《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch11
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《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch7
10/29 10/29
Democracy Crops CBS
49 51
51 49
Election Eve Polls - U.S. Presidential Candidates, 2004
Date Begun Agency Bush Kerry
10/30
10/30
Fox/OpinDynamics
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Reliance on available subjects: • Only justified if less risky sampling methods are not possible. • Researchers must exercise caution in generalizing from their data when this method is used.
Election Eve Polls - U.S. Presidential Candidates, 2004
Date Begun 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/29 Agency Fox/OpinDynamics TIPP CBS/NYT ARG ABC Fox/OpinDynamics Bush 50 53 52 50 51 49 Kerry 50 47 48 50 49 51
The theoretically specified aggregation of study elements. Study population - Aggregation of elements from which the sample is actually selected. Element - Unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch14
Constructing Bivariate Tables
Divide cases into groups according to the attributes of the independent variable. Describe each subgroup in terms of attributes of the dependent variable. Read the table by comparing independent variable subgroups in terms of an attribute of the dependent variable.
Percentaging a Table
G.
Conclusions While a majority of both men and women favored sexual equality, women were more likely than men to do so. Thus, gender appears to be one of the causes of attitudes toward sexual equality.
Measurement
Average Measure of central tendency. Mean Result of diving the sum of the values by the total number of cases.
Measurement
Mode The most frequently occurring attribute. Median Middle attribute in the ranked distribution of observed attributes.
社会研究方法艾尔巴比双语ChPPT课件
项研究，看是否每次都得到同样结果
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Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法 3. Selective observation 选择性观察
•
Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern. 找出不符合一般情形的
• Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理论旨在系统地解释对生活中某 一方面的观察
• Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果 • Data Analysis - the comparison of what is logically expected
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Answer: D
• Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
• 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的，来获取所需的知识
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Question
• You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to: A. illogical reasoning. B. inaccurate observation. C. selective observation. D. over-emphasis on tradition. E. overgeneralization.
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Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法 3. Selective observation 选择性观察
•
Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern. 找出不符合一般情形的
• Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理论旨在系统地解释对生活中某 一方面的观察
• Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果 • Data Analysis - the comparison of what is logically expected
第8页/共55页
Answer: D
• Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
• 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的，来获取所需的知识
第18页/共55页
Question
• You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to: A. illogical reasoning. B. inaccurate observation. C. selective observation. D. over-emphasis on tradition. E. overgeneralization.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch
Social Science Paradigms: Social Darwinism
Comte’s view that science would replace religion and metaphysics by basing knowledge on observations. Comte coined positivism, in contrast to what he regarded as negative elements in the Enlightenment.
Social Science Paradigms: Structural Functionalism
