定语从句十大易错点

例析定语从句十大易错点
定语从句是中学英语教学中的一个重要语法项目，也是历届高考的热点所在。

笔者现将定语从句易出错的地方归纳为以下几点，希望对大家有所帮助。

易错点一：关系代词和关系副词的混用
例1. I’ll never forget the days when I spent in New York with you.
例2. I’ll never forget the days which I visited New York with you.
析：例1 中的when 应改为which 或that ；例2 中的which 应改为when .区分关系代词和关系副词的关键是看它们在定语从句中所充当的成分。

如果定语从句中缺少主语、宾语，就应考虑使用关系代词，如例 1 ；若定语从句中缺少状语，就应考虑使用关系副词，如例 2 . 易错点二：固定句式出差错
例3. Mary is so lovely a girl as everybody loves her.
例4. Mary is so lovely a girl that everybody loves.
析：例3 中的as 应改为that ；例4 中的that 应改为as . so…as 或so…that 为固定句式，前者为as 引导的定语从句，as 在定语从句中作宾语或主语，如例4 ；后者为that 引导的结果状语从句，该从句的成分是完整的，不缺少主语或宾语，如例3 .类似的固定句式还有the same…as （that），such…as ，as…as 等。

易错点三：主谓不一致
例5. Tom is one of the students who likes swimming.
例6. Tom is the only one of the students who like swimming.
析：例5 中的likes 应改为like ；例6 中的like 应改为likes .在“one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的先行词是复数名词，故谓语动词要用复数形式，如例 5 ；在“the （only）one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句”结构中，先行词是one ，而不是复数名词，故谓语动词要用单数形式，如例 6 . 易错点四：与强调句型及其他句型的混合
例7. Was it in the shop that you bought the recorder that you lost your pen？
例8. You’d better make a mark at where you have any questions.
析：例7 中第一个that 应改为where ；例8 中应去掉at .例7 为带有定语从句的强调句，you bought the recorder 为定语从句，其引导词应用where ，后面第二个that 才是强调句中的that ，此句可还原为：You lost your pen in the shop where you bought the recorder .例8 为where 引导的地点状语从句。

易错点五：对先行词概念不明确
例9. It this library that you visited yesterday？
例10. Is this the library where you visited yesterday？
析：例9 中应在library 后加the one ；例10 中的where 应去掉或改为that 或which .在例9 中，this library 是主语，is 是谓语，that 引导的是定语从句，但没有先行词，故应补加先行词；在例10 中，the library 是先行词，定语从句缺少宾语，故应用that 或which 来引导，当然也可以省略。

易错点六：特殊名词作先行词时关系词的选取错误
例11. I don’t like the way which you speak to her.
例12. I don’t care for pay. I just want to get a job that I can be greatly valued.
析：例11 中应在which 前加in 或将which 改为that 或去掉；例12 中的that 应改为where 或in which .在定语从句中，有些特殊名词作先行词时其关系词的选取有一定的特殊性，如way 作先行词时，其引导词可用that 或in which 或省略，如例11 ；与way 相似的还有job ，situation ，point ，case 等作先行词时，关系词常用where 或in which ，如例12 . 易错点七：忽略as 和which 引导非限定性定语从句的区别
例13. He failed in the exam again，which was expected.
例14. He failed in the exam again，as was not what he had expected.
析：例13 中的which 应改为as ；例14 中的as 应改为which . as 和which 虽然都可
引导非限制性定语从句，但仍有以下三点区别：（1 ）as 有“正如；就像”之意，而which 没有；（ 2 ）as 引导的非限制性定语从句可置于句首、句中或句末，而which 只能置于句末；（3 ）如果非限制性定语从句是否定句时，只能用which 引导。

