2021年语言学概论考研真题与考点复习复旦大学

合集下载

2021复旦大学汉语国际教育专硕考研真题经验参考书

2021复旦大学汉语国际教育专硕考研真题经验参考书

今年当我在上海查到复试成绩的时候,忍不住大哭了一场,这条路对我来说太太艰难了,一个普通二本的理科生,跨专业报考某985大学汉语国际教育专硕,朋友家人老师包括我自己当时都觉得不太可能,可是我做到了,感谢自己这一年多的付出,感谢所有给予我帮助的人。

写这篇帖子是想激励更多拥有梦想的人,如果大家准备考研就毫无保留地死磕到底吧,不负自己不负未来。

我报考的某大学汉语国际教育专硕,考四门科目,两门公共课两门专业课,这边和大家分享下我备考的一些经验和建议。

①政治我是理科生,政治好几年没碰了,自己复习的话很吃力而且毫无章法,所以我是报的培训班,大纲出来以后我立刻就买了,我没有着急做题,7月份开始我用了半个月左右把大纲对着参考书进行知识点的勾划,同时准备了一本很厚的记录本,把相同的相关联的知识点记录在一起,方便集中复习,这也是可以帮助你去理清思路搭建体系的。

然后7月中旬到8月底,一个半月的时间都在看书背书,每天起床后背诵2小时,睡前1小时,书本啃完以后就要练题了,9月份开始做的是和李凡的《政治新时器》,这个我个人觉得还可以但是也有人说不好,我每做完一章题除了对答案背错题之外,我会把那章题在书本中的知识点再看一遍加深记忆。

12月份开始,我第三遍看大纲,同时根据自己整理的记录本再一次进行知识点的背诵,每天额外抽出一小时时间上网关注热点新闻。

给大家两点复习政治的建议:1、大纲和书本很重要,一定要通读整本书;2、找到每本书之间的关联点,比如可以以时间节点来,搭建体系和建立联系进行背诵。

②英语我报考的学校考的是英语一,难度还是挺高的,英语这门备考需要背单词、做真题。

考研英语差不多要背到5500个单词,考的多是熟悉单词的生僻含义,然后句子也很长,所以会有难度。

我用的是学姐推荐的《一本单词》,这本书里展示的单词记忆起来非常方便,因为是在真题的情境下去记忆的,比传统的单词书要好很多,学习起来效率也快。

我在9月份的时候每天花2小时去背单词,背了一个半月词汇部分差不多是掌握了。

语言学概论2021期末复习资料.

语言学概论2021期末复习资料.

语言学概论2021期末复习资料.语言学概论2021期末复习资料一、单项选择题1.研究语言的结构,主要是研究( A.语音、词汇和语义、语法三个部分。

2.语言的底层是一套音位,上层是符号和符号的序列,可以分为若干级,第一级和第二级分别是( B.语素、词,第三级是由词构成的句子。

3.从意义和作用看,词可以分为( D.实词和虚词两大类。

4.下列说法正确的是( B.语法的聚合规则是潜在的5.词汇的变化主要体现在旧词的消亡和新词的产生、( A. 词语的替换和词义的演变三个方面。

1.下列说法中( D.“留心、老鼠、impossible”都是合成词是正确的。

2.“上帝”、“天堂”、“妖怪”、“神仙”等词的词义是( D.对现实现象的歪曲反映。

3.语言符号的任意性特点说明了( D.语言是一种特有的社会现象。

4.语言成分按线性次序组合起来所形成的关系是( B.组合关系。

5.汉语的普通话,以北京语音为标准音,以北方话为基础方言,以( D.典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范。

1.从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( C.音素。

2.汉语拼音方案是以(C拉丁字母为基础制订的。

3.汉语拼音中的?、c、h,国际音标分别写作( B y ts? x 。

4.下列说法,(A音高具有区别意义的作用。

是正确的。

5.下列说法,只有( D频率越多,声音就越高。

正确。

6.对发音器官功能的描述,(B舌头的活动,起了调节共鸣器形状的作用。

是正确的。

7.关于元音和辅音的区别的描述,(C发辅音气流受阻,发元音气流不受阻。

是正确的。

8.下列汉语拼音和国际音标对应正确的一组是( C h-[x] 。

9.下列发音方法完全相同的一组辅音是( D [t]-[k] 。

10.下列各组元音区别的描述,( A i和y的区别是舌位前后不同。

是错误的。

11.下列各组辅音,区别特征为清浊对立的一组是( B[t]-[d]。

12.下列说法,( A 音位具有区别意义的作用是正确的。

全国2021年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论00541试题及答案

全国2021年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论00541试题及答案

全国2021年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论00541试题及答案一、单选题1.下面各项中属于黏着语的是A、英语B、维吾尔语C、汉语D、佛莱芒语2.秦始皇名赢政,秦代把正月叫“端月”,这是为了A、讨口彩B、说吉祥话C、避讳D、委婉3.拟声标记用“汪汪”表示狗吠、“喵喵”表示猫叫,说明语言符号有一定的A、任意性B、约定性C、随机性D、理据性4.“危楼高百尺,手可摘星辰”采用的修辞手法是A、仿拟B、排比C、夸张D、比拟5.我国古代的“雅言”属于A、通用语B、洋泾浜C、混合语D、替换语6.下面各项中属于宣传体作品的是A、新闻访谈B、平面广告C、报告文学D、学术论文7.儿童掌握自己母语的主要途径是A、语言学习B、语言获得C、语言强制D、语言训练8.下面各项中属于惯用语的是A、毛茸茸B、开前门C、半瓶醋D、音体美9.从社会方言的角度来看,“红案”“呆账”“码洋”都属于A、行话B、黑话C、土话D、隐语10.下面各项中属于应用语言学的是A、历史语言学B、比较语言学C、普通语言学D、社会语言学11.下面各项属于流水对的是A、感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心B、良言一句三冬暖,恶语伤人六月寒C、明月松间照,清泉石上流D、野火烧不尽,春风吹又12.下面各项属于语言发展特点的是A、同一性B、生成性C、不平衡性D、离散性13.《说文解字》分析汉字结构的原则是A、五经B、六书C、七艺D、七略14.传说中的炎帝姓姜、黄帝姓姬,说明姓A、产生于母系社会B、由母亲取C、由女性发明D、是下等人才有的15.下面各项中属于借词的是A、逻辑B、艺术C、黑马D、超市16.“我再也不玩游戏了”属于行事行为中的A、指令类B、表态类C、表述类D、表情类17.饮食习惯属于文化中的A、制度文化B、原始文化C、物质文化D、资本主义文化18.“吃苹果”中“吃”和“苹果”的关系是A、说明关系B、修饰关系C、聚合关系D、组合关系19.下面各项中属于浊音的是A、[s]B、[p]C、[ts]D、[b]20.儿童语言发展进入单词句阶段的时间一般是A、3岁左右B、2岁左右C、1岁左右D、6个月左右二、名词解释21.语言符号的线性特征22.双语现象23.负迁移24.大脑单侧化现象三、简答题25.通常到别人家吃饭无论饭菜是否可口,客人都会称赞饭菜丰盛、厨艺高超。

