道路词典》《汉英科技大词典》两本较好的词典。
二、科技英语中大量使用被动语态被动语态在普通英语中是最基本的语法，简单易学。
科技英语中大量使用被动语态，不是为了追求文章语言的艺术美，而是为了讲求叙述文章的客观，语言简洁，结构严谨，和普通英语文章有着显著不同，加深读者对所叙述事物的深刻印象，摒弃不必要的东西。
例如：1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments. 大部分主要的公路都是由联邦政府建造和管理。
科技英语翻译复习重点(1)
科技英语翻译复习重点（英译汉篇）一、词语意思翻译1.A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.（直译法）紧固件是指将两个或多个物体通过机械方法固定在一起的硬件装置。
2.Machinery design is either to formulate an engineering plan for the satisfaction ofa specified need or to solve an engineering problem.（直译法）机械设计的目的是为满足特定需求而绘制工程图纸或解决工程问题。
3.In the1970s,integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors futher decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers.（增词法）20世纪70年代，集成电路技术的发展和后续的微处理器的发明进一步缩小了计算机的尺寸，降低了价格，同时加快了运行速度，提高了可靠性。
4.A power reactor has no need of oil,for the heat generated in the uranium pile is the result of nuclear fission,not of combustion.（增词法）原子动力反应堆不需要油，因为铀堆中所产生的热是核裂变的结果，而不是燃烧的结果。
5.The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements.These elements consist of three basic types:structural components, mechanisms,and control components.（省略法）机器的基本机械构件称为机械零件，包括三种基本类型，即：结构构件、机械构件和控制构件。
科技英语翻译中译英常
1、直流电是一种总是沿着同一方向流动的电流。
A diret current is a current flowing always in the same direction.2、阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理．Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.3、地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化．The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night.4、极化产生的异常会远远大于地形引起的异常。
Anomalies due to polarization can be so much larger than those resulting from topography.5、娱乐用水标准的发展是一个棘手的问题。
Development of standards for recreational water is therefore a complicated issue.6、结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持弹性。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so that they hehave elastically in the environmental conditions.7、柔性转子动平衡一直是现代工业中一项很实用的关键技术。
Flexible rotor balancing is a practical and key technique in modern industry.8、你可以采取手动的方法将此服务添加到本地连接里。
You can manually add the service to the local area connection.9、他们特别强调提高电子设备的质量。
科技英语翻译
科技英语翻译科技英语（English for Science and Technology，简称EST）是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体（科技文体）。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，科技实用手段（包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等）的结构描述和操作说明等。
一、科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性，也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯，形成了自身的一些特点，使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上：（一）词汇层面（1）专业术语多。
专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇，其词义常不为专业外读者所明白，如cryogenics （低温学）、norepinephrine （新肾上腺素）等。
这些专业术语的特点是：a. 词形较长，大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄，意义较为明确固定，符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
如：nucleonics （核子学），semisomnus （半昏迷），autoradiography （自动射线照相术），excoriation （表皮脱落）等。
b. 多复合词。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物，如radiophotography （无线电传真），anti-armored fighting vehicle missile（反装甲车导弹）等。
c. 多缩略词。
为使用便利和节省时间，科技英语同经贸英语一样，也有许多缩略词，如cpd （compound化合物），FM （frequency modulation 调频），telesat（telecommunications satellite通讯卫星）等。
（2）准专业术语和词汇多。
科技英语的特点及翻译
科技英语的特点与翻译一、科技英语的特点科技英语（English for science and technology，EST）指与用于科学和技术交流方面的英语口语和书面语。
作为一种重要的英语语体，其特点主要体现在以下几个方面。
1、词汇方面大量使用专业词汇、复合词、缩略词及利用前后缀构成的派生词。
专业词汇意义专一，用来表示明确的含义。
科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语，是因为这两种语言作为英语的重要来源，是世界上成熟最早和最完备的语言中的两种，词汇不再发生词形、词义上的变化，具有稳定性。
2、句子方面多使用长句和被动语态，大量使用名词化结构（nominalization）和非限定动词。
另外，各种成份（如介词短语、形容词及其短语、副词、分词及从句等）作定语并后置，多使用It…that…结构句型、被动结构句型、as结构句型、分词短语结构句型和省略句结构句型等常用句型。
