CCS Functional Classification of Angina CCS心绞痛分级
一类新型镁材料——镁基金属有机骨架材料
2018年第37卷第9期 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS·3437·化 工 进展一类新型镁材料——镁基金属有机骨架材料韩森建，王海增（中国海洋大学化学化工学院，山东 青岛 266100）摘要：镁基金属有机骨架材料（Mg-MOFs ）是近年来逐渐受到关注的一类新型功能材料，其种类与结构多样化，使其在很多领域中展现出了潜在的应用价值，为镁资源的开发利用开拓了一个新的领域。
本文从Mg-MOFs 的种类、特点、制备方法、应用以及稳定性5个方面展开论述。
详细阐述了Mg-MOFs 在催化、药物缓释、光学材料、气体储存、气体吸附和分离等方面的应用，着重介绍了Mg-MOFs 的储氢能力和对二氧化碳的吸附能力及对不同混合物的选择分离能力。
提出了今后Mg-MOFs 的研究重点：优化Mg-MOFs 的制备条件，降低制备难度及成本；选择新的配体源及溶剂，开发具有结构稳定、高比表面积、功能多样的Mg-MOFs ，扩大其在气体吸附与选择性分离方向的应用；将Mg-MOFs 应用于复合材料中，拓宽其应用范围。
关键词：镁基金属有机骨架材料；羧酸配体；储氢；分离中图分类号：O6-1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2018）09–3437–09 DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017-2174A new material of magnesium complexes——magnesium based metalorganic frameworksHAN Senjian , WANG Haizeng(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China)Abstract ：Magnesium based metal organic frameworks (Mg-MOFs), as a new kind of functional material, have recently drawn much research attention. Due to the diversified specie and structures, Mg-MOFs have shown potential applications in many fields, which provide a new research area for the development and utilization of magnesium resources. Five aspects on Mg-MOFs are discussed in this article, including the main types, characteristics, preparation method, applications and stability. The applications of Mg-MOFs in catalysis, drug delivery, optical properties, gas storage, adsorption and separation are elaborated, and the capacities of hydrogen storage, carbon dioxide adsorption and selective uptake are presented emphatically. In addition, the prospects and challenges in the future are pointed out. For instance: optimizing the preparation conditions of Mg-MOFs to reduce the process difficulty and costs; selecting new ligands and solvent to prepare Mg-MOFs of high surface area, developing varieties of functional Mg-MOFs with structural stability to expand their applications in gas adsorption and separation, and applying Mg-MOFs to the composite materials to extend their application range.Key words: magnesium based metal organic frameworks (Mg-MOFs); ligands of carboxylic acid; storage hydrogen gas; separation我国镁资源总储量世界第一，包括固态镁资源和液态镁资源[1]。
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ANDENERG FUEL ENERGY & FUELS0887-0624工程技术2N。
classification
classificationClassification is a fundamental task in machine learning and data analysis. It involves categorizing data into predefined classes or categories based on their features or characteristics. The goal of classification is to build a model that can accurately predict the class of new, unseen instances.In this document, we will explore the concept of classification, different types of classification algorithms, and their applications in various domains. We will also discuss the process of building and evaluating a classification model.I. Introduction to ClassificationA. Definition and Importance of ClassificationClassification is the process of assigning predefined labels or classes to instances based on their relevant features. It plays a vital role in numerous fields, including finance, healthcare, marketing, and customer service. By classifying data, organizations can make informed decisions, automate processes, and enhance efficiency.B. Types of Classification Problems1. Binary Classification: In binary classification, instances are classified into one of two classes. For example, spam detection, fraud detection, and sentiment analysis are binary classification problems.2. Multi-class Classification: In multi-class classification, instances are classified into more than two classes. Examples of multi-class classification problems include document categorization, image recognition, and disease diagnosis.II. Classification AlgorithmsA. Decision TreesDecision trees are widely used for classification tasks. They provide a clear and interpretable way to classify instances by creating a tree-like model. Decision trees use a set of rules based on features to make decisions, leading down different branches until a leaf node (class label) is reached. Some popular decision tree algorithms include C4.5, CART, and Random Forest.B. Naive BayesNaive Bayes is a probabilistic classification algorithm based on Bayes' theorem. It assumes that the features are statistically independent of each other, despite the simplifying assumption, which often doesn't hold in the realworld. Naive Bayes is known for its simplicity and efficiency and works well in text classification and spam filtering.C. Support Vector MachinesSupport Vector Machines (SVMs) are powerful classification algorithms that find the optimal hyperplane in high-dimensional space to separate instances into different classes. SVMs are good at dealing with linear and non-linear classification problems. They have applications in image recognition, hand-written digit recognition, and text categorization.D. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)K-Nearest Neighbors is a simple yet effective classification algorithm. It classifies an instance based on its k nearest neighbors in the training set. KNN is a non-parametric algorithm, meaning it does not assume any specific distribution of the data. It has applications in recommendation systems and pattern recognition.E. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)Artificial Neural Networks are inspired by the biological structure of the human brain. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) organized in layers. ANN algorithms, such asMultilayer Perceptron and Convolutional Neural Networks, have achieved remarkable success in various classification tasks, including image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing.III. Building a Classification ModelA. Data PreprocessingBefore implementing a classification algorithm, data preprocessing is necessary. This step involves cleaning the data, handling missing values, and encoding categorical variables. It may also include feature scaling and dimensionality reduction techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA).B. Training and TestingTo build a classification model, a labeled dataset is divided into a training set and a testing set. The training set is used to fit the model on the data, while the testing set is used to evaluate the performance of the model. Cross-validation techniques like k-fold cross-validation can be used to obtain more accurate estimates of the model's performance.C. Evaluation MetricsSeveral metrics can be used to evaluate the performance of a classification model. Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score are commonly used metrics. Additionally, ROC curves and AUC (Area Under Curve) can assess the model's performance across different probability thresholds.IV. Applications of ClassificationA. Spam DetectionClassification algorithms can be used to detect spam emails accurately. By training a model on a dataset of labeled spam and non-spam emails, it can learn to classify incoming emails as either spam or legitimate.B. Fraud DetectionClassification algorithms are essential in fraud detection systems. By analyzing features such as account activity, transaction patterns, and user behavior, a model can identify potentially fraudulent transactions or activities.C. Disease DiagnosisClassification algorithms can assist in disease diagnosis by analyzing patient data, including symptoms, medical history, and test results. By comparing the patient's data againsthistorical data, the model can predict the likelihood of a specific disease.D. Image RecognitionClassification algorithms, particularly deep learning algorithms like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have revolutionized image recognition tasks. They can accurately identify objects or scenes in images, enabling applications like facial recognition and autonomous driving.V. ConclusionClassification is a vital task in machine learning and data analysis. It enables us to categorize instances into different classes based on their features. By understanding different classification algorithms and their applications, organizations can make better decisions, automate processes, and gain valuable insights from their data.。
EPA、DHA的微胶囊化:壁材的筛选
EPA、DHA的微胶囊化：壁材的筛选
殷小梅;许时婴
【期刊名称】《食品与发酵工业》
【年(卷),期】2000(026)001
【摘要】以产品的产率、效率和贮存稳定性(包括产品的抗氧化性和心材的持留率)为评定指标,选用多种蛋白质,如明胶(GEL)、浓缩乳清蛋白(WPC)、大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、大豆水解蛋白(SPH)和酪蛋白酸钠(CAS)等,作为EPA、DHA微胶囊化壁材,并进行了比较.结果表明:SPI作为壁材制得的微胶囊产品具有较高的产率和效率,但其贮存稳定性很差;而GEL、SPH(DH8)和WPC3种壁材制得的产品具有较好的贮存稳定性,其中又以GEL为最佳.
【总页数】4页(P33-36)
【作者】殷小梅;许时婴
【作者单位】无锡轻工大学食品学院,无锡,214036;无锡轻工大学食品学院,无锡,214036
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS2
【相关文献】
1.以大豆蛋白制备微胶囊化鱼油的研究（I）：微胶囊化鱼油的壁材选择 [J], 朱迅涛;许时婴
2.ω—3多不饱和脂肪酸DHA和EPA的微胶囊化 [J], 许时婴;朱迅涛
3.鱼油中DHA与EPA的开发应用研究：Ⅰ.鱼油精制与鱼油中DHA和EPA的… [J], 曾晓雄;杨红旗
4.以聚合乳清蛋白为壁材的苦荞黄酮微胶囊化及其品质分析 [J], 孙亚利;周文美;黄永光;王小平;周敏
5.微胶囊化鱼油（DHA／EPA） [J],
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靶向肿瘤(干)细胞STAT3信号通路抑制剂Angoline构效关系及其结构优化
靶向肿瘤（干）细胞STAT3信号通路抑制剂Angoline构效关系及其结构优化目的：先导化合物Angoline是从两面针中分离得到的一种选择性STAT3信号通路抑制剂。
本论文设计、合成Angoline系列衍生物并评价其对人肝癌细胞的抑制活性,并研究其构效关系；然后初步探讨Angoline抑制人肝癌干细胞(HLCSCs)的自我更新生物活性以及诱导HLCSCs凋亡的作用机理；最后阐明Angoline可能作用于STAT3蛋白的分子作用模式。
方法：①利用硅胶柱层析从中药两面针根甲醇提取物中分离得到白屈菜红碱；②然后以白屈菜红碱为母核,通过亲核取代反应和氧化还蹶应等方法修饰合成Angoline系列衍生物；③综合运用NMR和MS等波谱学方法表征化合物结构；④采用MTT法评价系列衍生物对人肝癌细胞的抑制活性；⑤利用流式细胞仪检测Angoline对HLCSCs的细胞凋亡和细胞周期的影响；⑥利用分子对接技术阐明Angoline及其系列衍生物作用于STAT3的分子作用模式。
结果：①从两面针根茎甲醇提取物中分离得到200mg白屈菜红碱,得率约为4.00‰②设计、合成和鉴定了12个Angoline衍生物,获得了几个活性较好的化合物：DY30105(IC50=0.45μM)、DY20101 (IC50=0.55μM)、氯化两面针碱(IC50=5.44μM)、血根碱(IC50=6.80μM);但是相比Angoline (IC50=0.05μM),活性还是偏弱；③构效结构结果显示：甲氧基是关键的药效基团,C8、C9位的甲氧基对人肝癌细胞的抑制活性有重要影响,在C8上引入烷基或氮杂环等可明显减弱对人肝癌细胞的抑制活性；④Angoline能剂量依赖性地诱导人肝癌干细胞的凋亡,并将细胞生长阻滞在S期；⑤分子对接结果显示,Angoline与SH2结构域的谷氨酰胺(Gin635)、赖氨酸(Lys591)和异亮氨酸(IIe634)残基同时形成arene-H键,并与SH2结构域上离子化的精氨酸(Arg595)残基形成arene-cation键。