A social entity, such as an organization, can be viewed as an organism. A social system is made up of parts, each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole. This view looks for the “functions” served by the various components of society.
Chapter 2
Paradigms, Theory, And Research
Chapter Outline
Introduction Some Social Science Paradigms Elements of Social Theory Two Logical Systems Revisited Deductive Theory Construction Inductive Theory Construction The Links Between Theory and Research
社会研究方法艾尔巴比双语Ch
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
might be called the science of finding out. ▪ 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
找解答的科学
Question
▪ How do individuals learn all they need to know? A. personal experience 个人体验 B. Discovery 探究发现 C. from what others tell us 别人说的 D. all of these choices 以上都是
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
might be called the science of finding out. ▪ 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
找解答的科学
Question
▪ How do individuals learn all they need to know? A. personal experience 个人体验 B. Discovery 探究发现 C. from what others tell us 别人说的 D. all of these choices 以上都是
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
社会研究方法 全套PPT
公式表示： P1(问题) TT(试验性理论)
EE(排除错误)
P2（新问题） ……
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库恩（T.Kuhn）的“范式”概念
其代表作《科学革命的结构》（1962）
范式是指研究、观察问题时的角度、视野和参照框架 。
科学发展动态模式为：前科学时期
常规科学
时期
反常和危机
科学革命
新的
常规科学时期……
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2. 社会研究方法是一种科学的研究社会的方法，它 的特殊价值就在于提供探究事物的合乎逻辑和有利于观察的 方法，帮助我们超越个人的偏见、超越个人的眼界来看世界。 通常我们不断地希望逃避现实的社会问题，而转向和自身 利益有关的事物。社会科学研究提供了一个机会，让我们面 对问题，并且体验如何改变世界。
（2）作用：广泛、一般状况 客观、精确地解释社会现象 较精确地研究人们的意见、态度
（3）局限性：不深入，信息不详细 无法了解具体的社会生活环境或行为过程 资料的准确性受到影响
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4、定性研究
（1）特点：只研究少数个案 深入、细致研究 无结构、非标准化、资料无法汇总统计 主观分析
（2）适用范围：解剖一两个有代表性的社会单位 了解社会现象发展变化的具体过程 了解人们行为、态度的具体表现以及行为动机 研究独特的事物和人物
2020/7/9
《SPSS FOR WINDOWS 高级应用教程》 阮桂元等 电子工业出版社 《SPSS FOR WINDOWS 统计分析教程》 洪楠等 电子工业出版社 《SPSS FOE WINDOWS 从入门到精通》 卢纹岱等 电子工业出版社
2020/7/9
序言
• 讲授社会研究方法的概念与特征、与传统研究 方法的比较、社会研究方法的一般过程以及社会研 究方法的知识体系，使学生对社会研究方法有总体 的了解。 • 方法论的讲解是本章的重点，定量和定性研究 的比较是本章的难点，反复强调。
社会研究方法 艾尔巴比课件 实验法
（四）实验法的基本原理
实验研究是为了建立变量间因果关系，通常研究者预先提出一种因果 关系的尝试性假设，明确被引入的自变量和测量的因变量是什么，然 后通过实验操作来进行检验。 实验法的逻辑依据是差异法。假设变量间具有因果关系是实验法的逻 辑起点。实验过程中必须保证自变量是实验过程的唯一干预因子。 一般来说，如果我们无法对一个研究课题中的自变量进行干预，那么， 此课题就不适于运用实验法来研究。
注意：1、实验者自觉或不自觉地只注意那些与假设一致的现象，研究结论不全面或不真实； 2、自觉或不自觉地诱导或暗示实验对象，使实验结果产生偏向； 3、实验对象可能因为自己市实验对象自觉不自觉的改变行为； 4、实验对象在知道实验目的和内容后，心理生理发生微妙变化偏离实际情况； 例如：在某项教学教法的应用实验，有的学生无意了解主持实验者是有名望学者。还了解到实验目的意图。 可能有意按实验者意愿做出反应，影响准确性和客观性。
3 因此实验法适用于假设检验
15
举例：
Eg：
放映有关黑人对社会发展做贡献的纪录片 （变量操作）
测出实验对 象对黑人偏 见的程度
Text in here
Text in here
再测实验对 象的偏见程 度
实验研究的一般过程：问题→假设→变量操纵→比 较→揭示因果关系
二、古典实验（实验的主要组成部分）
准 备 阶 段
实 施 阶 段
（六）实验的三项基本工作内容
在上述的各步骤中，有三项内容与其它方法差别较大。也可以说它们是具体实施 一次实验的三项基本工作内容。
1
2
3
变量的选择 和分类
变量的控制
变量的测量
挑选有关研究 课题之因素
分析因素之 关系
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 Personal Inquiry 个人研究 Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Chapter Outline
Looking for Reality 寻求真实 The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 The Ethics of Social Research 社会研究的伦理
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
might be called the science of finding out. 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
社会研究方法双语教学课件
1. Purposes of Literature Review
– To avoid redundant research and try to make new
B. Sampling survey (抽样调查)
Careful probability sampling provides a group of respondents whose characteristics may be taken to reflect those of the larger population, and carefully constructed standardized questionnaires provide data in the same form from all respondents.
Prediction(预测)
For example, the goal of regression analysis is find out the relationship between two or more variables.