名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可使所含信息量增大，尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实，而非个别行为。
不定式短语、-ing分词短语和-ed分词短语这三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能，可代替各种从句，这样既可缩短句子，行文简练，结构紧凑，又比较醒目。
3、形态方面科技英语在时态运用上有限，多用过去时和现在时。
尤其是多用一般现在时，以表述无时间性的科学定义、定理、公式、现象、过程等。
另外，科技英语多用逻辑性语法词（logical grammatical operators），如表示原因的如because (of)、due (owing) to、as (a result of)、caused by、for等，表示语气转折的如but、however、nevertheless、otherwise、yet等，表示逻辑顺序的如so、therefore、thus、furthermore、moreover、in addition to等。
4、文体方面科技英语注重行文的连贯（coherence）、清晰（clarity）、流畅（fluency），避免行文晦涩、表露个人感情、过多运用修辞手法等。
科技英语原文及简单翻译
How ASIMO WorksIntroduction to How ASIMO WorksWant a robot to cook your dinner, do your homework, clean your house, or get your groceries? Robots already do a lot of the jobs that we humans don't want to do, can't do, or simply can't do as well as our robotic counterparts.Honda engineers have been busy creating the ASIMO robot for more than 20 years. In this article, we'll find out what makes ASIMO the most advanced humanoid robot to date.The Honda Motor Company developed ASIMO, which stands for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, and is the most advanced humanoid robot in the world. According to the ASIMO Web site, ASIMO is the first humanoid robot in the world that can walk independently and climb stairs.Rather than building a robot that would be another toy, Honda wanted to create a robot that would be a helper for people -- a robot to help around the house, help the elderly, or help someone confined to a wheelchair or bed. ASIMO is 4 feet 3 inches (1.3 meters) high, This allows ASIMO to do the jobs it was created to do without being too big and menacing.ASIMO's Motion: Walk Like a HumanHonda researchers began by studying the legs of insects, mammals, and the motion of a mountain climber with prosthetic legs to better understand the physiology and all of the things that take place when we walk -- particularly in the joints. For example, the fact that we shift our weight using our bodies and especially our arms in order to balance was very important in getting ASIMO's walking mechanism right. The fact that we have toes that help with our balance was also taken into consideration: ASIMO actually has soft projections on its feet that play a similar role to the one our toes play when we walk. This soft material also absorbs impact on the joints, just as our soft tissues do when we walk.ASIMO has hip, knee, and foot joints. Robots have joints that researchers refer to as "degrees of freedom." A single degree of freedom allows movement either right and left or up and down. ASIMO has 34 degrees of freedom spread over different points of its body in order to allow it to move freely. There are three degrees of freedom in ASIMO's neck, seven on each arm and six on each leg. The number of degrees offreedom necessary for ASIMO's legs was decided by measuring human joint movement while walking on flat ground, climbing stairs and running.ASIMO also has a speed sensor and a gyroscope sensor mounted on its body. They perform the tasks of:∙sensing the position of ASIMO's body and the speed at which it is moving ∙relaying adjustments for balance to the central computerThese sensors work similarly to our inner ears in the way they maintain balance and orientation.ASIMO also has floor surface sensors in its feet and six ultrasonic sensors in its midsection. These sensors enhance ASIMO's ability to interact with its environment by detecting objects around ASIMO and comparing gathered information with maps of the area stored in ASIMO's memory.To accomplish