marktwainmirrorofamerica翻译修辞汇总
MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica全文翻译
Most Americ ans rememb er Mark Twainas the father of Huck Finn's idylli c cruise throug h eterna l boyhoo d and Tom Sawyer's endles s summer of freedo m and advent ure. In-deed, this nation's best-lovedauthor was everybit as ad-ventur ous, patrio tic, romant ic, and humoro us as anyone has ever imagin ed. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. 在大多数美国人的心目中，马克•吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
高英-Mark-Twain—Mirror-of-America原文+翻译+修辞
Mark Twain-the Mirror of America1 Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
2 Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
英语修辞手法
修辞手法1. Metaphor:〔暗喻，隐喻〕e.g. Mark Twain --- Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a black wall of night...The words spat forth with sudden savagery....self-assurance...flickered...The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.Her voice was a whiplash.2.Simile：〔明喻，直喻〕explicit comparison with “like〞, “as〞, “as if (though)〞, “seem〞“resemble〞, etc.3. Synecdoche:〔提喻〕e.g. The computer revolution is…liberating limbs and propellingThe case had erupted round my head.4. Metonymy:〔借代〕e.g. ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxJust as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from human brain ...won 100 at the tableslost it at the barstruggle between kimono and the miniskirt1〕His pen would prove mightier than his pickax.(metonymy: writing --mining)2〕…experimented with his new writing muscles…(metaphor: not so specific as “pen〞to be related to “writing〞)3〕…took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles…(metonymy: manual labor, physical labor)4〕The computer revolution is…, liberating limbs …(synecdoche: part of human body)5〕The case had erupted round my head.(synecdoche: part of one’s body )6〕…I was not one to let my heart rule my head.(metonymy: emotions/feelings ---reason/thought)7) We need 200 hands to help us to finish this sophisticated installation.(synecdoche: part of one’s body )8〕…I was not one to let my heart rule my head.(metonymy: emotions/feelings ---reason/thought) 9)...I have never read Li Bai.(metonymy: poems written by Li Bai)10)He is Mark Twain of the 21st century.(Synecdoche: an individual or concrete for a class or abstract)5.Ridicule:嘲笑;奚落;嘲弄e.g. Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ...Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. 6．Sarcasm:讥讽；挖苦话e.g. There is some doubt about that.7. Irony:反语；挖苦a figure of speech that achieves emphasisby saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.e.g. marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th centuryHiroshima---the liveliest city in the world.8. Alliteration:〔头韵〕e.g. ...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home...with a dash and daring......a recklessness of cost or consequences...9. Parallelism:〔排比〕e.g.The past, with its crimes, its follies, and itstragedies...We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air…10. Antithesis〔对仗，对偶〕e.g. The Christian believes that man came from above.The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below....took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land......a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverAny man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe…11. Oxymoron(矛盾法): formed by conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms.e.g. Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat".bitter sweet memoriesorderly chaos12. Transferred epithet(移就，移位修饰)e.g. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring armround my shoulder.Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.13. Personification:〔拟人〕e.g. ...to literature's enduring gratitude...the grave world smiles as usual...14. Euphemism:〔委婉语〕e.g. ...men's final release from earthly struggle…who diligently avoided contact with the enemy15. Hyperbole:〔夸大〕e.g. ...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endlesssummer of freedom...Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.16. Understatement(低调陈述,抑述)e.g.…the prospects of a good catch looked bleak.英语修辞法一、明喻〔simile〕是以两种具有一样特征的事物与现象进展比照，说明本体与喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在比照中出现。
Mark-Twain-Mirror-of-America全文翻译
Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In—deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad—venturous, patriotic， romantic， and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical， bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him， a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night。
在大多数美国人的心目中，马克•吐温是位伟大作家,他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温-—一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla， prospector, starry—eyed optimist， acid-tongued cynic： The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days，signaling two fathoms （12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world. 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克•吐温原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
高级英语第一册所有修辞方法及例子总结
高级英语第一册所有修辞方法及例子总结第一篇：高级英语第一册所有修辞方法及例子总结Personification:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with......to literature's enduring gratitude......an entry that will determine his course forever...Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Hyperbole Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects1)...takes you...hundreds even thousands of years2)innumerable lamps3)with the dust of centuries4)…5)...cruise through eternal boyhood and...endless summer of freedom...6)America laughed with him.7).The trial that rocked the world8)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.9)Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.Onomatopoeia:1)creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.tinkling, banging, clashing2).its anking, heel icking3)appreciative chuckle4)clucked his tongueMetaphor1)2)3)4)5)I had a lump in my throat At last this intermezzo came to an end...I was again crushed by the thought..hen the meaning...sank in, jolting me outof my sad reverie little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers...struggle between kimono and the miniskirtlittle old Japan----traditional floating houses6)I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impactHiroshima----people of Hiroshima, especially those who suffered from the A-bomb(keep her thoughts under control)E.g.1)Whether for him, the arch 3)The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except and racial domination.a.his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.