易错点八：忽略that 和which 引导限制性定语从句的区别
例15. This is the most exciting football game which I have ever seen.
例16. Here are the samples that —had I thought of it —you could have taken with you yesterday.
析：例15 中的which 应改为that ；例16 中的that 应改为which .当先行词被最高级、序数词修饰或先行词本身是不定代词时，只能用what 来引导定语从句，如例15 ；当关系词后面有插入成分时，只能用which 来引导定语从句，如例16 . 易错点九：介词前置出差错
例17. The two things with which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. 例18. Tell him all the things to which he should pay attention.
析：例17 中的with 应改为about 或of ；例18 中应把to 移到attention 的后面。

在定语从句中前置的介词必须和后面的动词或形容词构成固定搭配，如例17 ；但并不是所有的固定搭配中的介词都可前置，如例18 . 易错点十：which 和whose 的意义不明确
例19. The book which cover is broken is of great help to all of us.
例20. The book of whose cover is broken is of great help to all of us.
析：例19 中的which 应改为whose ；例20 中的whose 应改为which .在定语从句中，关系代词which 不能在定语从句中作定语，但whose 可作定语，“whose + n ”相当于“the + n + of which ”或“of which + the + n ”。

本文转自：中小学教育资源站（ ）原文链接：/gaokao/gaokaoti/gao2/200802/19523.html
Ⅰ、定语从句中宜用that，不宜用which的情况
在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that，而不宜用which的情况。

被修饰的先行词为不定代词，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。

如：
As we all know, all that can be done has been done. 正如我们大家所知，一切能做的事都做了。

“Is there anything (that) I can do for you?” he asked me.
We should do all that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。

There’s nothing that can be said about it. 有关这件事，已没什么可说的。

Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday? 你指的是昨天买的那个吗？
先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very等词修饰时。

如：
This is the only dictionary (that) the student has. 那位学生只有这一本辞典。

All the plans that will be discussed at the meeting are very important.
会上将要讨论的所有计划都是很重要的。

The only thing that we could do was to wait. 我们惟一能做的事就是等待。

You can take any seat that is free. 任何空位子你都可以坐。

That’s the very word that is wrongly used. 那正被用错的词。

先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

如：
He was the first that gave us some useful advice. 他是第一个给我们提出有用建议的人。

It is the first letter that I have written in French. 这是我用法语写的第一封信。

When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.
当我们谈起无锡时，首先想到的就是太湖。

This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.
这是我校本学期放映的第三部片子。

先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。

Do the best (that) you can do. 你要尽力而为。

This is the best that can be done now. 这是现在能做的最好的办法。

The most important thing that should be done now is how to stop him from going on.
现在最重要的是如何阻止他继续下去。

先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不合适，这时宜用that。

They talked about the things and people that they saw in that country.
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.
你刚谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。

The bike and its rider that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.
碰倒了一位老年妇女的那辆自行车连人一起被警察扣留了。

被修饰词为数词时。

如：
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。

你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。

如有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that，以避免语言的单词或重复。

Do you know who is the man that said hello to us just now? 你知道刚才和我们打招呼的人是谁吗？
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
爱迪生办了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。

主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词。

They are no longer the men that they used to be. 他们不再是从前那样的人了。

There’s still a seat in the corn er that is still free. 角落里仍有一个空位子。

被修饰成分为表语，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。

That’s a good book that will help you a lot. 这是本对你很有帮助的书。

My home village is no longer the place (that) it used to be. 我的故乡已不再是过去的那个面貌了。

that可用作关系副词代替when
that有时可用来代替when，引导一个定语从句，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time, moment等。

如：
I arrived here the day (when/ that) he left. 我是在他离开的那天到这儿的。

October 1, 1949 was the day when/that the People’s Republic of China was founded.
1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。

He worked hard the whole time (when/that) he lived here. 他住在这里的整个时间工作都很努力。

He hurried into the airport the moment (when/that) the plane was about to take off.
飞机正要起飞的时候他赶到了飞机场。

He went hunting in the mountains most of the time (when/that) he had his holidays here.
他在这儿度假的大部分时间是在山区打猎。

Ⅱ、定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况：
这里我们讨论一下定语从句中宜用which，而不宜用that指代物的情况。

当关系代词前面有介词时。

A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
动物园是展览各种动物的公园。

Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? 这就是White先生住的房间吗？
在非限制性定语从句中。