the job our muscles and skin do in sensing muscle power, pressure and joint angles, ASIMO has both joint-angle sensors and a six-axis force sensor.Unless you know a lot about robotics, you may not fully grasp the incredible milestone it is that ASIMO walks as we do. The most significant part of ASIMO's walk is the turning capabilities. Rather than having to stop and shuffle, stop and shuffle, and stop and shuffle into a new direction, ASIMO leans and smoothly turns just like a human. ASIMO can also self-adjust its steps in case it stumbles, is pushed, or otherwise encounters something that alters normal walking.In order to accomplish this, ASIMO's engineers had to find a way to work with the inertial forces created when walking. For example, the earth's gravity creates a force, as does the speed at which you walk. Those two forces are called the "total inertial force." There is also the force created when your foot connects with the ground, called the "ground reaction force." These forces have to balance out, and posture has to work to make it happen. This is called the "zero moment point" (ZMP).To control ASIMO's posture, engineers worked on three areas of control:∙Floor reaction control means that the soles of the feet absorb floor unevenness while still maintaining a firm stance.∙Target ZMP control means that when ASIMO can't stand firmly and its body begins to fall forward, it maintains position by moving its upper body in the direction opposite the impending fall. At the same time, it speeds up its walking to quickly counterbalance the fall.∙Foot-planting location control kicks in when the target ZMP control has been activated. It adjusts the length of the step to regain the right relationship between the position and speed of the body and the length of the step.ASIMO's Motion: Smooth MovesASIMO can sense falling movements and react to them quickly; but ASIMO's engineers wanted more. They wanted the robot to have a smooth gait as well as do something that other robots can't do -- turn without stopping.When we walk around corners, we shift our center of gravity into the turn. ASIMO uses a technology called "predictive movement control," also called Honda's Intelligent Real-Time Flexible Walking Technology or I-Walk, to accomplish that same thing. ASIMO predicts how much it should shift its center of gravity to the inside of the turn and how long that shift should be maintained. Because this technolgy works in real time, ASIMO can do this without stopping between steps, which other robots must do.Essentially, with every step ASIMO takes, it has to determine its inertia and then predict how its weight needs to be shifted for the next step in order to walk and turn smoothly. It adjusts any of the following factors in order to maintain the right position:∙the length of its steps∙its body position∙its speed∙the direction in which it is steppingWhile reproducing a human-like walk is an amazing achievement, ASIMO can now run at speeds up to 3.7 miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour). In order to qualify as a true running robot, ASIMO must have both feet off the ground for an instant in each step. ASIMO manages to be airborne for .08 seconds with each step while running.Honda engineers encountered an entirely new set of challenges while trying to give ASIMO the ability to run. They gave ASIMO’s torso a degree of freedom to aid in bending and twisting so that the robot could adjust its posture while airborne. Without this ability, ASIMO would lose control while airborne, possibly spinning in the air or tripping when landing.In order to make turns smoothly while running, the engineers enhanced ASIMO's ability to tilt its center of gravity inside turns to maintain balance and counteractcentrifugal force. ASIMO could even anticipate turns and begin to lean into them before starting the turn, much like you would if you were skiing or skating.ASIMO如何工作介绍如何工作。