(give sb.an angry and quick glare)b.The words spat forth with sudden savagery.(the detective said the words suddenly and savagely.)c.Her tone...withered...(become shorter from her frightening voice)d....self-assurance...flickered...(hesitate;move with a quick wavering light emotion)e.The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.1)f.Her voice was a whiplash.i.(a heavy blow)2)g.eyes bored into himi.(look at him pointedly or sharply)3)h.I’ll spell it out.a)(explain or speak outfrankly and in detail)4)1.Mark Twain---Mirror of America5)2.Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruisethrough eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.6)3.The geographic core, in Twain's early years was the great valley of the MississippiRiver , main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart.7)4.The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied — acosmos.8)Cast of characters: people of various sorts;cosmos: a place where one can find all sortsof characters9)5.Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, butits flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as will.10)current: stream, here not a good choice for the verb teem.11)6.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever inNevada 's Washoe region.12)Succumbed…to: gave way to(yielded to, submitted to)the gold and silver rushprevailing in that area.13)7.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and thepersistent, and was rebuffed.Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossal wealth…14)15)16)17)18)19)20)21)22)23)24)25)26)27)28)29)30)31)32)33)34)failed 8.From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.6.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada 's Washoe region.Succumbed…to: gave way to(yielded to, submitted to)the gold and silver rush prevailing in that area.7.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed.Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossal wealth…failed Digging …fame: working hard to gain regional fameMark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles.Honed: sharpened/exercised.It is not suitable to say “sharpen one's muscles”.saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United StatesAll would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...(submarine comes back to the surface, here reappear)When railroads began drying up the demand......took unholy verbal shots...my case would snowball into...our town...had taken on a circus atmosphere.The street...sprouted with...He thundered inhis sonorous organ tones.… had not scorched the infidels...…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…The case had erupted on my head.Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a …But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan.Then the court broke into a storm of applause that …He accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death …Irony: a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm.1)Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan2)marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th centuryAnti-climax : the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensions.This device is usu.aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.1)a town known throughout the world for its---oystersParallelismthe repetition of sounds, meanings and structures serve to order, emphasize, and point out relationsϒϒϒϒ(1)The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies...(2)the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector(3)We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.(4)are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play.ϒ(5)Let us...Let us...ϒ(6)He hopes...He hopes(7)Behind all this glare, behind all this stormLitotes(double negative)(语轻意重法,间接肯定法)a)A negative before another word to indicate a strong affirmative in the oppositedirection.b).Sarcasm1)ah, yes, for there are times when all pray2)There is some doubt about that.3)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout theworld.Alliteration（头韵）repetition of vowel sound1)2)3)4)its anking, heel ickingRhetorical question1)E.g.… but can you doubt what our policy will be?Assonance e.g.when bigots lighted faggots to burn...Repetition –Antithesis(两个结构相似但是意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句)1)E.g.Anyman or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid.Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.(E.g.The coward does it with a kiss, the brave man a sword.)2)From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.3)...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...4)...a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverSimilea)b)c)d)e)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding...a memory that seemed phonographic...swept the arena like a prairie fire...a palm fan like a sword...The oratorical storm … blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a freshwind …Periodic sentence(圆周句)Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense.The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.松散句把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到最初的几个词后就知道这句话的意思。
marktwain—mirrorofamerica翻译,修辞汇总
Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well –one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
高级英语Mark Twain- Mirror of America
• Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh . The moralizing of his earlier writing had been well padded with humor . Now the gloves came off with biting satire . 译文：这个曾经给全世界带 来欢笑的人自己却饱尝了人世间的不幸与 辛酸。他早期作品中的说教包着幽默的外 衣，可现在幽默却变成了辛辣的讽刺。
moralization ( the act of making moral )
pad vt. 给…装衬垫， 加垫子；填塞；踏平 vi. 步行，放轻脚步走 n. 垫，衬垫；护具；便签本；发射台
eg: a jacket with padded shoulders 有垫肩的夹克
noun(可数) 1 住处;（尤指）寓所，公寓
in an upstairs bathtub .