《小型微型计算机系统》期刊简介
2656小型微型计算机系统2020 年in collaborative filtering recommender systems [ J ]. Knowledge- Based Systems,2016,100( 10) ：74-88.[19] Zhou W,W en J,Xiong Q,et al. SVM-TIA a shilling attack detection method based on SVM and target item analysis in recommender systems [ J ]. Neurocomputing, 2016,210 (40) ： 197 -205.[20] Tong C, Yin X,Li J,et al. A shilling attack detector based on convolutional neural network for collaborative recommender system in social aware network [ J ]. The Computer Journal ,2018,61 ( 7 )：949-958.[21 ] Xu Y,Zhang F. Detecting shilling attacks in social recommendersystems based on time series analysis and trust features[ J]. Knowledge-Based Systems,2019,178(16) ：25-47.[22] Wu Z,G ao J,M ao B,et al. Semi-SAD： applying semi-supervisedlearning to shilling attack detection [ C ]//Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, ( RecSys),ACM, 2011：289-292.[23] Wu Z,W u J,Cao J,et al. HySAD：a semi-supervised hybrid shillingattack detector for trustworthy product recommendation[ C]//P roceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining(KDD) ,ACM.2012：985-993.[24] Nie F,Wang Z, Wang R. Adaptive local linear discriminant analysis[J ]. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data, 2020,14(1) ：1-19.[25] Abdi H,Williams L J. Principal component analysis[ J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews：Computational Statistics,2010,2(4) ：433-459.[26] Zhong S,Wen Q,Ge Z. Semi-supervised Fisher discriminant analysismodel for fault classification in industrial processes [ J ]. Chemomet-rics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,2014,138(9) ：203-211. [27] Wu Fei,Pei Yuan,Wu Xiang-qian. Android malware traffic featureanalysis technique based on improved Bayesian mcxlel [ J ]. Journalof Chinese Computer Systems,2018,39(2) ：230-234.[28] Chen Zhi,Guo Wu. Text classification based on depth learning onunbalanced data[ J]. Journal of Chinese Computer Systems,2020, 41(l)：l-5.附中文参考文献：[1]陈海蚊，努尔布力.协同推荐研究前沿与发展趋势的知识图谱分析[J].小型微型计算机系统，2018,39(4) :814名19.[9]李聪，骆志刚，石金龙.一种探测推荐系统托攻击的无监督算法[J].自动化学报，2011，37(2):160-167.[15]伍之昂，庄毅，王有权，等.基于特征选择的推荐系统托攻击检测算法[J].电子学报，2012,40(8): 1687-1693.[17]李文涛，高旻，李华，等.一种基于流行度分类特征的托攻击检测算法[J].自动化学报，2015，41 (9) :1563-1576.[27]吴非，裴源，吴向前.一种改进贝叶斯模型的Android恶意软件流量特征分析技术[J] •小型微型计算机系统，2〇18,39(2) ：230-234.[28]陈志，郭武.不平衡训练数据下的基于深度学习的文本分类[J].小型微型计算机系统,2020，41 (1): 1 -5.《小型微型计算机系统》期刊简介《小型微型计算机系统》创刊于1980年，由中国科学院主管、中国科学院沈阳计算技术研究所主办,为中国计算机 学会会刊.创刊40年来，该刊主要面向国内从事计算机研究和教学的科研人员与大专院校的教师，始终致力于传播我国计算 机研究领域最新科研和应用成果，发表高水平的学术文章和高质量的应用文章，坚持严谨的办刊风格，因而受到计算机 业界的普遍欢迎.《小型微型计算机系统》所刊登的内容涵盖了计算机学科的各个领域，包括计算机科学理论、体系结构、软件、数据 库理论、网络（含传感器网络）、人工智能与算法、服务计算、计算机图形与图像等.在收录与检索方面，在国内入选为:《中文核心期刊要目总览》、《中国学术期刊文摘（中英文版）》、《中国科学引文 数据库》（CSCD)、《中国科技论文统计源期刊》、《中国科技论文统计与分析》（RCCSE)，并被中国科技论文与引文数据 库、中国期刊全文数据库、中国科技期刊精品数据库、中国学术期刊综合评价数据库、中国核心期刊（遴选）数据库等收 录.还被英国《科学文摘》（INSPEC)、俄罗斯《文摘杂志》（AJ)、美国《剑桥科学文摘》（C S A(N S)和CSA(T))、美国《乌利希期刊指南》（UPD)、日本《日本科学技术振兴机构中国文献数据库》（JS T)和波兰《哥白尼索弓|》（IC)收录.。
药学专业全英文课程思政建设的思考——以药物基因组学和精准治疗课程为例
二案例实施成效 以)人类基因组计划* 案例为例"进一步阐述课程思 政实施效果$ 案例教学设计如下!通过查阅#介绍该计划 的由来与进展#我国人类基因组研究工作及后基因组时代 的发展等"结合课后讨论"使学生了解这个) 登月计划* "充 分认识到中国作为唯一的发展中国家参与该项目的重大 意义"激发学生民族自豪感#责任感和使命感$ 实践效果!通过全程嵌入"学生得以深刻思考$ 许多 学生在课后讨论中写到!该计划鼓舞着药学研究人员勇攀 科学高峰"攻克重大 疾 病 以 造 福 人 类+人 类 基 因 组 图 谱 的 公布正在深化多学科间的大科学融合"构建生命科学大数 据时代+加入该计划使中国能平等地享受各种技术资源和 数据"极大地促进了中国生命科学领域的发展$ 可见"该 案例实现了知识传播与价值引领的有机结合$ 四药物基因 组 学 和 精 准 治 疗 课 程 思 政 建 设 的 思 考 与展望 通过优化课程思政建设"学生自评思政素质明显提 升"但主观评价只能作为参考$ 为更科学全面地评估实施 成效"需要完善评价体系$ 教师也需不断思考如何在 高 度#深度和广度上实现思政教学) 从专业中来"到专业中 去*$ 融入思政元素的课程慕课和与时俱进的案例库是 今后需着重建设的课程硬件$
关键词!课程思政药学专业全英文课程药物基因组学精准治疗 567/321808 9:2%;;)2/33<=/43/2<3<1234233< 中图分类号!>0?<23!!文献标识码!@ 文章编号!/33<=/43/<3<134=3331=3<
!!药学是一门需要不断吸收最新知识和技术方法"拓展
抗肿瘤含氮取代基姜黄素类似物、其盐及制备方法[发明专利]
![抗肿瘤含氮取代基姜黄素类似物、其盐及制备方法[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/87e32e10ba0d4a7302763af6.png)
专利名称：抗肿瘤含氮取代基姜黄素类似物、其盐及制备方法专利类型：发明专利
发明人：苟少华,房雷
申请号：CN201210562218.7
申请日：20121221
公开号：CN103012175A
公开日：
20130403
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明公开了一种具有抗肿瘤活性的含氮取代基姜黄素类似物，本发明通过变换姜黄素的庚烯二酮桥链为不饱和单酮桥链，同时在两侧芳香环上引入二甲胺甲基取代基，其结构通式如式(I)；本发明还公开了具有抗肿瘤活性的含氮取代基姜黄素类似物的盐；本发明还公开了抗肿瘤含氮取代基姜黄素类似物及其盐的制备方法。
申请人：东南大学
地址：211189 江苏省南京市江宁开发区东南大学路2号
国籍：CN
代理机构：南京苏高专利商标事务所(普通合伙)
代理人：柏尚春
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化学专业英语-马永祥-兰州大学