科技英语翻译
第一章概论1．科技英语翻译的概念翻译包括口译和笔译.在笔译中，又可分为科技翻译、文学翻译、政论文翻译和应用文翻译等等.翻译就是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来".因而，翻译本身并不是一门独立的创造性科学,它既带有创造性，又带有科学性,它是用语言表达的一门艺术，是科学性的再创作。
随着国际学术交流的日益广泛，科技英语已经受到普遍的重视，掌握一些科技英语的翻译技巧是非常必要的。
科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST）。
作为一种重要的英语文体，与非科技英语文体相比,具有词义多、长句多、被动句多、词性转换多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等特点，这些特点都是由科技文献的内容所决定的.因此，科技英语的翻译也有别于其他英语文体的翻译。
2. 科技英语翻译的标准及要求科技英语的语域特征有别于其它语篇体裁。
充分认识和把握好科技英语的语体特征,对于研究科技翻译的标准，从而真正实现翻译中的语际意义转换，达到功能对等具有重要意义.综合以上分析，科技英语翻译的标准及要求可定位于以下几方面。
(一)准确性科技英语由于语场，语旨而决定其翻译也有别于其它翻译形式。
对于一般翻译，译文必须忠实于原文内容。
科技英语翻译除要忠实反映原文内容外，还要确保其信息传递的准确性.科技译文一般不用或很少用"可能",”大概"等模棱两可的修饰语言.因此，准确性是科技英语翻译最重要的标准。
失去了"准确性”,科技翻译就失去了灵魂(许树椿:4MNE)。
要保证科技译文的准确性，译者必须精心研究原文，充分理解原文,然后用准确流畅的译入语表达。
（二）通顺完整性通顺既包括译文的表达,也包括译文的完整.表达是译者在理解原文的基础上,把所理解的东西用另一种语言阐述的过程.这一过程必须在确切理解原文的前提下进行，并且在尽量保持原文表达形式的同时，必须保证译文合乎译入语的规范,行文尽量通顺流畅,简单明了,让读者一看就懂。
科技英语
②并非所有被动语态句子都能起到突出新信息的作用。 基于以上观点，现代科技工作者提倡用主动语态撰写科 技文章。例如《Science》和《Nature》等国际著名刊物在征 稿要求中提出稿件应尽量采用主动语态写作。
翻译例句 本文介绍了热能制冷技术和燃料电池的工作原理及其特 点。针对燃料电池汽车余热浪费大的特点，提出了利用其余热 制冷为燃料电池汽车空调提供冷源的方法，并对其可行性进行 了研究。 译文1：In this paper, the work principles and features of fuel cell as well as refrigeration technique driven by heat energy are introduced. Considering the present fact that a large amount of heat of fuel cell automobile is wasted, the program that cold source is provided for automobile airconditioner with the refrigeration driven by the heat has been proposed and the feasibility of it has been studied. 第一句使用被动语态，该句主语由17个单词构成，而谓语 只有2个单词，造成头重脚轻的结构。第二句为了使用被动语 态，出现了“悬垂分词”，不合英语语法。
It was unsatisfactory for industry to depend on supplies coming from so far away from the industrial areas of Europe. It was always possible that wars or shopping trouble could stop supplies.
15.科技英语翻译
转化法 (conversion)
不通过任何词形上变化，直接转化为另一个词。在转 化过程中，词性有所改变而词义则与转化前的原义仍 保留有若干联系。 radio用无线电通讯(由名词词义“无线电”转化 而来) x-ray用x光检查(由名词词义“X光”转化而来) e-mail发电子邮件(由名词词义“电子邮件”转化 而来) clone使无性繁殖；复制(由名词词义“无性繁殖， 克隆”转化而来) format为„编排格式(由名词词义“格式”转化而 来)
情态动词can和may
这两个情态动词可用来表示客观可能性，而其他则多突出主 观性。
(1)You cannot get AIDS by working or attending school with someone who has the disease ． 与艾滋病患者一起工作或上学不会传染上艾滋病。 (2)Anyone with a personal computer ，a modem and the necessary software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on． 任何人只要有一台个人电脑, 再有一个调制解调器和必要的软件， 就可以把电脑连接到电话线上，然后就能申请上网。 (3)The best way to improve urban air may be to curb the use of cars，even though modem car are far cleaner than earlier ones． 改善城市空气质量最好的办法可能还是控制汽车的使用，尽管现代 汽车比以前的汽车污染要小得多。 (4)There are many methods by which gastric resection may be accomplished． 胃切除可以用许多方法。
《科技英语翻译》课件
CATALOGUE
目录
Common problems and solutions in translating scientific EnglishTraining of Technical English Translation Talents
CHAPTER
Overview of Science and Technology English Translation
Developing reading habits in scientific English
By regularly reading scientific English literature, students can cultivate good reading habits in scientific English, improve reading speed and comprehension ability.
Understanding technical knowledge: Patent documents involve technical content in different fields. By translating patent documents, students can understand technical knowledge in different fields and improve their technical understanding ability.