译文：他的大女儿苏茜死于脊膜炎；他的妻 子在佛罗伦萨死于心脏病；他最小的女儿 简患有癫痫，发病时溺死在楼上的浴缸里。
• spinal [spaɪnəl] adj. 脊柱的，与脊柱有 关的；针的，刺的；棘状突起的
• adv. 在脊骨方面，压着脊骨
• n. [医]脊髓麻醉
eg: Last night a boy was drowned in the river. 昨晚一名男孩在河里溺亡。
eg:Clapping drowned the speaker's words for a moment. 鼓掌声一度淹没了发言人的 声音。
MarkTwain—MirrorofAmerica中英对照翻译
Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
Mark-Twain-Mirror-of-America全文翻译
Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In—deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad—venturous, patriotic， romantic， and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical， bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him， a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night。
在大多数美国人的心目中，马克•吐温是位伟大作家,他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温-—一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla， prospector, starry—eyed optimist， acid-tongued cynic： The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days，signaling two fathoms （12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world. 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克•吐温原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
(完整版)高英-Mark-Twain—Mirror-of-America原文+翻译+修辞
Mark Twain-the Mirror of America1 Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
2 Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
浅谈《马克吐温——美国的一面镜子》之修辞艺术
2019年49期总第489期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS浅谈《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》之修辞艺术文/肖 一【摘要】修辞作为一门艺术，通过其特定手段调整、修饰语句，可以达到增强表达效果的作用。
修辞不仅在中文里很常见，在英文中也是多种作样。
本文将以修辞的角度从音韵、词义、句法三个方面对《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》这篇文章进行分析和探讨，帮助英语学习者领略其语言魅力，学习更多修辞知识。
【关键词】音韵；词义；句法；修辞格【作者简介】肖一，洛阳职业技术学院。
修辞手段在英语语言的运用中起着非常重要的作用。
在文学作品中，作者为了追求最佳表现效果, 常常借助各种修辞方法, 以增强语言的生动性和形象性。
英语修辞格有很多种分类，一篇文章通常会综合运用多种修辞手段。
《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》作为一篇使用修辞格的英文典范，其语言极具表现力和感染力。
作者诺埃尔·格洛弗巧妙地运用了多种修辞方法, 在传达自己情感的同时, 又给读者留下了深刻的印象, 使之产生感情上的共鸣。
本文将从音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格三方面对《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》这篇文章进行分析。
一、音韵修辞格(phonologicalrhetoricaldevices)音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞方法，它主要包括：1.拟声(onomatopoeia)，即模仿事物发出声响的修辞方法，恰当运用它可以使语言更加形象。
2.头韵(alliteration)，即相邻的词首出现相同的辅音。
某些音位的组合所具有的特定联想意义，能体现语言与事物的有机联系和内在和谐。
在《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》中只出现了头韵这一种音韵修辞格：“It was a splendid population – for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home... It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences，which she bears unto this day —— and when she projects a new surprise，the grave world smiles as usual， and says‘Well, that is California all over.’”在这里，作者引用传记主人公的原话充分表达了这位文学巨匠的语言风格——犀利生动。
修辞的妙用——以《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》为例
修辞的妙用——以《马克吐温——美国的一面镜子》为例张瑞
【期刊名称】《重庆科技学院学报（社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2014(000)005
【摘要】《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》是张汉熙版《高级英语》中的一篇经典文章.这篇课文给我们展示了一个真实的马克·吐温.文章内容及其语言堪称经典,尤其是修辞的妙用给这篇文章增添了无限的魅力和色彩.该文修辞的妙用不仅体现在作者本人的语言风格上,还体现在作者对马克·吐温原著引用的贴切和准确上,更体现在作者在文本的谋篇和布局上.本文就该篇文章中的修辞进行分析以说明其是如何成功地为读者展示了马克·吐温这面美国的镜子的.