(完整word版)00541语言学概论复习题及答案

(完整word版)00541语言学概论复习题及答案

语言学概论复习题(课程代码00541)一、单项选择题1.主张把语言和言语分开的代表学者是【】A.乔姆斯基B.索绪尔C.布隆菲尔德D.洪堡特2.中国将传统的音韵、文字、训诂、虚词等研究统称为【】A.小学B.经学C.语言学D.文字学3.音高主要决定于【】A.发音体振动的振幅B.发音体振动的频率C.发音体振动的时间D.发音体振动的声波形式4.汉语普通话的jìsuàn jī(计算机)可以切分出的音素数量为【】A.3个B.6个C.7个D.8个5.汉语普通话语音系统中,可以将拼音b和p区分开来的区别特征是【】A.送气与不送气B.清音与浊音C.双唇音与舌面音D.塞音与塞擦音6.北京话中将“慢”[man]+“慢儿”[mar]读作“慢慢儿”[mai mar]属于语流音变中的【】A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落7.下列不是成语的是【】A.过河拆桥B.风风火火C.醉翁之意不在酒D.爱屋及乌8.在汉语中管某种东西叫“书shū”,英语中叫“book”,这反应了语汇在产生时的【】A.理据性B.普遍性C.任意性D.民族性9.下列属于借词的是【】A.尴尬B.看好C.拜会D.袈裟10.下列属于体词属性范畴的是【】A.体B.态C.数D.时11.“三人行必有我师”是《论语》中的名句,它至今仍被人广泛引用,且理解起来不大费力,这是由于语言的【】A.抽象性B.递归性C.系统性D.稳定性12.词义最基本和最核心的部分是【】A.通俗意义B.非通俗意义C.理性意义D.非理性意义13. 把句子分成“单句”和“复句”,这种分类是【】A.句子的句型类B.句子的句式类C.句子的功能类D.句子的繁简类14. “天气凉了”和“这汤太热,把它凉一凉”中的“凉”是【】A.同音关系B.多义关系C.同形关系D.同义关系15. 文字起源于【】A.结绳B.图画和契刻C.系珠D.契木16. 创制一种文字的成败很大程度上最终要取决于【】A.政府的法令B.文字是否生动C.使用这种文字的人民D.文字的创制者17.在汉语中,以下属于借词的是【】A.雷达足球芭蕾舞B.电话卡车哈巴狗C.胡同菩萨比萨D.沙龙黑板艾滋病18.社会方言的特点反映在哪个方面最明显【】A.语音B.词汇C.语法D.行业用语19. “牙”原来指大牙,现指所有的牙齿,这属于词义的【】A 扩大 B. 缩小 C. 转移 D. 词语的替换20. 语言中发展速度最快的是【】A.语音B.语义C.词汇D.语法21. 母语化的洋泾浜语叫【】A.世界语B.克里奥尔语C.共同语D.通用语22. 临界期现象说明,人类后天的语言学习具有【】A.数量限定B.时限限定C.速度限定D.地域限定23. “老马识途”靠的是【】A.感性思维B.抽象思维C.发散思维D.外思维24. 科学家把因大脑不同部位受伤而造成的语言障碍统称为【】A.痴呆症B.失忆症C.失语症D.神经病25. 以下方言中,主要是由于文化原因成为共同语的基础方言的是【】A粤方言B伦敦方言C意大利多斯岗方言D北方方言26. 一般说来,方言间的差别主要体现在【】A语音B词汇C语法D语义二、多项选择题27.下列属于“主动发音器官”的有【】A.嘴唇B.上齿C.软腭D.舌头E.硬腭28.语言中等义词的来源有【】A.词义引申产生的等义词B.借用外语词产生的等义词C.借用方言词产生的等义词D.构词成分顺序颠倒产生的等义词E.近义词差异消失产生的等义词29.划分词类的标准有【】A.根据词形变化来确定词类B.根据词的意义来确定词类C.根据词的感情色彩来确定词类D.根据词的聚合位置来确定词类E.根据词的来源来确定词类30. 汉字“六书”指的是假借、转注以及【】A.指事B.象形C.形声D.会意E.拟声31.近义词之间的区别通常表现在【】A.理性意义的不同 B. 修辞手法的不同C. 感情色彩的不同D. 语体色彩的不同E. 形象色彩的不同三、名词解释题32.语素33. 字符34. 派生义35. 语法范畴四、简答题36.请简要说明音位的性质37. 请简述语法规则的性质。

00541_2021_4月全国自考《00541语言学概论》真题及答案

00541_2021_4月全国自考《00541语言学概论》真题及答案

2021年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试语言学概论(课程代码00541)第一部分选择题一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分。