Crusoe’s dog, which was now very old, became ill and died. 克鲁索的狗，
现在已经很老，病死了。

More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. 越来越多的人开始学英语，这种情况我们
国家相当普遍。

在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that，另一
个宜用which。

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
我来给你看我从新开放的图书馆里借的
一本小说。

At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time
on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them. 我在车站买了几本杂志，这些杂志有助于我在
车上消磨时间，而且，我看完之后，还可以给别人看。

当关系代词后面带有插入语时。

Here is the English grammar which, as have told you, will help improve your English.
这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。

Ⅲ、定语从句中宜用who而不宜用that的情况
先行词为one, ones, anyone或those时。

The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.
我要学习的那位同志是位学习勤奋、工作出色的同志。

Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.
凡是昨天没来开会的人必须陈述理由。

Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once. 不
称职的人应该马上辞职。

I don’t like the ones (= those) who talk big. 我不喜欢那些说大话的
人。

在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。

There’s a gentleman who wants to see you. 有位先生想要见你。

There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses. 我们班上还有好多学生对定语从句的用法仍没有把握。

当先行词有较长的后置定语时。

I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.
昨天下午我在公园里遇到一位汉语说得很好的外国人。

一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个则宜用who，以免重复。

The st udent that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard. 昨天在会上受到表扬的学生是位谦虚好学的班长。

Ⅳ、“one of the+复数名词”后的定语从句中谓语单复数情况：
1）one of the + 复数名词这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。

如：
That is one of the books that are required for study at school. 那是学校里要求学生学习的书籍之一。

This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.
这是自1990年以来出版的最精彩的小说之一。

She is one of the few persons who know Spanish. 她是懂得西班牙语的少数几个人中的一位。

This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties. 这是30年代写的最著名的剧本之一。

2）如果one of the + 复数名词这一结构前面带有定冠词或the only之类的限定语，后面定语从句中的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是the one或the only one，而不是那个复数名词。

如：
He is the one of the teachers who knows French in our school.
他是我校教师中惟一懂法语的人。

（修饰the one）
试比较：He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.
他是我校懂法语的教师之一。

（修饰the teachers）
This is the only one of the rooms that is free now.
这是这些房间中惟一没人住的一间。

（修饰the only one）
试比较：This is one of the rooms that are free now. 这是目前没人住的房间之一。

（修饰rooms）
三、关系副词
when、where、why引导定语从句时，既起连接作用，又在定语从句中充当状语。

When指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。

如：
1. I still remember the day when I first came to Dalian. 我仍然记得第一次来大连那天的情景。

2. He told me the date when he joined the party. 他告诉了我他入党的时间。

3. They stayed with me for three weeks when they drank all the wine I had.
他们和我一起住了三个星期，在那三周里，把我所有的葡萄酒都喝光了。

where指地点、在定语从句中充当地点状语。

如：
4. This is the house where we lived when we were young. 这就是我们小时候住的房子。

5. This is the village where I grew up. 这就是我长大的那个村庄。

6. Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake. 杭州是个有一个美丽的湖泊的城市。

Why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。

如：
7. I know the reason why he was late for the meeting. 我知道他开会迟到的原因。

8. Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation? 你知道他拒绝应邀的原因吗？
9. That is the reason why I’ve changed so much. 那就是我变化这么快的原因。

【注】如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词，不能就一律断定要用关系副词when 或where，务必要看引导词在从句中作什么成分，如果作状语，用关系副词，如做主语或宾语要用关系代词。

如：
10. I’ll never forget the time when we worked together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起工作的时光。

（work是不及物动词，when在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词。

）
11. I’ll never forget the time (which/that) we spent together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起渡过的时光。

（spend是及物动词，which/that在定语从句中作宾语，故用关系代词，也可以省略。

）
12. This is the factory where he worked before. 这是他以前工作过的工厂。

（work是不及物动词，where在定语从句中作状语。

）
13. This is the factory which/that he visited before. 这是他以前参观过的工厂。

（visit是及物动词，which/that在从句中作宾语，亦可省略。

）
【注】同理，当reason做先行词时，也需注意其引导词在从句中作什么成分，不能断定一概用why来引导。

如：
14. The reason why I was absent yesterday was that I was ill. 我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。