【总页数】3页(P89-91)
【作者】张瑞
【作者单位】信阳师范学院外国语学院,河南信阳464000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I044
【相关文献】
1.Mark Twain-Mirror of America马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子
2.《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》:马克·吐温种族观的一面镜子
3.马克·吐温式的商道脾性--以《马克·吐温自传》为例
4.马克·吐温短篇小说中反讽的传译与效果——以陈光明《马克·吐温幽默小品欣赏》译本为例
5.论《马克·吐温——美国的一面镜子》的修辞艺术
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(完整版)MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica全文翻译
Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. 在大多数美国人的心目中，马克•吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world. 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克•吐温原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
高级英语 修辞手法总汇 复习
一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②Most American remember M. T. as the father of...（2）metaphor 暗喻①the last this intermezzo came to an end…②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America③saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...④main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑤All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑥When railroads began drying up the demand...⑦...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑧Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑨Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑩The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑪and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑫I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑬I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.⑭The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.⑮I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.⑯We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head（5）personification 拟人①...to literature's enduring gratitude...②The grave world smiles as usual...③Bitterness fed on the man...④America laughed with him.⑤Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.（7）hyperbole 夸张①If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.②...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...③The cast of characters... - a cosmos.④America laughed with him.⑤The trial that rocked the world⑥His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. "（9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to expresssomething different from and often opposite to theirliteral meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the ―liveliest‖ city in Japan②… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remarkintended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①There is some doubt about that.（12）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.二、结构修辞格（13）antithesis 对比①Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe…②"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below③...between what people claim to be and what they really are.④...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...⑤...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever（14）rhetorical question 修辞疑问句①Was I not at the scene of the crime?②Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye?③In what conceivable way does our car concern you?三、音韵修辞格（15）头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。
(完整word版)MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica全文翻译
Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best—loved author was every bit as ad-venturous， patriotic， romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined。
I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical， bitter， saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him， a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. 在大多数美国人的心目中，马克•吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温,一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot ， Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms （12 feet） of water -- a navigable depth。
英语修辞手法
1.明喻(Simile)明喻(Simile)，是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。
明喻的表达方法是：A像B。
以两件基本上不相同的事物作比喻的修辞手段。
比喻的一种，明显地用另外的事物来比拟某事物，表示两者之间的相似关系。
常用“如”、“像”、“似”、“好像”、“像…似的”、“如同”、“好比”等比喻词。
通常有三部分构成：本体、喻体、比喻词例如：My heart is like a singing bird.（我的心像一只歌唱的小鸟。
）O my love's like a red, red rose,That's newly sprung in June;That's sweetly played in tune.2.隐喻，暗喻(Metaphor)隐喻也称暗喻，是用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一个事物的方法。
隐喻是和明喻不同,不用like或as表示出来,而是进行隐藏的比较的这样一种修辞手段。
隐喻又称暗喻。
表达方法:A是B。
隐喻是一种比喻，用一种事物暗喻另一种事物。
隐喻是在彼类事物的暗示之下感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论此类事物的心理行为、语言行为和文化行为。
就本体和喻体的关系而言，隐喻比明喻更为紧密。
从语意的角度分析，隐喻比明喻深奥、更形象、更有喻示性和渗透力。
名词、动词、形容词和副词都可以有隐喻用法。
例如： 1.He is a pig.他简直是头猪。
（比喻：他是一个像猪一般的人，指肮脏，贪吃的人。
）2.She is a woman with a stony heart.她是一个铁石心肠的女人。
（比喻：这个女人冷酷无情。
）3.Mark Twain is a mirror of America.马克·吐温是美国的一面镜子。
（用镜子比喻美国的现实，很贴切。
）在一篇描绘中东市场的文章中，作者在描绘其中的铜器市场中燃烧着的木炭时这样写道: “the red of the live coals glowing，bright and then dimming rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows”。
高英-Mark-Twain—Mirror-of-America原文+翻译+修辞
Mark Twain-the Mirror of America1 Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
2 Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
Lesson9高英修辞手法