在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的,请将其选出。

1.“母亲啊,你是荷叶,我是红莲。

”这句话采用的修辞手法是A.比拟B.夸张C.比喻D.叠用2.转换生成语言学的代表是著名语言学家A.洪堡特B.索绪尔C.乔姆斯基D.萨丕尔3.语言间亲属关系最重要的标志是A.语音对应关系B.语汇对应关系C.语义对应关系D.语法对应关系4.“江”这个词的所指是A.“江”的字形B.“江”的部首C.“江”的读音D.“江”的意思5.《红楼梦》中林黛玉之母名叫贾敏,林黛玉凡遇“敏”字都读成“米”或“密”,这是为了A.自谦B.图吉利C.讨口彩D.避讳6.在外语学习过程中,学习者建立的既不同于母语又不同于外语而只属于个人的语言系统被称为A.铺助语B.中介语C.交叉语D.混同语7.下面语言属于粘着语的是A.法语B.俄语C.英语D.芬兰语、维尔吾族8.下面各项中,属于主动发音器官的是A.小舌B.上齿C.硬腭D.齿龈9.汉语中的“令堂”属于A.自称B.面称C.敬称D.贱称10.“比赛开始”中“比赛”和“开始”的关系是A.组合关系B.聚合关系C.离合关系D.综合关系11.北方方言成为普通话的基础方言的主要原因是A.政治原因B.经济原因C.文化原因D.人们喜好的原因12.说出的话中包含其中某个词语的上位义或整体义,这就是A.蕴含义B.预设义C.直接义D.引申义13.“约定俗成”出自A.《孟子》B.《庄子》C.《荀子》D.《老子》14.人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为大约是A.5-6岁B.7-8岁C.9-10岁D.12-13岁15.几种语言统一为一种语言主要采用的方式是A.语言混用B.语言转用C.语言混合D.语言渗透16.“燕子去了,有再来的时候;杨柳枯了,有再青的时候;桃花谢了,有再开的时候。

语言学概论复习重点题目(附答案)

语言学概论复习重点题目(附答案)

Linguistics:I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinate4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among avariety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.A.[ɑ:]B.[ɔ:]C.[ə:]D.[u:]7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind ofnative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new membersare allowed for.A. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixed13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language15. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded16. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics17. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow18. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage19. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative20. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically21. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination22. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending23. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are __________.A. stemsB. affixesC. suffixesD. prefixes.24. ( ) __________ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to theroots, stems, or words.A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Back formation25. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is not adistinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones26. ( ) When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in __________.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution27. ( ) __________ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes28. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition inEnglish, they are __________.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties29. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless30. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to createnew words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemeC. Derivational affixesD. Stems31. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires anew, sometimes related meaning.A. Semantic narrowingB. Semantic broadeningC. Semantic borrowingD. Semantic shift32. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics33. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.A. signalB. stand outC. identifyD. single34. ( ) __________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.A. Sound assimilationB. Internal borrowingC. ElaborationD. Rule simplification35. ( ) A compound word consists of __________.A. two or more than two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes36. ( ) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords37. ( ) “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above38. ( )The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. English is an i__________ language.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.3. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.5. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.7. Human capacity for language has a g______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.8. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.9. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.10. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.12. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutuallyintelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.13. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in differentphonetic environments.14. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.15. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.16. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.17. A bound r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. Language is p_____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.19. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involvedin language change.21. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.22. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.23. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.24. Lying across the glottis are the v__________ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the nameindicates, but two membranes.25. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.26 I__________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,degree, and case.27. A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic analysis, c__________ can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes morethan two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining the i__________ letters of a number of words.30 The description of a language as it changes through time is a d__________ study.31. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known as s__________.32. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as twoseparate words.33. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i__________.34. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels.35. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or aparticular variety of language.36. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m__________ pair.37. Language is a system of a__________ vocal symbols used for human communication.38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f__________ verb or averb phrase.39. Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.40. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______________ .41. M_____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.42. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.43. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.44. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.45. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.46. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.47.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.48. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.49. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.2. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.3. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.4. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usuallyprecedes the verb.5. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in itsvocabulary.6. ( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.7. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.8. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.9. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.10. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.11. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.12. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.13. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.14. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of aword.15. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.16 ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages.17. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress andsentence stress.18. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.19. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.20. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, andmonosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.21. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.22. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.23. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.24. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.25. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.26. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.27. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.28. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.29. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to anotheror as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.30. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.31. ( ) The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English —stress does distinguish meaning.32. ( ) Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categoriesis fixed and no new members are allowed for, so they are known as major lexical categories.33. ( ) Language as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a closedsystem as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and context free.It is open because of its being variable, and context sensitive.34. ( ) What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.35. ( ) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordinatingthe other.36. ( ) It seems that with the help of language people may “think”better, and here it is believed thatlanguage is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.37. ( ) General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic study.38. ( ) Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.39. ( ) The distinction between Saussure's langue and Chomsky's competence lies in that the former is amatter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.40. ( ) Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller components.41. ( ) Blending is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.42. ( ) Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.43. ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.44. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that are also rulegoverned.45. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology andderivational morphology.46. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.47. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.48. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphases.49. ( ) Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialectcoexisting with it.50. ( ) Major lexical categories are open categories.51. ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.52. ( ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spokenform for a number of reasons.53. ( ) Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.54. ( ) The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning ofa compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.55. ( ) Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.56. ( ) Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.57. ( ) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.58. ( ) In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.3. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.7. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.8. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.9. Creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its reccursiveness.10.C ompetence: competence means the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.11. Performance: according to Chomsky, performance means the actual use of language in concrete situations.12. Langue: According to Saussure, langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.13. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).14. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.15.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.16.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 17.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.18. P hone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It’s a phonetic unit or segment.19. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in the mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.20. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.21. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment, which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.22. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.23. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.24. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is know as progressive assimilation.25. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds etc.26. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.27. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.28. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-e s”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ played” and “raining”.29. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.30. Open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.31. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).32. Root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.33. Compounds: Compounds are compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.34. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”35. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 36. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.37. Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.38. Constituent: a term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.39. Immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.40. Endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.41. Eexocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.42. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.43. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.44. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.45. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience46. Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language?Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.3. State briefly how consonants are classified.Three parameters are involved in classifying a consonant/ Consonants are classified according to the following three parameters:①place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc②manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc③state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.3. How are simple vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels:① According to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low②According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back③According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded。