（定语从句中缺状语，表示原因，故用关系副词why）
15. The reason that he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.
他所解释的迟到的原因是他误了头班汽车。

（explain是及物动词，that在从句中作其宾语）
四、介词+关系代词
关系副词可转化为介词+关系代词，即介词+which，因此上述例句可作如下转换：
句1.中when=on which 句2.中when=on which
句 3.中when=during which (time) 句 4.5.6.中where=in which
先行词是人时，用介词+whom，先行词是物时，用介词+which。

如：
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.
他们来到一所农舍，农舍前面坐着一个小男孩。

That is the writer with whom I talked just now. 那就是刚才和我谈话的作家。

介词的选择
1）根据动词、形容词的固定搭配确定。

The pencil-box on which I spent 10 yuan is lost. 我花10元钱买的文具盒丢了。

（on which是根据spend…on…的搭配）。

The two things of which Marx was not sure were grammar and some of the idioms.
马克思不太有把握的两项内容是语法和一些习惯用语。

（of which是根据be sure of的搭配）。

2）根据意思表达确定。

The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen. 医生用来救护病人的气体叫氧气。

The gas without which we could not live is called oxygen. 没有它我们就不能生存的气体叫氧气。

介词的位置与关系代词
1）介词后的关系代词只能是which或whom，不能用that, which或whom不能被省略。

介词用于句尾时，关系代词用which、that、who或whom都行，而且还可能省略。

如：This is the drawer in which I put my papers.
=This is the drawer (which/that) I put my papers in. 这就是我放文件的抽屉。

Is he the boy to whom you talked after school?
Is he the boy (whom/whom/that) you talked to after school? 他就是放学后你与之谈话的男孩吗？
2）当定语从句中的谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，不可把短语动词的各个部分拆开，也就是说不能将介词提前。

如：
These are the children whom you need to look after. 那些就是你必须照看的孩子。

The post office which you are looking for is at the other end of the street.
你在寻找的邮局在大街的另一端。

五﹑在带有插入语的定语从句中who和whom的选用：
关系代词who/whom引导定语从句时，担任主语成分时用主格who，担任宾语成分用宾格whom，这点很简单，但有时它们引导的定语从句带有插入语，而该插入语后又不用逗号隔开，因此不易区分它是定语从句中的插入语还是定语从句中的主谓结构；这时就产生了用主格who还是用宾格whom这一困难。

试比较和分析下列两组例句：
1. Jason is a man who I believe is honest. 我认为Jason是一个诚实的人。

（在定语从句who I believe is honest中，I believe是插入语，去掉该插入语剩下的便是Jason is a man who is honest，在语法及句意上都能成立，who 是定语从句中动词is的主语，故用主格，不能用whom。

）
2. Jason is a man whom I believe (to be) honest. 我认为Jason是一个诚实的人。

（在定语从句中whom I believe (to be) honest中，如把I believe当作插入语而予以删掉的话，剩下的句子结构便成为Jason is a man whom (to be) honest，显然不合语法，因而I believe不是插入语，而是定语从句中的主谓结构，whom 作believe的宾语，(to be) honest是whom的宾语补足语。

）
3. The girl who we supposed was drowned came back. 我们以为淹死的那个女孩回来了。

（we supposed是插入语，因为去掉后，The girl who was drowned came back 仍成立，who是谓语was drowned的主语，故不能用宾格形式whom。

）
4. The girl whom we supposed (to be) drowned came back. 我们以为淹死的那个女孩回来了。

（如把we supposed当作插入语加以删掉，剩下的句子结构The girl whom (to be) drowned came back在语法上不能成立，故在这句中we supposed不是插入语而是定语从句的主谓成分，whom作supposed的宾语，（to be）drowned作whom的宾语补足语。

）。