2. Types of research methods
Procedures of social research
Preparatory stage(准备阶段) Data collection stage (收集资料阶段) Analysis stage (分析阶段) Summary stage (总结阶段)
Chapter 2 research design
For example, a trend study that showed that Candidates A and B each had exactly half of the voters on September first and on October first as well could indicate that none of the electorate had changed voting plans, that all of the voters had changed their intentions, or something between. A panel study would eliminate this confusion by showing what kinds of voters switched from A to B and what kinds switched from B to A, as well as other facts.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch5
Answer: E
Gender, religious affiliation, political party affiliation and birthplace are examples of nominal measures.
Kaplan’s Classes
Things Scientists Measure Direct observables - things that can be observed simply and directly. Indirect observables - things that require more subtle observations. Constructs - based observed.
Question
Which of the following are examples of nominal measures? A. gender B. religious affiliation C. political party affiliation D. birthplace E. all of these choices
If several different indicators all represent the same concept, all of them will behave the same way the concept would behave if it were real and could be observed. If women are more compassionate, we should be able to observe that using a reasonable measure of compassion. If women are more compassionate only on some indicators, we should see if the indicators represent different dimensions of compassion.
社会研究方法艾尔巴比英文pptCh4
How to Design a Research Project
5. Decide whom or what to study. 6. Collect empirical data. 7. Process the data. 8. Analyze the data. 9. Report your findings.
Purpose of Exploratory Studies
▪ Satisfy researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding.
▪ Test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study.
▪ This contrasts with the idiographic model, in which we seek a complete, in-depth understanding of a single case.
Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
1. A statistical correlation between the two variables.
How to Design a Research Project
1. Define the purpose of your project. 2. Specify exact meanings for the concepts
you want to study. 3. Choose a research method. 4. Decide how to measure the results.
2. The cause takes place before the effect. 3. There is no third variable that can
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch13
Concept Mapping NhomakorabeaPutting concepts in a graphical format.
An Example of Concept Mapping
Using a Spreadsheet for Qualitative Analysis
Quick Quiz
1. Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as______________________. A. feminist research B. quantitative analysis C. qualitative analysis D. none of these choices
Answer: C
Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as qualitative analysis.
2. Which of the following are different ways a researcher may look for patterns in a particular research topic? A. frequencies B. magnitudes C. structures D. all of these choices
Case Oriented Analysis
Analysis that aims to understand a particular case or several cases by looking at the details of each.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch10
Answer: A
Naturalism is an old tradition in qualitative research based on the assumption that an objective social reality exists and can be observed and reported accurately.
A report on social life that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation.
Ethnomethodology
An approach to the study of social life that focuses on the discovery of implicit, usually unspoken assumptions and agreements.
Question
When you use field research, you’re confronted with: A. decisions about the role you’ll play as an observer B. your relations with the people you’re observing C. both a and b D. none of these choices
Reactivity
The problem that the subjects of social research may react to the fact of being studied, thus altering their behavior from what it would have been normally.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文 ch9
Questions
▪ _________________ questions have a respondent select an answer from among a list provided. A. open-ended B. pretest C. experimental D. closed-ended
▪ He found the way programs were identified impacted their support.
Wording
More Support
Less Support
Assistance to the poor Welfare
Halting rising crime rate Law enforcement
▪ TDE - touchtone data entry. ▪ VR - voice recognition.
Research ▪ Secondary Analysis
Topics Appropriate to Survey Research
▪ Descriptive ▪ Exploratory ▪ Explanatory
Respondent
▪ Person who provides data for analysis by responding to a survey questionnaire.
Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction
▪ Be aware of issues with ordering items. ▪ Include instructions for the questionnaire. ▪ Pretest all or part of the questionnaire.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch17
▪ Usually a good source, although still subject to error.
▪ Verify (crosscheck) data wherever possible.
▪ Web citations, like other bibliographic references, should be complete—allowing the reader to locate and review the materials cited.
Evaluating a Web Source
▪ Who/what is the author of the web ▪ Is the site advocating a particular view? ▪ Does the site give accurate and complete
references? ▪ Are the data up-to-date?
Answer: A
▪ A search engine is a computer program designed to locate where specific terms appear on websites throughout the World Wide Web.