语言学概论单选、多选、名词解释、简答、论述、分析

语言学概论单选、多选、名词解释、简答、论述、分析

语言学概论单选、多选、名词解释、简答、论述、分析4. 简答语法规则的抽象性表现。

答:语法规则作为人们说话时人人都必须遵守的规则具有高度抽象的性质。

词语和句子的数量是无限多的,因此不可能对每一个词语和句子都建立一条规则,于是就需要把各种现象加以归类。

语法规则实际上就是对人们说的爸械牡ノ弧⒔峁购凸叵档哪持掷嗟母爬ǎ?┤嗣窃谒祷笆庇纱思氨耍?岳嘞啻樱?谟筛髦掷啾鸸菇ǖ牡ノ弧⒔峁购屠嘞档目蚣苣谘〕鲆痪湟痪浜细竦幕袄础?5. 简答语法规则的递归性。

答:“递归”指的是相同的规则可以在一个结构里重复使用。

语言中句子的格式和长度各不相同,而且抽象也不能使新的规则不断地衍生,这样就需要让一种规则多次起作用。

语法规则实际上就是一种有限手段可以重复使用的规则。

语法规则的这种递归性质,使它成为一种简明的规则,帮助人们学习语言和运用语言时举一反三,以繁驭简。

6. 解释“历时语法”。

答:历时语法指的是从语法发展变化角度纵向地、动态地研究语法,研究的重点是某些语法现象在特定的时间过程中产生和消失的原因及其规律。

7. 解释“共时语法”。

答:共时语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象角度横向地、静态地研究语法。

研究的重点是某一语法在特定空间范围内的语法表现形式和语法规则系统。

8. 解释“个别语法”。

答:个别语法指的是对个别语言语法的研究,它既包括研究一种语言的语法系统,也包括研究一种语言中与其他语言不同的语法特点,意义在于发现各种语言独特的语法现象。

9. 解释“句子”。

答:句子是由若干个词或词组按照一定规则组合成的,能表达相对完整的意义,前后有较大停顿并带有一定的语气和句调的语言单位。

10. 解释“语法规律”。

答:语法规律指语法规则本身,也就是客观存在的语法,即人们说话时直觉和习惯上所遵守的某种语感。

11. 解释“普遍语法”。

答:普遍语法指的是对人类语言的语法共性的研究,其意义在于发现人类语言中共有的语法机制。

12. 解释“核心语法”。

2021复旦大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研真题经验参考书

2021复旦大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研真题经验参考书

大学的时候看到很多毕业参加工作的学长,每天都发一些负能量满满的朋友圈,说工作如何如何不如意,如果再给他们一次机会,肯定不会这么着急出来就工作,还想继续去大学读研深造之类的,我不知道这个是因为对现状的不满而给自己意想出来的,还是因为他们真的觉得自己应该去读个研出来,增加一下自己的竞争力再去社会上面打拼好一点,但是工作以后再去考研,真的很难,一是没时间,二是没精力,三是没资源,所以很多时候我也在想,我到底要不要考研,我能不能不考研也能在工作中干的很出色等等一系列问题。

显然,不考研的话,在当今这个本科生满天飞的时代,我在社会上很没有竞争力,尤其是我的本科还算不上出名。

决定考研是在大二结束的时候,在对的时间做对的事情总没有错,因为不确定本科毕业以后出去工作是否能找到一个让自己满意的工作,所以为了防止以后后悔,我决定报考的是复旦大学的外国语言学及应用语言学研究生。

考研一共分为四个科目,分别是政治,德语,还有两门专业课,满分500分,政治,个人感觉复习起来还是需要时间去做基础的,没有足够的复习时间,想要拿高分,还是比较困难的,相比较而言,专业课就属于那种在固定时间里面,能拿较高分数的科目,希望大家在做复习计划之前,好好分配一下时间,争取最后的初试成绩越高越好。

接下来我给大家说一下我的复习经验。

首先是政治的复习,我基本上遵循一个大原则,那就是先总后分的原则,总就是先对照当年的考试大纲,把相关知识点记录在笔记本上面,加深记忆,在笔记本上面画出知识网络图,然后分就是结合政治教材和相应的参考书,还有李凡的《政治新时器》知识点全部学习一遍,把其中看不懂弄不透的知识点重点关注一下,再就是不要偷懒,把真题拿出来自己做一做,看一下相关知识点的考查方式和考查重点,对于一些比较好的答案,我们多注意总结记录,甚至可以背诵下来,慢慢形成自己的思维,在最后考试作答的时候,争取游刃有余。

政治复习的时候,我自己用的参考书有《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论考试大纲》,《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论考试大纲解析》。

2021年语言学概论试题及答案(优选4份)

2021年语言学概论试题及答案(优选4份)

语言学概论试题及答案(优选4份)1.下列关于“威尔尼克失语症”的表述,不正确的一项是。

A.发音仍然比较准确B.构成不完整的句子C.仍然能听懂别人的话D.词语之间没有联系答案:C解析:威尔尼克取受损的患者能够说出一些词语,发音也很准确,可是词语之间在意义上没有联系,构成不了完整的句子,并且患者也听不懂别人说的话。

考点:语言与科学技术——生命科学和人的语言本事——人脑语言本事的研究成果2.人的大脑语言功能的临界期此刻一般认为大约是。

A.5-6岁B.7-8岁C.9-10岁D.12-13岁答案:D解析:人的大脑语言功能的临界期此刻一般认为最迟大约是12-13岁。

考点:语言与科学技术——生命科学和人的语言本事——大脑的语言功能受临界期限制3.“老刘有三个孩子”的蕴含义可能有。

A.老刘没有孩子B.老刘仅有三个孩子C.老刘有不止三个孩子D.老刘有孩子E.老刘没有三个孩子答案:BCD解析:蕴含义指说出的话中包含着其中某个词语的上位义或整体义,分为两种“衍推义”和“隐含义”。

