建筑工程英语专业英语unitPPT课件
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Lesson 4 Building Components
.
1
Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the soil and foundations, load-carrying frame, skin, partitions, floors, and stairs, such as those shown in Fig 4.1. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems．The superstructure is that part of a building above ground; and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.
partition superstructure
分开,分割,隔墙,隔板 上部结构
.
2
Fig 4.1 Components of a Building
.
1-foundation; 2-external wall 3、 4-internal wall; 5floor 6-roof 7-ground floor 8-door; 9-window 10-stair 11-step 12- canopy 13-apron
.Fra Baidu bibliotek
4
stratification compaction composition silt clay sand grave
层理;成层 压实 组成 粉土 粘土 砂土 碎石
.
5
Due to both the compaction and flow effects, buildings tend to settle. Uniform settlements are not so serious, but uneven settlements can have damaging effects—the building may lean, walls and partitions may crack (Fig 4.2), windows and doors may become inoperative, and in the extreme, a building may collapse. Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital.
collapse
倒塌
.
6
Fig 4.2 Relative settlement curve
and cracks of a building
.
7
The great variability of soils has led to a variety of solutions to the foundation problem. Where firm soil exists close to the surface, the simplest solution is to rest columns on a small slab of concrete. Where the soil is softer, it is necessary to spread the column load over a greater area; in this case, a continuous-slab of concrete under the whole building is used. In cases where the soil near the surface is unable to support the weight of the building, piles of wood, steel, or concrete are driven down to firm soil.
.
8
（a）spread foundation
spread foundation
扩展基础
.
9
.
10
（b）strip foundation
canopy apron
雨蓬 窗台3
Soils and Foundations
All buildings are supported on the ground, and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. The design of a foundation depends on many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soil layers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions. Soils rarely have a single composition; they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. For evaluation, soils are graded according to particle size, which increases from silt to clay to sand to gravel to rock.
.
1
Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the soil and foundations, load-carrying frame, skin, partitions, floors, and stairs, such as those shown in Fig 4.1. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems．The superstructure is that part of a building above ground; and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.
partition superstructure
分开,分割,隔墙,隔板 上部结构
.
2
Fig 4.1 Components of a Building
.
1-foundation; 2-external wall 3、 4-internal wall; 5floor 6-roof 7-ground floor 8-door; 9-window 10-stair 11-step 12- canopy 13-apron
.Fra Baidu bibliotek
4
stratification compaction composition silt clay sand grave
层理;成层 压实 组成 粉土 粘土 砂土 碎石
.
5
Due to both the compaction and flow effects, buildings tend to settle. Uniform settlements are not so serious, but uneven settlements can have damaging effects—the building may lean, walls and partitions may crack (Fig 4.2), windows and doors may become inoperative, and in the extreme, a building may collapse. Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital.
collapse
倒塌
.
6
Fig 4.2 Relative settlement curve
and cracks of a building
.
7
The great variability of soils has led to a variety of solutions to the foundation problem. Where firm soil exists close to the surface, the simplest solution is to rest columns on a small slab of concrete. Where the soil is softer, it is necessary to spread the column load over a greater area; in this case, a continuous-slab of concrete under the whole building is used. In cases where the soil near the surface is unable to support the weight of the building, piles of wood, steel, or concrete are driven down to firm soil.
.
8
（a）spread foundation
spread foundation
扩展基础
.
9
.
10
（b）strip foundation
canopy apron
雨蓬 窗台3
Soils and Foundations
All buildings are supported on the ground, and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. The design of a foundation depends on many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soil layers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions. Soils rarely have a single composition; they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. For evaluation, soils are graded according to particle size, which increases from silt to clay to sand to gravel to rock.