Context Understanding
Technical English translation requires an understanding of the context in which the text is used Translators need to consider the intended audience, purpose, and domain specific knowledge to ensure accurate translation
科 技 英 语 翻 译
操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。 原文中的两个名词“operation, knowledge”均译为 动词。
（2）被动语态多
据统计，被动语态的句子在科技英语中约占1/3，比 非科技英语中被动句出现的频率高一倍左右，这是因为：
5. The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. 那只敏捷的棕色狐狸跳过了一只懒惰的狗。
二 科技英语构词法
词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的 好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在 结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来 语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二 个特点是构词方法多。除了非科技英语中 常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法 外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法 和字母象形法。
误译：力是任何倾向于产生或阻止运动的推或拉）
④The moment the circuit is completed, a current will start flowing toward the coil. 电路一接通，电流就开始流向线圈。 (the moment …一…就…) (误译：电路被完成这一片刻，一个电流将开 始流向这个线圈。)
否则就会误入歧途。科技英语的特点不仅表
现在科技内容上，而且还表现在其特有的语
言体系上。
二、 科技英语的主要特点 1、语法特点 主要表现在四多，即：
（1）词类转换多 所谓词类转换，即在翻译时将英文的某种词
类译成汉语的另一词类。产生这一现象的根本原 因在于英汉两种语言在表达方式上有很差别，因 此在翻译时，应符合各自的表达习惯。
科技英语的翻译技巧
点 ,因此 ,掌握一些科技英语的翻 分的转换更为频繁 。在忠实于原 在句首 。翻译时 ,必须针对上述各
译技巧是非常必要的 ,下面就分别 文的前提下 ,为使译文通顺 、易懂 , 种差异 ,按汉语规范和表达习惯 ,
加以介绍 。
往往要进行成分转换 ,这是科技英 正确安排各成分在译文中的语序 。
一. 词类转换
2 、先求同 ,后求异 心理学家曹日昌认为 “: 在人的记忆活动中 ,对
结构 ,使混乱的知识组合成有序的知识体系 ,从而体 现知识的内在联系 。锻炼自己的发散 、聚合的思维 能力能使自己所掌握的知识条理分明 、系统严谨 。
需要的时候 ,这些知识可以“召之即来”。 有人说 :掌握了方法 ,就掌握了规律 ;掌握了规律 ,
2. The capacitor is a square with all sides a half complex , and t he complex is still decomposing , but
centimeter long. 电容器为正方形 ,边长 0. 5 厘米 。
just as much cuppric ammonia complex is being decom2 posed in unit time as is being formed.
电子管 收 音 机 的 结 构 不 象 电
四. 省略与补充
视机那样复杂 。(主语)
翻译是两种语言的表达方式
三. 语序颠倒
的转换 ,不是逐字逐句的死译 。因
英 、汉两种语言中的主要成分 此 ,在译文表达过程中 ,必然包括
的语序 ,大体相同 ,即一般遵循下 对原文中某些词省略不译 ,也可能
列规则 :
增补原文中所没有的词 。例如 :
科技英语的翻译
• The way we live will also be affected. We shall work shorter hours and have more time for leisure. There will even be no need to travel to work. • 我们的生活方式也会受到影响：工时将会缩 短，闲暇增多；要办事，甚至不需要远行。
The researchers found a 12 percent reduction in the patients’ blood cholesterol from a level of 349 milligrams per 100 milliters of blood. 研究工作者们发现病人血内胆固醇从每100 毫升血液349毫克这一水平下降了12％。 the transfer of information from one part of the computer to another depends on the electrical current being conducted over wires. 信息从计算机的一个部分传送到另一个部分 靠的是电线中传导的电流。
科技问题的特点
词汇
一、常用词汇的专业化。如 splash/messenger 二、同一词语词义的多专业化。如 transmission/power 三、科技英语除以上两个手段大量吸收语 汇外，还通过现代英语构词法，构成极丰 富多样的科技词汇。
语法
一、词汇的名词化倾向。指抽象名词以及起 名词功用的非限定动词、名词连用。如： Illumination intensity determination = determination of the intensity of illumination 照明强度测定 Power transmission relay system= a relay system for power transmission 送电中继体系
科技英语的翻译方法-第二次1
We learn that sodium or any of its compounds
produces a spectrum（光谱） having a bright
yellow double line by noticing that there is no such line in the spectrum of light when sodium is not present, but that if the smallest quantity of sodium be thrown into the flame or other sources of light, the bright yellow line instantly appears.