ContentsTHE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE01. ......................................................- 3 -THE NONMETAL ELEMENTS02. ..................................................................................- 5 -GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTS03. ............................................................................- 7 -GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTS04. ............................................................................- 9 -INTERHALOGEN AND NOBLE GAS COMPOUNDS05. ...........................................- 11 -06. ....................................- 13 -THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDSTHE NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS07. ....................................- 15 -BRONSTED'S AND LEWIS' ACID-BASE CONCEPTS08. ..........................................- 19 -09. ..........................................................................- 22 -THE COORDINATION COMPLEXALKANES10. ..................................................................................................................- 25 -11. .............................................................................- 28 -UNSATURATED COMPOUNDSTHE NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS12. ...................................- 30 -SUBSTITUTIVE NOMENCLATURE13. .......................................................................- 33 -14. .......................................................- 37 -THE COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGENPREPARATION OF A CARBOXYLiC ACID BY THE GRIGNARD METHOD15. ..- 39 -THE STRUCTURES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS16. ............................................- 41 -OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY17. ............................- 44 -SYNTHESIS OF ALCOHOLS AND DESIGN OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS18. ..........- 47 -ORGANOMETALLICS—METAL π COMPLEXES19. ................................................- 49 -THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS20. ...................- 52 -ELECTROPHILIC REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS21. ........................- 54 -POLYMERS22. ................................................................................................................- 57 -ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND PROBLEMS IN SOCIETY23. ............................- 61 -VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS24. ......................................................................................- 63 -QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS25. ..................................................................- 65 -VAPOR-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY26. .................................................................- 67 -INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY27. ..................................................................................- 70 -NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (I)28. ..............................................................- 72 -NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE(II)29. ..............................................................- 75 -A MAP OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY30. ......................................................................- 77 -THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS31. ................................................................- 79 -CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS32. ........................................................- 82 -THE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS33. ............................................................- 85 -NATURE OF THE COLLOIDAL STATE34. .................................................................- 88 -ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS35. .................................................................................- 90 -BOILING POINTS AND DISTILLATION36. ...............................................................- 93 -EXTRACTIVE AND AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION37. ............................................- 96 -CRYSTALLIZATION38. ................................................................................................- 98 -39. ...................................................................................- 100 -MATERIAL ACCOUNTINGTHE LITERATURE MATRIX OF CHEMISTRY40. ...................................................- 102 -01. THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLEThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen==O nitrogen ==N neon==Ne magnesium ==MgSome elements,which have been known for a long time,have symbols based on their Latin names, for example: iron==Fe(ferrum) copper==Cu(cuprum) lead==Pb(plumbum)A complete listing of the elements may be found in Table 1.Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds1. In 1869, D.Mendeleev and L. Meyer, working independently, proposed the periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns2. Such an arrangement is called a periodic Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2 elements, followed by two short periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same vertical column have similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements.In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience only; elements bordering the line—the metalloids-have properties characteristic of - both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals.Except for hydrogen, a gas, the elements of group IA make up the alkali metal family. They are very reactive metals, and they are never found in the elemental state in nature. However, their compounds are widespread. All the members of the alkali metal family, form ions having a charge of 1+ only. In contrast, the elements of group IB —copper, silver, and gold—are comparatively inert. They are similar to the alkali metals in that they exist as 1+ ions in many of their compounds. However, as is characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other charges as well.The elements of group IIA are known as the alkaline earth metals. Their characteristic ionic charge is 2+. These metals, particularly the last two members of the group, are almost as reactive as the alkali metals. The group IIB elements—zinc, cadmium, and mercury are less reactive than are those of group II A5, but are more reactive than the neighboring elements of group IB. The characteristic charge on their ions is also 2+.With the exception of boron, group IIIA elements are also fairly reactive metals. Aluminum appears to be inert toward reaction with air, but this behavior stems from the fact that the metal forms a thin, invisible film of aluminum oxide on the surface, which protects the bulk of the metal from further oxidation. The metals of group IIIA form ions of 3+ charge. Group IIIB consists of the metals scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium.Group IVA consists of a nonmetal, carbon, two metalloids, silicon and germanium, and two metals, tin and lead. Each of these elements forms some compounds with formulas which indicate that four other atoms are present per group IVA atom, as, for example, carbon tetrachloride, GCl4. The group IVB metals —titanium, zirconium, and hafnium —also forms compounds in which each group IVB atom is combined with four other atoms; these compounds are nonelectrolytes when pure.The elements of group V A include three nonmetals — nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic—and two metals — antimony and bismuth. Although compounds with the formulas N2O5, PCl5, and AsCl5 exist, none of them is ionic. These elements do form compounds-nitrides, phosphides, and arsenides — in which ions having charges of minus three occur. The elements of group VB are all metals. These elements form such a variety of different compounds that their characteristics are not easily generalized.With the exception of polonium, the elements of group VIA are typical nonmetals. They are sometimes known, as the, chalcogens, from the Greek word meaning "ash formers". In their binary compounds with metals they exist as ions having a charge of 2-. The elements of group ⅦA are all nonmetals and are known as the halogens. from the Greek term meaning "salt formers.” They are the most reactive nonmetals and are capable of reacting with practically all the metals and with most nonmetals, including each other.The elements of groups ⅥB, ⅦB, and VIIIB are all metals. They form such a wide Variety of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples as being typical of the behavior of the respective groups.The periodicity of chemical behavior is illustrated by the fact that. excluding the first period, each period begins with a very reactive metal. Successive element along the period show decreasing metallic character, eventually becoming nonmetals, and finally, in group ⅦA, a very reactive nonmetal is found. Each period ends with a member of the noble gas family.02. THE NONMETAL ELEMENTSWe noted earlier. that -nonmetals exhibit properties that are greatly different from those of the metals. As a rule, the nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity (graphitic carbon is an exception) and heat; they are brittle, are often intensely colored, and show an unusually wide range of melting and boiling points. Their molecular structures, usually involving ordinary covalent bonds, vary from the simple diatomic molecules of H2, Cl2, I2, and N2 to the giant molecules of diamond, silicon and boron.The nonmetals that are gases at room temperature are the low-molecular weight diatomic molecules and the noble gases that exert very small intermolecular forces. As the molecular weight increases, we encounter a liquid (Br2) and a solid (I2) whose vapor pressures also indicate small intermolecular forces. Certain properties of a few nonmetals are listed in Table 2.Table 2- Molecular Weights and Melting Points of Certain NonmetalsDiatomic Molecules MolecularWeightMelting Point°CColorH22-239.1'NoneN228-210NoneF238-223Pale yellowO232-218Pale blueCl271-102Yellow — greenBr2160-7.3Red — brownI2254113Gray—blackSimple diatomic molecules are not formed by the heavier members of Groups V