D为衍推义,BC为隐含义。

考点:语用——会话准则和会话含义——蕴含义和预设义4.下头各对词语中,能表此刻同一语法位置上的有。

a.小孩-苹果[由网友投稿]B.大-小C.红-红色D.写-在E.好-衣服答案:ABD解析:能表此刻同一个语法位置上词,他们是属于聚合关系,聚合关系得到的是词类。

A是名词,B是形容词,D是动词。

考点:语法——组合规则和聚合规则——词的聚合:词类5.下头各项中属于词的有。

A.吃败仗B.转基因C.幼儿园D.小女儿E.玩游戏答案:BCD解析:词是最小的、有意义的、能够独立使用的语言单位。

A属于“语”,长度相当于语法上的词组或句子,但意义和用法相对凝固的语言片段。

E属于“短语”。

考点:语汇——语汇概说——什么是语汇6.医生安慰重病人说:“没什么大问题,好好回家休养”明显违反了。

A.赞誉准则B.慷慨准则C.相关准则D.一致准则E.质量准则答案:CE解析:为了避免患者受到损害,遵守礼貌原则,医生被迫违反了合作原则中相关原则和质量准则。

复旦大学705文学语言综合知识考研真题及详解

复旦大学705文学语言综合知识考研真题及详解

复旦大学705文学语言综合知识考研真题及详解2021年复旦大学中国语言文学系《705文学语言综合知识》考研全套资料•复旦大学中国语言文学系《705文学语言综合知识》历年考研真题及详解•洪子诚《中国当代文学史》(修订版)【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【23小时高清视频】•王力《古代汉语》(校订重排本)【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【28小时高清视频】•叶蜚声、徐通锵《语言学纲要》(修订版)【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【10.5小时高清视频】•陈惇、孙景尧、谢天振《比较文学》(第2版)笔记和典型题(含考研真题)详解•郭绍虞《中国历代文论选》(一卷本)笔记和考研真题详解•洪子诚《中国当代文学史》(修订版)笔记和考研真题详解•胡裕树《现代汉语》(重订本)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解•钱理群《中国现代文学三十年》(修订本)笔记和考研真题详解•王力《古代汉语》(校订重排本)笔记和考研真题详解•王运熙、顾易生《中国文学批评史新编》(第2版)笔记和考研真题详解•韦勒克、沃伦《文学理论》(修订版)笔记和考研真题详解•叶蜚声、徐通锵《语言学纲要》(修订版)笔记和考研真题详解•朱东润《中国历代文学作品选》笔记和考研真题详解•朱光潜《西方美学史》笔记和考研真题详解•陈惇、孙景尧、谢天振《比较文学》(第2版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•郭绍虞《中国历代文论选》(一卷本)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•洪子诚《中国当代文学史》(修订版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•胡裕树《现代汉语》(重订本)配套题库【名校考研真题+课后习题+章节题库+模拟试题】•钱理群《中国现代文学三十年》(修订本)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•王力《古代汉语》(校订重排本)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•王运熙、顾易生《中国文学批评史新编》(第2版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•韦勒克、沃伦《文学理论》(修订版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•叶蜚声、徐通锵《语言学纲要》(修订版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•朱东润《中国历代文学作品选》配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】•朱光潜《西方美学史》配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】5.兄弟院校考研真题汇编•全国名校文学理论考研真题及详解(含北大、北师等)第一部分名校考研真题一、填空题(共40分,每空1分)1.语言,就其结构而言,它以______为物质外壳,以______为建筑材料,以____ __为结构规律的一种音义结合的______。

2021年复旦大学805汉语言文字学基础考研真题(回忆版)

2021年复旦大学805汉语言文字学基础考研真题(回忆版)

2021年复旦大学805汉语言文字学基础考研真题(回忆版)2021年复旦大学805道中国语文基础研究生入学考试试题(回忆版)一.填空(每空1分,共15分)1.普通话有七个方言区,其中四川方言属于______________________________。

疑问句包括是非疑问句、特定疑问句、选择疑问句和____4。

词汇意义可以分为理性意义和语义意义_______5.词的转义主要是通过引申和________两种方法产生的6.“锅碗瓢盆”是一个通用语义场,“春、夏、秋、冬”是一个顺序语义场,“前、后、左、右”是_________________7.语境可分为________语境和情景语境8.“好、快、高、强”是自然的形容词,而“雪白、直、热”是自然的形容词9.合体字是由两个及两个以上的______组成的主谓句包括名词谓语句、动词谓语句、形容词谓语句和形容词谓语句___________11.“因为……所以”是说明因果,那么“既然……就……”是_______因果12.“……不记得了,不记得了,不记得了……”花言巧语二.判断(每题1分,共10分)1.在发音方法上,D的发音。

汉语中的door与英语中的door相同。

它们是爆破音、非吸气音和无声音2.押韵,就是指韵文中常在每隔一句话的末尾的韵母(韵头、韵腹、韵尾)一样3.根据目前的汉字通用表,汉字的五种基本笔划是水平和垂直撇号以及点折叠4.“花儿”中的“儿”既不是一个音节,也不是一个音素5.词的单纯化促进了词的双音节化6.联绵词包括双声、叠韵和叠音7.关联词只是用来连接复句的8.动宾关系是指动作发送者和动作接受者之间的多选关系(每题1分,共15分)1.以下哪个是动宾词语:给出四个选项,应该选司机2.哪一组金、银、铜、铁和锡可以归为一个类别,三个组合选项(测试是区分词)3.以下哪个词不是外来词:a.民主b.具体c.幽默d.沙皇4.选出兼语句:a.……b.看见她出去了c.请她过来d.……5.选出存现句:a.墙上挂着一幅画b.他头上戴着一顶小红帽c.台上演着京戏d.突然跳出一只猫6.音调取决于:A.音高B.长度C.强度D.音色7.下列哪项是表意文字:。

整理2021年10月自考《语言学概论》模拟试题两套2021年语言学概论自考真题

整理2021年10月自考《语言学概论》模拟试题两套2021年语言学概论自考真题

整理2021年10月自考《语言学概论》模拟试题两套2021年语言学概论自考真题整理20XX年10月自考《语言学概论》模拟试题两套一、填空(15%) 1、美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是(布龙菲尔德),他的代表著作是《语言论》。