信息。
科技英语的翻译标准
要求译者确切地理解和掌握原著的内容，绝不 能主观的发挥译者个人的想法和推测。
信（true）：忠实 达（smooth）：流畅、通顺 专业术语准确
科技英语的翻译标准
专业术语准确
The iron and steel industry The fluid of electricity Combine
钢铁工业
电流
化合（化学术语）
Heat-treatment is used to normalize, to soften or to harden steels.
热处理可以用来对钢正火、退火或淬火。
Example
The machine works properly.
希腊前缀 数字
MonodiTriTetraPent(a)Hex(a)Hept(a)Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve
科技英语中英文对照翻译
mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems.Private mobile radioTerrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications.PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals.One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area.There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units canhear all transmissions provided they are within rage of the mobile and frequencies are allocated for the transmissions. One frequency is used for the forward or downlink, namely base-to-mobile communications. This permits simultaneous two-way communication and greatly reduces the level of interference, but it halves other’s transmissions, which can lead to contention with two mobiles attempting to initiate a call, at the same time, on the uplink in a busy syetem.Although PMR employs relatively simple techniques with analogue speech transmission there have been many enhancements to these systems over the years . Data transmission is now in widespread use in PMR systems using FSK modulation. Data transmission also allows the possibility of hard copy graphics output and it gives direct access to computer services such as databases, etc. Data prembles can also be used, in a selective calling mode, when initiating a transmission to address a special receiver and thus obtain more privacy within the system.15.4.5 Trunked radio for paramilitary use集群无线电的军事使用Another related TDMA mobile radio standard is the European trunked radio(TETRA)network which has been developed as part of the public safety radio communications service(PSRCS) for use by police, utilities, customs office, etc. TETRA in fact is part of wider international collaborations for paramilitary radio use.In these portable radios there is a need for frequency hopping (FH) to give an antieavesdropping capability and encryption for security of transmission to extend military mobile radio capabilities to paramilitary use, i.e. for police, customs and excise offices, etc. these capabilities are included in the multiband interteam radio for the associated public safety communications office in the USA while Europe has adopted the TETRA standard.TETRA is essentially the digital TDMA replacement of the analogue PMR systems. The TETRA standard has spectrum allocations of 380 to 400 and 410 to 430MHz, with the lower band used for mobile transmissions and the upper band for base station use. TETRA mobile have 1 W output power and the base stations 25 W using error with the data throughput rate varying, to meet the required quality of service. TETRA can accommodate up to four users each with a basic speech or data rate of 7.2kbit/s. with coding and signaling overheads, the final transmission rate for the four-user slot is 36 kbit/s. this equipment is large and more sophisticated than a commercial cell phone, and it sells for a very much higher price becase the production runs are much small. However, its advanced capabilities are essential for achieving paramilitary communications which are secure from eavesdropping.15.5 Code division multiple accessAnalogue communication systems predominantly adopt frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where each subscriber is allocated a narrow frequency slot within the available channel. The alternative TDMA(GSM) technique allocates the entire channel bandwidth to a subscriber but constrains the subscriber but constrains the subscriber to transmit only regular short bursts of wideband signal. Both these accessing techniques are well established for long haulterrestrial, satellite and mobile communications as they offer very good utilization of the available bandwidth.15.5.1The inflexibility of these coordinated accessing techniques has resulted in the development of new systems based on the uncoordinated spread spectrum concept. In these systems the bits of slow speed data traffic from each subscriber are deliberately multiplied by a high chip rate spreading code, forcing the low rate (narrowband data signal) to