Lesson91Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of freedom and adventure.—metaphor ,hyperbole, parallelism2I found another Twain as well—one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him,a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who was clearly ahead a black wall of night.—metaphor3The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied—a cosmos.—alliteration, metaphor4He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada’s Washoe region. simile5For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed.—extended metaphor6―It was a splendid population—for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home..—alliteration7The grave world smiles as usual, and says…--personification8..one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler men in a night‖ Casually he debunkedrevered artists and art treasures, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.—antithesis exaggeration9Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. –elliptical sentence10Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world lauth.—personificationLesson101The Trial That Rocked the World—hyperbole2Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University.—periodic sentence3―Don’t worry, son, we’ll show them a few tricks,‖Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.—t ransferred epithet4After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and Culture to the human mind.—irony5One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT—INSIDE.—pun6Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a ―victorious defeat.‖—oxymoron7The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little cout in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative of fices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.—extended metaphor―Why don’t you take one or two of the others?‖ I asked. rhetorical question)Metaphor:Mark Twain --- Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a black wall of night...main artery of transportation in the young nation's heartthe vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United StatesAll would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsamWhen railroads began drying up the demand......the epidemic of gold and silver fever...Twain began digging his way to regional fame...Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles......took unholy verbal shots...Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of......a memory that seemed phonographicHyperbole:..cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...The cast of characters... - a cosmos.Parallelism:Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.Personification:life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with ......to literature's enduring gratitude......an entry that will determine his course forever...the grave world smiles as usual...Bitterness fed on the man...America laughed with him.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Antithesis:...between what people claim to be and what they really are.....took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land......a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverEuphemism:..men's final release from earthly struggleAlliteration:...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.with a dash and daring...a recklessness of cost or consequences...Metonymy:..his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxeSynecdocheKeelboats,...carried the first major commerceUnit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of AmericaV. Rhetorical devices1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson2.e.g. 1) Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic,and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para. 1)2) Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection forBecky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is theDeclaration of Independence. (Para. 15)2. Metaphore.g. 1) …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. (Para. 1)2) …main artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart. (Para. 3)3. Sarcasm: it is a figure of speech which attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is todisparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is most oftenrestricted to the making of brief, unpleasant remarks that are motivated by hostility andcontempt.e.g. 1)…I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. (Para. 6)2) …one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night. (Para. 13)4. Alliteration: please refer to Lesson 1.e.g. It was a splendid population –for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed athome.It was that population…and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring anda recklessness of cost or consequences‖5. Antithesis: please refer to Lesson 1.e.g. 1)…of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. (Para. 5)2)…a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.6. euphemisme.g. 1) He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confiderate guerrillas whodiligently avoided contact with the enemy.2) he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man’s final release from earthlystruggles7. metonymye.g. …but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.Unit 10 The Trial that Rocked the WorldVII: Rhetorical devices1. Metaphor:No one,... that may case would snowball into......our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.The street ...sprouted with ...He thundered in his sonorous organ tones....champion had not scorched the infidels...