2、像汉语这样主要采用语序和虚词语法手段来表达各种句法关系,而没有词的形态变化的语言叫做分析语。

像俄语这样主要采用(外部屈折(附加))和(内部屈折)等形态性的语法手段的语言叫做屈折语。

•3、音位变体可以分为(条变体)和(自由变体)两类。

•4、世界古老的表意文字主要有古代埃及的(圣书字),古代苏末人的(楔形文字),中美洲的(玛雅文字)以及中国古代的汉字甲骨文。

•5、划分词类有意义、(功能)和(形态)三个标准。

其中(功能)是决定性或者根本性的标准。

•6、人类语言的统一,就是通过语言接触中的(双语现象)阶段,让不同层次的共同语逐渐替换原来的语言或者方言,从而统一成最后的共同语。

语言的分化就是在接触减少或者缺乏的情况下,逐渐扩大不同区域的人使用的原来相同或者相近语言的差别,从而形成不同的(方言)甚至亲属语言。

••7、基本词汇具有全民性、稳固性和(能产性)。

二、选择题(10%)•••••••••••••••••1、都属于汉藏语系语言的是(C) A、蒙古语汉语维吾尔语傣语B、蒙古语汉语藏语满语C、壮语汉语瑶语傣语D、壮语藏语瑶语满语2、语言不具有(C) A、社会性B、符号性C、阶级性D、系统性•3、汉语拼音声母gk h出现的语音环境与j q x•出现的语音环境(•••••••B ) • •••A、对立B、互补•• C、部分对立D、部分互补•4、“friendship(友谊)”和“recall(回顾、撤消)”都是(••••••••D•)••• A、音素字B、派生词•••••C、单纯词D、复合词•5、一个词的词汇意义的主要承担部分是(A) • A、词根B、前缀• C、后缀D、词尾•6、汉语副词出现的语言环境是(D) • A、名词后面B、形容词后面D、谓词前面•7、传统语言学对句子结构进行分析的方法是(C) • A、转换分析法B、层次分析法•••••C、中心词分析法D、分布分析法••8、方言的产生主要是由于(D) •• A、经济的发展B、文化的不同•• C、地理的不同D、社会的分化••9、可以归并在同一个音位中的音素是(A) •• A、具有互补关系、语音上又相似的音素•• B、语音上相似的音素•• C、彼此能区分词的语音形式和意义的音素•• D、具有非对立性关系的音素••10、以下各种语言变体中,属于社会方言的是( D)B、客家话•• C、客套话D、行话•••三、名词解释(20%)••1、语法意义通过一定形式表现出来的各类语言单位的共同的关系意义、功能意义或对词汇意义的抽象概括的类义•••2、音标专门用来记录语音的符号•• 3、构形后缀只表示某种语法形式的后缀•• 4、聚合关系语言单位按某些共同点相互联系的纵的潜在关系•• 5、历史比较语言学利用几种语言反映在语音上的对应规律去追溯它们的亲属关系的语言学•四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音(10%)•1、出来2、师范3、现象4、探讨5、活动••五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词(9%) •••• 女人 [+人 +女性 +成年] ••1、{•••• 女孩 [+人 +女性 -成年] ••2、黑板[+黑色 +用于写字 +木板或玻璃板等制成] ••••• 食品[+吃的东西 +范围大] •• 3、{••••• 食物[+吃的东西 -范围大] •六、分析题(12%)•1、运用层次分析法分析下列短语,并说明关系• 松花江的洪水终于退下去一米多了•2、运用层次分析法分化下列歧义• 咬死了猎人的狗••3、运用变换分析法分化下列同形结构•• 他在晒太阳──太阳晒在他身上•••••••他在晒衣服──他把衣服晒了••七、问答题24%••1、恩格思语言起源论的基本论点是什么?A、语言、思维、人、人类社会是同时产生的(2)B、语言是在人们的劳动中,由于交际需要产生的,劳动起了决定性的作用(2)C、人类语言从产生是起就是有声语言(2)••2、举例说明舌面元音的三维特点。

2021年10月全国语言学概论含答案解析

2021年10月全国语言学概论含答案解析

2110-全国-语言学概论总分:100一、单选题(共20题,共20分)1、下面各项中属于粘着语的是()(1分)A:英语B:维吾尔语C:汉语D:佛莱芒语2、秦始皇名嬴政,秦代把正月叫“端月”,这是为了()(1分)A:讨口彩B:说吉祥话C:避讳D:委婉3、拟声标记用“汪汪”表示狗吠、“喵喵”表示猫叫,说明语言符号有一定的()(1分) A:任意性B:约定性C:随机性D:理据性4、"危楼高百尺,手可摘星辰“采用的修辞手法是()(1分)A:仿拟B:排比C:夸张D:比拟5、儿童语言发展进入单词句阶段的时间一般是()(1分)A:3岁左右B:2岁左右C:1岁左右D:6个月左右6、下面各项中属于浊音的是()(1分)A:[s]B:[p]C:[ts]D:[b]7、"吃苹果”中“吃”和“苹果”的关系是()(1分)A:说明关系B:修饰关系C:聚合关系D:组合关系8、饮食习惯属于文化中的()(1分)A:制度文化B:原始文化C:物质文化D:资本主义文化9、"我再也不玩游戏了”属于行事行为中的()(1分) A:指令类B:表态类C:表述类D:表情类10、下面各项中属于借词的是()(1分)A:逻辑B:艺术C:黑马D:超市11、传说中的炎帝姓姜、黄帝姓姬,说明姓()(1分) A:产生于母系社会B:由母亲取C:由女性发明D:是下等人才有的12、《说文解字》分析汉字结构的原则是()(1分) A:五经B:六书C:七艺D:七略13、下面各项属于语言发展特点的是()(1分)A:同一性B:生成性C:不平衡性D:离散性14、下面各项属于流水对的是()(1分)A:感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心B:良言一句三冬暖,恶语伤人六月寒C:明月松间照,清泉石上流D:野火烧不尽,春风吹又生15、下面各项中属于应用语言学的是()(1分)A:历史语言学B:比较语言学C:普通语言学D:社会语言学16、从社会方言的角度来看,“红案”“呆账”“码洋”都属于()(1分) A:行话B:黑话C:土话D:隐语17、下面各项中属于惯用语的是()(1分)A:毛茸茸B:开前门C:半瓶醋D:音体美18、儿童掌握自己母语的主要途径是()(1分)A:语言学习B:语言获得C:语言强制D:语言训练19、下面各项中属于宣传体作品的是()(1分)A:新闻访谈B:平面广告C:报告文学D:学术论文20、我国古代的“雅言“属于()(1分)A:通用语B:洋泾浜C:混合语D:替换语二、文字题(共10题,共80分)21、名词解释:语言符号的线性特征(4分)22、名词解释:双语现象(4分)23、名词解释:负迁移(4分)24、名词解释:大脑单侧化现象(4分)25、下面例子中使用的繁体字有无问题?请分析。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