fill a wide channel bandwidth.15.7.2 3G systemsThe evolution of the third generation (3G)system began when the ITU produce the initial recommendations for a new universal mobile telecommunications system(UMTS)[www.] The 3G mobile radio service provides higher data rate services ,with a maximum data rate in excess of 2Mbit/s, but the achievable bit rate is linked to mobility. Multimedia applications encompass services such as voice, audio/video, graphics, data, Internet access and e-mail. These packet and circuit switched services have to be supported by the radio interface and the network subsystem.Several radio transmission technologies(RTT) were evaluated by the ITU and adopted into the new standard, IMT-2000. the European standardization body for 3G, the ETSI Special Mobile Group, agreed on a radio access scheme for 3G UMTS universal terrestrial radio access(UTRA) as an evolution of GSM. UTRA consists of two modes : frequency division duplex(FDD) where the uplink and downlink are transmitted on different frequencies; and time division duplex(TDD) where the uplink and downlink are time multiplexed onto the same carrier frequency. The agreement assigned the unpaired bands (i.e. for UTRA TDD ). TD-CDMA is a pure CDMA based system. Both modes of UTRA have been harmonised with respect to basic system parameters such as carrier spacing, chip rate and frame length to ensure the interworking of UTRA with GSM.The 3G proposal were predominantly based wideband CDMA(WCDMA) and a mix of FDD and TDD access techniques. WCDMA is favoured for 3G in poor propagation environments with a mix of high modest speed data traffic. It is generally accepted that CDMA is the preferred accesstechnique and, with the increase in the data rate, then the spreading modulation needs to increase to wideband transmission.WCDMA is based on 3.84Mchip/s spreading codes with spreading ratio, i.e. , K values, of 4-256 giving corresponging data ratas of 960-15 kbit/s. the upper FDD uplink band I from 1920-1980 MHz is paired with a 2110-2170 MHz downlink. In addition uplink bands II & III at 1850-1910 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz are also paired, respectively, with 1930-1990 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz allocations. the system is configured on a 10 ms frame with 15 individual slots to facilitate TDD as well as FDD transmissions. TDD is more flexible as time-slots can be dynamically reassigned to uplink and downlink functions, as required for asymmetric transfer of large files or video on demand traffic. 3G WCDMA systems use an adaptive multirate speech coder with encoded rates of 4.75-12.2 kbit/s. receivers commonly use the easily integrated direct conversion design, in place of the superheterodyne design . receiver sensitivities are typically -155dBm.The 3GPP2 standard aims to achieve a wide area mobile wireless packet switched capability with CDMA2000 1×EV DO revision A (sometimes called IS-856A). Here 1×refers to the single carrier 1.25 Mchip/s system. It achieves a 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and a delay sensitive services. The 3GPP standard has gone through many release with R4 in 2001 which introduced packet data services and R6 in 2005 to further increase the available data transmission rate . R6 pioneers the use of high-speed downlink packet access and multimedia broadcast multicast services which offer reduced delays and increased uplink data rates approaching 6 Mbit/s.In parallel with the European activities extensive work on 3G mobile radio was also performed in Japan. The Japanese standardisation body also chose WCDMA, so that the Japanese and European proposals for the FDD mode were already aligned closely. Very similar concepts have also been adopted by the North American standardization body.In order to work towards a global 3G mobile radio standard, the third generation partnership project(3GPP), consisting of members of the standardization bodies in Europe, the USA, Japan, Korea and China, was formed. It has merged the already well harmonized proposals of the regional standardization bodies to work on a common 3G international mobile radio standard, still called UTRA. The 3GPP Project 2(3GPP2), on the other hand, works towards a 3G mobile radio standard based on cdmaOne/IS-95 evolution, originally called CDMA2000.比起相对稳定、适度的技术发展是发生在宽带微波通信系统,有长期快速发展和扩大部署的新的移动个人通讯系统。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1.This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves specialconsideration.这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中，因此值得专门考虑一下。