…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…2. Simile:...swept the arena like a prairie fire...a palm fan like a sword...3. Metonymy...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers...The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.4. Hyperbole:The trial that rocked the worldHis reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.5. Ridicule:Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ...Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.6. Sarcasm:There is some doubt about that.And it is a mighty strong combination.7. Transferred epithetDarrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.8. AntithesisThe Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.9. Assonance:when bigots lighted faggots to burn...10. Repetition:The truth always wins...the truth...the truth...11. synecdoche1) the case had erupted round my head12. oxymoron (矛盾修饰法)Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a , “victorious defeat”Unit 11 What’s a Dictionary For?IV. Rhetorical devices1. Personification:The storm...that greeted...An article in the Atlantic viewed it as a disappointment...The Yew York Times, ...felt itThe Journal ...saw...2. Alliteration:...very little light on Lincoln...on Life3. Sarcasm:a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life...."so simple" a thing that the writer takes plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that.4. Assonance:The difference between the much-touted ... and the much clouted ...5. Synecdoche:But neither his vanity nor his purse is ...(metonymy)What of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges...6. MetonymyThe Washington Post, ..."keep Your Old Webster's"in short, ...written in the language that the 3rd International describes......very little light on Lincoln...on Life7. Zeugma:a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g. John and his driving licence expired last week) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g. with weeping eyes and hearts). Compare with syllepsis.(语)轭式搭配法（一种修辞手段，指将一个动词与两个不同的名词或代词等搭配使同一个动词具有不同意义，如在John and his driving licence expired last week中的动词expired；或指将一个形容词与两个不同的名词搭配，在词义上该形容词虽仅适合于其中之一，但另一搭配可产生不同的联想意义，如在with weeping eyes and hearts中）。
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M a r k T w a i n-t h e M i r r o r o f A m e r i c aMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克吐温原名塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
他的笔名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12英尺)——意即可以通航的信号语。
他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。
The geographic core, in Twain's early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart. Keelboats ，flatboats , and large rafts carried the first major commerce. Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses , cotton, and whiskey traveled north. In the 1850's, before the climax of westward expansion, the vast basin drainedthree-quarters of the settled United States.在马克吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是这个年轻国家中部的交通大动脉。
龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。
木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。
在19世纪50年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前，辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。
Young Mark Twain entered that world in 1857 as a cub pilot on a steamboat. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied a cosmos. He participated abundantly in this life, listening to pilothouse talk of feuds, piracies, lynchings ,medicine shows, and savage waterside slums. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic 1857年，少年马克吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。
在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到的是各式各样的人物，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。
他完全地投身到这种生活之中，经常在操舵室里听着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、游医卖药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。
所有这一切，连同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸收的丰富多彩的语言，后来都有机会在他的作品中得以再现。
Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. His four and a half year s in the steamboat trade marked the real beginning of his education, and the most lasting part of it. In later life Twain acknowledgedthat the river had acquainted him with every possible type of human nature. Those acquaintanceships strengthened all his writing, but he never wrote well than when he wrote of the people a-long the great stream.蒸汽船的甲板上不仅挤满了富有开拓精神的人们，而且也载着一些娼妓、赌棍和歹徒等社会渣滓。
从所有这些形形色色的人身上，马克吐温敏锐地认识了人类，认识了人们的言与行之间的差距。
他在蒸汽船上工作的四年半时间是他真正接受教育的开端，而且也是最具有深远意义的教育。
到了晚年，马克吐温还声言是密西西比河使他了解了各种各样的人的本性。
这种生活体验对他的全部创作都起了促进作用，然而他描写得最为成功的还是那些密西西比河上的人物。
When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain left the river country. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding, "... I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. "随着铁路运输的发展，社会上对汽船领航员的需求日渐减少，而内战的爆发又阻碍了商业贸易的发展。
这时，马克吐温便离开了密西西比河流域。
他在南方邦联游击队的一支杂牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵。
那支队伍想方设法避免与敌军交战。
在确信“我比发明撤退的人更精通撤退”之后，马克吐温离开了那支队伍。
He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada's Washoe region. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed. Broke and discouraged, he accepted a job as reporter with the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, to literature's enduring gratitude.他乘驿站马车来到西部，在内华达州的华苏地区受到当时正流行的淘金热的诱惑。