2021年语言学概论考研真题与考点复习复旦大学1.1.2 考研真题及详解一、填空1.系统功能语言学中的_____过程是表示做某件事的过程。

这个过程本身一般由动态动词、动作者和动作的目标来表示。

[中山大学2012研]【答案】物质****2.语言交际的过程借用信息论的术语来说,大体上可以分为_____等五个阶段。

[西南大学2011研]【答案】编码、发送、传递、接收、解码****【解析】运用语言进行交际的过程大体上可以分为“编码——发送——传递——接收——解码”五个阶段。

在整个语言交际过程中,语言学关心的核心是编码和解码的过程,它涉及对语言结构本体的研究,包含形式和内容。

可以说,语言形式与内容的关系,是语言研究的最根本问题。

3.现代汉语属于_____语言学,汉语史属于_____语言学。

[北京语言大学2011研]【答案】共时;历时****【解析】语言研究可以分别描写语言每个子系统在某一个特定时期的共时状态和不同子系统之间的关联,这是共时语言学的研究角度;也可以研究语言每个子系统在不同时期所发生的变化及其变化中不同子系统之间的关联,这是历史语言学的研究角度。

4.对语言进行一个横断面的研究而不是从历史的角度,叫_____语言学。

[北京语言大学2010研]【答案】共时****【解析】描写语言每个子系统在某一个特定时期的共时状态和不同子系统之间的关联,这是共时语言学的研究角度。

5.直接涉及语素研究的语言学分支叫做_____,研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则。

[中山大学2010研]【答案】形态学****【解析】研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则的语言学分支是形态学。

二、选择1.关于语言的定义,下列说法中不正确的一项是()。

[中国传媒大学2015研]A.语言是一种社会现象B.语言就是人们说出来的话C.语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言D.语言是一个符号系统【答案】B****【解析】区分语言和言语,言语是人们说出来的话,语言是音义结合的符号系统。

2.提出“语言是形成思维的工具,思维和语言活动是不可分割的统一体”的论断的人是()。

[中山大学2015 研]A.亚里士多德B.笛卡尔C.赫德尔D.洪堡特【答案】D****【解析】德国语言学家洪堡特提出“语言是形成思维的工具,思维和语言活动是不可分割的统一体”。

3.受结构主义语言学“刺激——反应”学说影响产生的外语教学方法是()。

[中山大学2015 研]A.听说法B.翻译法C.对比法D.规则法【答案】A****【解析】外语教学的“听说法”是受结构主义语言学“刺激——反应”学说影响产生的外语教学方法。

4.综合各种语言的基本研究成果,归纳成语言的一般规律,这任务属于()。

[中山大学2014研]A.理论语言学B.功能语言学C.结构语言学D.普通语言学【答案】D****【解析】A项,理论语言学是从具体的语言现象中总结、归纳出普遍的系统的理论和规律,并用这个理论指导各个具体语言的学习研究;B项,功能语言学把语言看做是社会系统的一部分,该派重社会心理,强调语言的功能以及语言与社会文化的关系;C项,认知语言学则是把人们的日常经验看成是语言使用的基础,着重阐释语言和一般认知能力之间密不可分的联系;D项,普通语言学以人类所有语言为研究对象,研究人类语言的性质、结构特征和发展规律。

着重从理论上探讨人类各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点,也称“一般语言学”。

三、判断1.世界上所有语言都具备语音、文字、词汇、语法四大要素。

[中山大学2015研]【答案】错误****【解析】语言的三大要素是语音、词汇和语法。

大多数语言同时具备语音、文字、词汇、语法四大要素,但至今世界上还有部分语言没有相应的文字,如我国的撒拉族、东乡族。

2.系统功能语言学认为语言是“做事”的一种方式(a form of“doing”),而不是“知识”方式(a form of“knowing”)。

[中山大学2012研] 【答案】正确****3.语言的学习和获得是个性化很强的学习过程,获得语言就是获得语言运用的能力。

语言学习和语言获得均是学习语言的过程,不是简单的模仿过程。

[中山大学2011研]【答案】正确****【解析】说话能力的这种发展和创造过程称作“语言获得”,语言获得理论有三种:强化理论、模仿理论和生成转换语法理论。

四、名词解释1.共时语言学[山东大学2014、2011研]答:共时语言学,又称静态语言学,于20世纪启蒙,是由索绪尔创立的一门语言学,也是语言研究的一种方法。

共时语言学以某个时期的语言学的情况作为研究对象,研究在一个特定时期内,语言的各个要素,语音、词汇、语法、篇章等等的规律,以及一个时期内有内在联系的语言的对比,和语言与语言外的其他因素之间的互相影响、互相制约的关系。

2.历时语言学[中国传媒大学2012研]答:历时语言学是由索绪尔创立的一个语言学分类,又称为演化语言学。

它指在现代语言学出现之前,大部分语言学者所进行的一种语言的历史性演化的研究,主要研究语言在一定的时间跨度内所经历的种种变化,采用正视法(以文献考证为基础按时间顺序来叙述一种语言的历史)和回顾法(通过比较来重建一种语言)来研究问题。