（时态）2.If we had known the properties of the material, we should have made full use of it.要是当时了解这种材料的特性的话，我们就会充分利用它了。
（虚拟语气）3.Let P represent the energy which a machine transforms into useful work, and T the totalinput work, the efficiency of the engine can be expressed as P/T.假设P表示机器已经变成有用功的能量，T表示总输入功，那么，发电机的效率可以表示为P/T。
4.Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。
（被动语态）5.The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail.太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化，将它向外拉牵，扯出一条长尾。
6.Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受各种活动物体的图像。
（名词化结构）7.An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquiredfrom the study of a representative particular science.要了解科学研究最本质的特点，最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。
8.Apart from the international agencies controlled by the U.N., many scientific andtechnological organizations, both governmental and privately owned, are pooling their resources and incorporating themselves into supra-national bodies; a good example is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, with over 20 member-countries throughout the world.除去联合国直属的国际机构之外，许多科技组织不论是政府的还是私营的，都在将它们的资源汇集起来并将自己合并成超国家的组织。
由世界上20多个国家参加的经济合作与发展组织就是一个范例。
9.The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste onwhich during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth.月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界，是一片多山的不毛之地。
在酷热的白昼，太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰，而漫长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。
(多长句和逻辑关联词)puting machines are essentially machines for recording numbers , operating withnumbers, and giving the result in numerical form.计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。
（介词的广泛使用）11.The ON condition makes the data equipment ready to the communication equipment tobe connected to the communication channel.数据（存储）设备在接通状态时通过通道与通信设备连接。
12.Then the surgeon cut him open and took out the appendix and stitched him up again.医生切开他的腹部，割除了阑尾，又把他腹部缝好。
13.Design is a series of operations involved in taking a product from a conceptual stage to aform that meets both company goals and customer expectations.设计是一系列的操作，包含该产品从构思阶段到同时满足公司目标和客户期望的结构样式。
14.After the spring has been close to its solid height , the compressive force is removed.弹簧被压缩到接近并紧高度之后就没有压力了。
15.To get an idea of electrical pressure , let us consider a simple analogy.为了得出电压的概念，让我们考虑一个简单的类似情况。
16.This laser beam covers a very narrow range of frequencies.这种激光束的频率范围很窄。
17.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according as the sun is high up in theheaven or near the horizon.物体投影的长短取决于太阳是高挂天空还是靠近地平线。
18.Earthquakes seem less easy to be controlled by man than weather.人类要控制地震似乎比控制天气更难。
（语序调整法）19.These waves, which are commonly called radio waves, travel with the velocity of light.这些电波一般以光的速度进行传播，它们通常被称为无线电波。
20.To picture the stress state, select the original a reference system at the center of thecontact area with x parallel to the cylindrical axes, y perpendicular to the plane formed by the two cylinder axes, and z in the plane of the contact force.为描述应力状态，选择参考坐标系，原点选在接触面的中心，x轴平行于圆柱体的轴线，y轴垂直圆柱体轴线所形成的平面，z轴处于接触力所在的平面。
（重组法）21.This article aims at discussing new developments in component material and techniques.本文的目的在于讨论元件材料和元件技术的新发展。
（动词转换为名词）22.These products tend to react with soap and detergents and produce soap scum.这些产品往往会跟肥皂和洗涤剂发生反应，进而产生肥皂浮渣。
（动词转换为副词）23.The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in laborproductivity.使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。
（名词转换为动词）24.This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route.对确定最佳工艺流程而言，这次实验是绝对必要的。
（名词转换为形容词）25.Both of the substances are not soluble in water.这两种物质都不溶于水。
（形容词转换为动词）26.This metal is less hard than that one.这种金属的硬度比那种差。
（形容词转换为名词）27.The capacity to move information quickly and inexpensively is due to entirely new usesof communications.快速廉价的信息传递是由于通讯设备彻底更新的原因。
（副词转换为形容词）28.It is demonstrated that dust is extremely hazardous.已经证实，粉尘具有极大的危害。
（副词转换为形容词）29.Chlorine is very active chemically.氯的化学性能很活跃。
（副词转换为名词）30.After careful investigation they found the design behind.经过仔细研究后，他们发现这个设计落后了。
（副词转换为动词）31.The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。