Official Data
Quick Quiz
1. Most original research is seen as an __________ of what has previously been learned about. A. cause B. replacement C. extension D. none of these choices
Answer: D
▪ Verify (crosscheck) data wherever possible.
▪ Web citations, like other bibliographic references, should be complete—allowing the reader to locate and review the materials cited.
Evaluating a Web Source
▪ Who/what is the author of the web ▪ Is the site advocating a particular view? ▪ Does the site give accurate and complete
references? ▪ Are the data up-to-date?
Answer: A
▪ A search engine is a computer program designed to locate where specific terms appear on websites throughout the World Wide Web.
Official Data
Quick Quiz
1. Most original research is seen as an __________ of what has previously been learned about. A. cause B. replacement C. extension D. none of these choices
Answer: D
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Answer: A
Units of analysis are the individual units that we make descriptive and explanatory statements about.
4. In the content analysis of __________, sampling may occur at any or all of several levels. A. written prose B. television C. the internet D. none of these choices
Answer: B
Existing statistics should always be considered a supplemental source of data.
6. When we base research on an analysis of data that already exist, we face problems of: A. repeatability B. validity C. generalization D. none of these choices
Question
Which of the following may be examined in content analysis? A. books B. magazines C. web pages D. all of these choices
Answer: D
Books, magazines, and web pages may be examined in content analysis.
Answer: D
Content analysis, analysis of existing statistics, and comparative and historical research are types of unobtrusive research methods.
2. Which of the following are usually qualitative? A. field research B. comparative and historical research C. both a and b D. none of these choices
Comparative and Historical Analysis
Cautions: Can't trust the accuracy of records official or unofficial, primary or secondary. Must be wary of bias in data sources.
Answer: A
In the content analysis of written prose sampling may occur at any or all of several levels.
5. Existing statistics should always be considered a _____________ source of data. A. primary B. supplemental C. tertiary D. all of these choices E. none of these choices
Methods of studying social behavior without affecting it.
Types of Unobtrusive Research
Content analysis - examine written documents such as editorials. Analyses of existing statistics. Historical/comparative analysis - historical records.
Can be the main source of data or a supplemental source of data. Often existing data doesn't cover the exact question. Reliability is dependent on the quality of the statistics.
Answer: D
Unobtrusive research does not require the researcher to intrude on what he or she is studying.
Content Analysis
Study of recorded human communications.
Quick Quiz
1. Which of the following are types of unobtrusive research methods? A. content analysis B. analysis of existing statistics C. comparative and historical research D. all of these choices
Chapter 11
Unobtrusive Research
Chapter Outline
Introduction Content Analysis Analyzing Existing Statistics Comparative and Historical Research
Unobtrusive Research
Answer: C
Field research and comparative and historical research are usually qualitative.
3. _________________ are the individual units that we make descriptive and explanatory statements about. A. units of analysis B. artifacts C. groups D. all of these choices
Weaknesses of Content Analysis
Limited to the examination of recorded communications. Problems of validity are likely.
A Few Possible Units of Analysis for Content Analysis
Strengths of Content Analysis
Economy of time and money. Easy to repeat a portion of the study if necessary. Permits study of processes over time. Researcher seldom has any effect on the subject being studied. Reliability.
Answer: C
Secondary analysis occurs when you obtain a copy of someone else’s data and undertake your own statistical analysis.
Some Positive and Negative Aspects of Bureaucracy
Example of Recording Sheet for TV Violence
Sample Tally Sheet (Partial)
Coding
Process of transforming raw data into a standardized form.
Content
Manifest content - The visible, surface content. Latent content - The underlying meaning of the content.
Comparative and Historical Research
Involves the use of historical methods by sociologists, political scientists and other social scientists.
Analyzing Existing Statistics
Answer: B
When we base research on an analysis of data that already exist, we face problems of validity.
Question
Which type of research does not require the researcher to intrude on what he or she is studying? A. quantitative research B. qualitative field research C. survey research D. unobtrusive reseaf the following occurs when you obtain a copy of someone else’s data and undertake your own statistical analysis? A. using quasi official statistics B. using official statistics C. secondary analysis D. none of these choices