3.外部语言学[河北大学2010研]答:外部语言学是瑞士语言学家,现代语言学理论的奠基者、语言学结构主义的主张者索绪尔的主张。

他认为语言有内部要素和外部要素,因此语言研究又可以分为内部语言学和外部语言学。

内部语言学研究语言本身的结构系统,外部语言学研究语言与民族、文化、地理、历史等方面的关系。

索绪尔用下棋作比喻来说明两者的分野:下棋的规则是内部要素,至于棋戏的起源、传播,乃至制作棋具的材料、造型,都是外部要素。

五、简答1.分析语文学和语言学之间有什么相同点和不同点。

[南开大学2011研] 答:语文学是语言学研究的早期形式,二者有着一定的相同点和不同点:(1)相同点语文学和语言学的研究对象都是语言,都是对语言进行描述和记录,语文学是语言学的系统研究的开始。

(2)不同点①研究对象的差异a.语文学给古代经典作注解,研究古代书面语,是经学的附庸。

它所关注的,首先是反映在古代书面文献中的古代思想观念、政治制度等等,其直接目的是解读古典文献,而不是自觉地探索语言自身的规律,对同时代活生生的口语更是完全不感兴趣。

这必然使人们对语言的认识受到限制。

如中国传统语言研究主要是抓住汉字,分析它的形体,探求它的古代读音和意义,形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂之学,也就是中国传统的语文学。

b.语言学是以人类语言为研究对象的学科,探索范围包括语言的结构、语言的运用、语言的社会功能和历史发展,以及其他与语言有关的问题。

传统的语言学称为语文学,以研究古代文献和书面语为主。

现代语言学则以当代语言和口语为主,而且研究的范围大大拓宽。

语文学是为其他学科服务的。

②地位不同由于语文学的局限使得它必须附庸在其他学科上,不是一门独立的学科,而语言学是在语文基础上产生的一门独立的学科,并且还与越来越多的学科相连。

2.简要介绍语言学的几种分类。

[河北大学2010研]答:(1)语言学是语言研究的各个学科的总称,它的内部还有很多的分支学科,所以语言学的内容是十分丰富多彩的。

这主要是因为语言本身的结构非常复杂,语言的种类繁多,语言与人类社会生活有着多方面的联系,人们研究语言的目的、角度、方法多种多样,于是就形成了语言学的各种类别和流派。

(2)语言学可以从各种不同的角度分类①功能角度从功能看,语言学首先可以分为理论语言学和应用语言学两大类。

a.理论语言学是语言学的主体部分,是所有语言学的理论基础,它包括对具体的、个别的语言的研究和综合各种语言的研究。

b.应用语言学主要是语言理论的应用和语言应用理论。

传统上的应用语言学只包括语言理论的应用,即语言教学。

②研究对象根据研究对象的不同,理论语言学又可分为普通语言学和专语语言学两大类。

a.普通语言学也叫一般语言学,它以人类所有的语言为研究对象,研究人类语言的起源、本质与发展,研究6语言的内部结构、分类、研究观念和方法,以及语言学在学科体系的地位等。

b.专语语言学也叫具体语言学、个别语言学,是指以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学。

③从研究对象的时间范围从研究对象的时间范围不同,语言学又可以分为共时语言学和历时语言学。

a.共时语言学又称描写语言学,研究描写语言每个子系统在某一特定时期的共时状态和不同子系统之间的联系,入现代汉语、现代英语。

b.历时语言学主要研究语言每个子系统在不同时期所发生的变化及其变化中不同子系统之间的关联,如汉语史、英语史。

六、论述1.人类语言和动物“语言”有哪些区别?[武汉大学2015研]答:人类语言符号和其他动物的交际方式如叫喊、舞蹈等,有本质的区别,主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)人类语言具有任意性:任意性是符号最重要的特征。

动物有表示暴怒、恐怖、警告等信息的叫喊。

人的惊呼、呻吟或哈哈大笑或许可以和这种现象相比,这可以说是人类祖先还未发展成为“人”时的一些前语言的本能叫喊的遗迹。

这些叫喊在人类也是普遍的,不分种族、民族,谈不上音义结合的任意性。

好多动物“语言”也是同样的情况。

蜜蜂摆尾舞的前进速度愈慢,标志距离愈远,又是非任意的;以8字的细腰或半圆的直径和垂直线的交角表示蜜源的方向,更不是任意的。

动物“语言”中一定程度的任意性都局限于一个题目,是僵硬的,不能与人类语言符号的任意性同日而语。

没有任意性或任意性程度很低,都说明其符号性很弱。

(2)人类语言具有单位的明晰性:人类说出来的话是有界限清晰的单位的。

比如我们听到tāxiǎng chīpíng guǒ这一段语流,听到的是5个音节,这些音节由t、a等更小的音位组成,组成音节后成为“他”、“想”、“吃”、“苹”、“果”等5个语素的语音形式。

这些能分出界限的音或词按照一定的规则组合起来,传达了人们所要交流的各种信息。

而动物的所谓“语言”,其表现无论是借助声音还是形体,总体上都是不可分的,是以囫囵一团的叫喊或舞蹈动作来表示某一固定的意思,分析不出单位,也谈不上单位的组装。

(3)人类语言具有结构的二层性:人类语言是一种两层的结构装置:音系层和符号层(或称语法层),两个层面上都有大小不同的单位。

音系层单位的性质是纯语音的形式,从小到大有音位、音节、音步等不同等级的单位。

符号层单位的性质是音义结合的,从小到大有语素、词、词组、句子等不同.等级的单位。

两个层面上都是以数量有限的最小单位,按照有限的规则组装起来,生成数量无限多的大单元。

相反,动物的“语言”不能分解成单位,谈不上有结构,更不用说有结构的二层性。

(4)人类语言具有能产性:语言的能产性,也称创造性或开放性,是指人们总是能够运用有限的语言手段通过替换和组合创造出新的话语来。

相关文档
最新文档