and VI at ordinary conditions. This is in direct contrast to the first members of these groups, N2 and O2. The difference arises because of the lower stability of πbonds formed from p orbitals of the third and higher main energy levels as opposed to the second main energy level2. The larger atomic radii and more dense electron clouds of elements of the third period and higher do not allow good parallel overlap of p orbitals necessary for a strong πbond. This is a general phenomenon — strong π bonds are formed only between elements of the second period. Thus, elemental nitrogen and oxygen form stable molecules with both σand π bonds, but other members of their groups form more stable structures based on σbonds only at ordinary conditions. Note3 that Group VII elements form diatomic molecules, but πbonds are not required for saturation of valence.Sulfur exhibits allotropic forms. Solid sulfur exists in two crystalline forms and in an amorphous form. Rhombic sulfur is obtained by crystallization from a suitable solution, such as CS2, and it melts at 112°C. Monoclinic sulfur is formed by cooling melted sulfur and it melts at 119°C. Both forms of crystalline sulfur melt into S-gamma, which is composed of S8 molecules. The S8 molecules are puckered rings and survive heating to about 160°C. Above 160°C, the S8 rings break open, and some of these fragments combine with each other to form a highly viscous mixture of irregularly shaped coils. At a range of higher temperatures the liquid sulfur becomes so viscous that it will not pourfrom its container. The color also changes from straw yellow at sulfur's melting point to a deep reddish-brown as it becomes more viscous.As4 the boiling point of 444 °C is approached, the large-coiled molecules of sulfur are partially degraded and the liquid sulfur decreases in viscosity. If the hot liquid sulfur is quenched by pouring it into cold water, the amorphous form of sulfur is produced. The structure of amorphous sulfur consists of large-coiled helices with eight sulfur atoms to each turn of the helix; the overall nature of amorphous sulfur is described as3 rubbery because it stretches much like ordinary rubber. In a few hours the amorphous sulfur reverts to small rhombic crystals and its rubbery property disappears.Sulfur, an important raw material in industrial chemistry, occurs as the free element, as SO2 in volcanic regions, asH2S in mineral waters, and in a variety of sulfide ores such as iron pyrite FeS2, zinc blende ZnS, galena PbS and such, and in common formations of gypsum CaSO4 • 2H2O, anhydrite CaSO4, and barytes BaSO4 • 2H2O. Sulfur, in one form or another, is used in large quantities for making sulfuric acid, fertilizers, insecticides, and paper.Sulfur in the form of SO2 obtained in the roasting of sulfide ores is recovered and converted to sulfuric acid, although in previous years much of this SO2 was discarded through exceptionally tall smokestacks. Fortunately, it is now economically favorable to recover these gases, thus greatly reducing this type of atmospheric pollution. A typical roasting reaction involves the change:2 ZnS +3 O2—2 ZnO + 2 SO2Phosphorus, below 800℃ consists of tetratomic molecules, P4. Its molecular structure provides for a covalence of three, as may be expected from the three unpaired p electrons in its atomic structure, and each atom is attached to three others6. Instead of a strictly orthogonal orientation, with the three bonds 90° to each other, the bond angles are only 60°. This supposedly strained structure is stabilized by the mutual interaction of the four atoms (each atom is bonded to the other three), but it is chemically the most active form of phosphorus. This form of phosphorus, the white modification, is spontaneously combustible in air. When heated to 260°C it changes to red phosphorus, whose structure is obscure. Red phosphorus is stable in air but, like all forms of phosphorus, it should be handled carefully because of its tendency to migrate to the bones when ingested, resulting in serious physiological damage.Elemental carbon exists in one of two crystalline structures — diamond and graphite. The diamond structure, based on tetrahedral bonding of hybridized sp3orbitals, is encountered among Group IV elements. We may expect that as the bond length increases, the hardness of the diamond-type crystal decreases. Although the tetrahedral structure persists among the elements in this group — carbon, silicon, germanium, and gray tin — the interatomic distances increase from 1.54 A for carbon to 2.80 A for gray tin. Consequently .the bond strengths among the four elements range from very strong to quite weak. In fact, gray tin is so soft that it exists in the form of microcrystals or merely as a powder. Typical of the Group IV diamond-type crystalline elements, it is a nonconductor and shows other nonmetallic properties7.03. GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTSPhysical properties of Group IB and IIBThese elements have a greater bulk use as metals than in compounds, and their physical properties vary widely.Gold is the most malleable and ductile of the metals. It can be hammered into sheets of 0.00001 inch in thickness; one gram of the metal can be drawn into a wire 1.8 mi in length1. Copper and silver are also metals that are mechanically easy to work. Zinc is a little brittle at ordinary temperatures, but may be rolled into sheets at between 120° to 150℃; it becomes brittle again about 200℃-The low-melting temperatures of zinc contribute to the preparation of zinc-coated iron .galvanized iron; clean iron sheet may be dipped into vats of liquid zinc in its preparation. A different procedure is to sprinkle or air blast zinc dust onto hot iron sheeting for a zinc melt and then coating.Cadmium has specific uses because of its low-melting temperature in a number of alloys. Cadmium rods are used in nuclear reactors because the metal is a good neutron absorber.Mercury vapor and its salts are poisonous, though the free metal may be taken internally under certain conditions. Because of its relatively low boiling point and hence volatile nature, free mercury should never be allowed to stand in an open container in the laboratory. Evidence shows that inhalation of its vapors is injurious.The metal alloys readily with most of the metals (except iron and platinum) to form amalgams, the name given to any alloy of mercury.Copper sulfate, or blue vitriol (CuSO4 • 5H2O) is the most important and widely used salt of copper. On heating, the salt slowly loses water to form first the trihydrate (CuSO4 • 3H z O), then the monohydrate (CuSO4 • H2O), and finally the white anhydrous salt. The anhydrous salt is often used to test for the presence of water in organic liquids. For example, some of the anhydrous copper salt added to alcohol (which contains water) will turn blue because of the hydration of the salt.Copper sulfate is used in electroplating. Fishermen dip their nets in copper sulfate solution to inhibit the growth of organisms that would rot the fabric. Paints specifically formulated for use on the bottoms of marine craft contain copper compounds to inhibit the growth of barnacles and other organisms.When dilute ammonium hydroxide is added" to a solution of copper (I) ions, a greenish precipitate of Cu(OH)2 or a basic copper(I) salt is formed. This dissolves as more ammonium hydroxide is added. The excess ammonia forms an ammoniated complex with the copper (I) ion of the composition, Cu(NH3)42+. This ion is only slightly dissociated; hence in an ammoniacal solution very few copper (I) ions are present. Insoluble copper compounds, execpt copper sulfide, are dissolved by ammonium hydroxids. The formation of the copper (I) ammonia ion is often used as a test for Cu2+ because of its deep, intense blue color.Copper (I) ferrocyanide [Cu2Fe(CN)6] is obtained as a reddish-brown precipitate on the addition of a soluble ferrocyanide to a solution of copper ( I )ions. The formation of this salt is also used as a test for the presence of copper (I) ions.Compounds of Silver and GoldSilver nitrate, sometimes called lunar caustic, is the most important salt of silver. It melts readily and may be cast into sticks for use in cauterizing wounds. The salt is prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid and evaporating the solution.3Ag + 4HNO3—3AgNO3 + NO + 2H2OThe salt is the starting material for most of the compounds of silver, including the halides used in photography. It is readily reduced by organic reducing agents, with the formation of a black deposit of finely divided silver; this action is responsible for black spots left on the fingers from the handling of the salt. Indelible marking inks and pencils take advantage of this property of silver nitrate.The halides of silver, except the fluoride, are very insoluble compounds and may be precipitated by the addition of a solution of silver salt to a solution containing chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.The addition of a strong base to a solution of a silver salt precipitates brown silver oxide (Ag2G). One might expect the hydroxide of silver to precipitate, but it seems likely that silver hydroxide is very unstable and breaks down into the oxide and water — if, indeed, it is ever formed at all3. However, since a solution of silver oxide js definitely basic, there must be hydroxide ions present in solution.Ag2O + H2O = 2Ag+ + 2OH-Because of its inactivity, gold forms relatively few compounds. Two series of compounds are known — monovalent and trivalent. Monovalent (aurous) compounds resemble silver compounds (aurous chloride is water insoluble and light sensitive), while the higher valence (auric) compounds tend to form complexes. Gold is resistant to the action of most chemicals —air, oxygen, and water have no effect. The common acids do not attack the metal, but a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids (aqua regia) dissolves it to form gold( I ) chloride or chloroauric acid. The action is probably due to free chlorine present in the aqua regia.3HCl + HNO3----→ NOCl+Cl2 + 2H2O2Au + 3Cl2 ----→ 2AuCl3AuCl3+HCl----→ HAuCl4chloroauric acid (HAuCl4-H2O crystallizes from solution).Compounds of ZincZinc is fairly high in the activity series. It reacts readily with acids to produce hydrogen and displaces less active metals from their salts. 