7 Pragmatic Presupposition语用预设

7.2 Pragmatic presupposition
◦ Properties of pragmatic presupposition: ◦ (1) Speakers, not sentences or propositions, have pragmatic presuppositions; ◦ (2) Pragmatic presupposition covers everything that the speaker assumes to be in existence or true prior to making an utterance. It concerns not only actual information but also expectations, desires, claims, attitudes, fears and beliefs.
7.1 Entailment and presupposition
◦ E.g. That person is a bachelor. entails: That person is a man.
7.1 Entailment and presupposition
◦ Semantic presupposition refers to the semantic relation between two propositions of which one is the premise or pre-condition of the other. E.g. My brother is a linguist. presupposes I have a brother.
7.1 Entailment and presupposition
◦ Two conditions are necessary for Proposition A to entail Proposition B (A ǁ-B): Condition One: If A is true, B is true. Condition Two: If A is not true, B may be true or false.
◦ H. Cleft sentences分裂句 ◦ I. Non-restrictive attributive clauses非限定性关系从句 ◦ J. Counterfactual conditionals反事实类条件句 ◦ K. Questions疑问句 ◦ L. Marked stress有标记重音
◦ (5) The cancelability or defeasibility (可撤销或可证
伪性) (see 7.3)
7.3 Cancelation of presupposition
◦ Pragmatic presupposition can be cancelled: ◦ (1) in certain contexts (either the immediate linguistic context or the less immediate discourse context, or
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7.1 Entailment and presupposition
◦ In semantics, entailment refers to the semantic relation between propositions of which one logically follows from another. E.g. (a) I have a brother. entails: I have a sibling.
means of some linguistic forms which are called
presupposition triggers (预设/前提触发语).
7.5 Presupposition triggers
◦ A. Definite descriptions 有定描述 ◦ B. Factive verbs or adjective phrases叙实类动词/形容词短语
not survive in a complex structure containing that
simple structure.
◦ Examples on p.96
7.5 Presupposition triggers
◦ Semantic presupposition is generally detectable by
7.2 Pragmatic presupposition
◦ Properties of pragmatic presupposition: ◦ (3) Common ground or mutual knowledge requirement (互 知条件): the information pragmatically presupposed by the speaker must be shared by the hearer;
7.1 Entailment and presupposition
◦ Two conditions necessary for A to presupposes B (A >>B): Condition A: If A is true, B is true. Condition B: If A is not true, B is still true.
◦ Read carefully the last paragraph in 7.1 on p.93
7.2 Pragmatic presupposition
◦ In pragmatics, more concerned with how speakers or writers make use of presuppositions as a way of communicating implicit meaning. ◦ (Pragmatic) presupposition
◦ Both semantic entailment and semantic presupposition:
Information which is not stated but implicitly communicated. Both require inferring. Sentences or propositions, not speakers, contain semantic entailments and communicate semantic presuppositions.
7.1 Entailment and presupposition
◦ Constancy under negation test否定测试下恒定 the negation test does not apply to semantic entailment.
7.1 Entailment and presupposition
circumstances where contrary assumptions are made);
◦ (2) by the speaker in certain contexts.
7.4 Projection problems with presupposition
◦ Presupposition contained in a simple structure may
7 PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITION 语用预设/前提
Contents
◦ 7.1 Entailment and presupposition ◦ 7.2 Pragmatic presupposition ◦ 7.3 Cancelation of presupposition ◦ 7.4 Projection problems with presupposition ◦ 7.5 Presupposition triggers
◦ C. Implicative verbs隐含类动词
◦ D. Change-of-state verbs状态变化类动词 ◦ E. Iteratives反复类词语 ◦ F. Verbs of judging判断类动词 ◦ G. Temporal clause/phrase时间从句/短语
7.5 Presupposition triggers
◦ (4) Pragmatic presupposition is context-sensitive and related to felicity conditions (适切条件) of utterances.
7.2 Pragmatic presupposition
◦ Properties of pragmatic presupposition: