跨文化交际课件第七章非语言交流

Nonverbal communication, its study areas
• Each of these broad areas include over 20 topics. Below are some of the common topics most communication theorists address: • 1. time language (chronemics): punctuality, promptness, time orientation, what is early or late, long or short, etc. • 2. space language (proxemics): body distance and body touch • 3. body language (kinesics): posture (the way the body is held), stance (the way of standing), gesture, facial expression, eye behavior, appearance (including clothing, cosmetics, hair style and smell), etc. • 4. paralanguage (voice modulation): speed, volume, pause, silence, etc.
punctual, on schedule, on Monochronic Time (M-Time) time, to the minute, on the
• M-Time cultures place great emphasis on schedules. • Two striking features of M-Time are punctuality and promptness. • M-Time is characterized by cutting time into bits and scheduling one thing at a time.
Nonverbal Communication
It’s not what he said, but the way he said it. English Saying There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lips. William Shakespeare
Functions
• Repeating
• Complementing
• Substituting
• Regulating
• Contradicting
Time Language (Chronemics)
• Hall elaborated on two time systems: Monochronic Time (M-Time) and Polychronic Time (P-Time). • Northern American, Western and Northern European cultures are typical M-Time cultures. • Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are P-Time cultures.
Nonverbal communication, its study areas
• Nonverbal communication covers four areas: time language (chronemics), space language (proxemics), body language (kinesics), and paralanguage (voice modulation).
Are low-context and need information. are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.
Case 1
• Once, a U.S. diplomat, new to an African country, was eager to meet with a high-level government official. After waiting for about two weeks, he became impatient and pressed for an interview. It was grudgingly permitted. He arrived at the agreed time but was made to wait. 15 minutes passed; he was on pins and needles. He demanded an answer from the official’s aid. But there was none. An hour passed before he was finally ushered in. To his surprise, however, there were quite a number of guests present. The official was not prepared to receive him alone. • What went wrong? Who was to blame?
• Research suggests that 93% of the message was transmitted by voice tone and facial expressions, whereas only 7% was transmitted by words. (Mehrabian A. & wiener M., 1967)
• Prof. Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director’s signature. The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment. Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.
hour, at the appointed time, at the stated time, in time, in good time, timely, well-timed, perfect timing.
Polychronic Time
• P-Time practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. • People from P-Time cultures schedule several activities at the same time, and the time for them is more flexible and more human-centered.
Teaching Objectives
• • • • Definition ClassifFra Baidu bibliotekcation Function Content
Definition
• Nonverbal communication refers to transmission or messages by a medium other than speech or writing.
Case 2
• Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style. Quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. Prof. Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o’clock on Thursday morning. When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof. Wang’s office at the exactly ten o’clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled and continued to talk with the other teacher. After five minutes, he finished his conversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation.
Monochronic people
Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously.
Polychronic people
Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are high-context and already have information. are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.