1 he action of acids on impure zinc is much more rapid than on pure zinc, since bubbles of hydrogen gas collect on the surface of pure zinc and slow down the action. If another metal is present as an impurity, the hydrogen is liberated from the surface of the contaminating metal rather than from the zinc. An electric couple to facilitate the action is probably Set up between the two metals.Zn + 2H+----→ Zn2+ + H2Zinc oxide (ZnO), the most widely used zinc compound, is a white powder at ordinary temperatures, but changes to yellow on heating. When cooled, it again becomes white. Zinc oxide is obtained by burning zinc in air, by heating the basic carbonate, or by roasting the sulfide. The principal use of ZnO is as a filler in rubber manufacture, particularly in automobile tires. As a body for paints it has the advantage over white lead of not darkening on exposure to an atmosphere containing hydrogen sulfide. Its covering power, however, is inferior to that of white lead.04. GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTSGroup I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each2 —the lanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements.Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or sections. Successive sections will contain specific ions in the order of release by the resin. For example .lanthanum ion (La3+) is most tightly held to the resin and is the last to be extracted, lutetium ion (Lu3+) is less tightly held and appears in one of the first sections removed. If the solutions are recycled and the acid concentrations carefully controlled, very effective separations can be accomplished. Quantities of all the lanthanide series (except promethium, Pm, which does not exist in nature as a stable isotope) are produced for the chemical market.The predominant group oxidation number of the lanthanide series is +3, but some of the elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Cerium forms cerium( III )and cerium ( IV ) sulfates, Ce2 (SO4 )3 and Ce(SO4 )2, which are employed in certain oxidation-reduction titrations. Many rare earth compounds are colored and are paramagnetic, presumably as a result of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals.All actinide elements have unstable nuclei and exhibit radioactivity. Those with higher atomic numbers have been obtained only in trace amounts. Actinium (89 Ac), like lanthanum, is a regular Group IIIB element.Group IVB ElementsIn chemical properties these elements resemble silicon, but they become increasingly more metallic from titanium to hafnium. The predominant oxidation state is +4 and, as with silica (SiO2), the oxides of these elements occur naturally in small amounts. The formulas and mineral names of the oxides are TiO2, rutile; ZrO2, zirconia; HfO2, hafnia. Titanium is more abundant than is usually realized. It comprises about 0.44%of the earth's crust. It is over 5.0%in average composition of first analyzed moon rock. Zirconium and titanium oxides occur in small percentages in beach sands.Titanium and zirconium metals are prepared by heating their chlorides with magnesium metal. Both are particularly resistant to corrosion and have high melting points.Pure TiO2 is a very white substance which is taking the place of white lead in many paints. Three-fourths of the TiO2 is used in white paints, varnishes, and lacquers. It has the highest index of refraction (2.76) and the greatest hiding power of all the common white paint materials. TiO2 also is used in the paper, rubber, linoleum, leather, and textile industries.Group VB Elements: Vanadium, Niobium, and TantalumThese are transition elements of Group VB, with a predominant oxidation number of + 5. Their occurrence iscomparatively rare.These metals combine directly with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen to form oxides, chlorides, and nitrides, respectively. A small percentage of vanadium alloyed with steel gives a high tensile strength product which is very tough and resistant to shock and vibration. For this reason vanadium alloy steels are used in the manufacture ofhigh-speed tools and heavy machinery. Vanadium oxide is employed as a catalyst in the contact process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Niobium is a very rare element, with limited use as an alloying element in stainless steel. Tantalum has a very high melting point (2850 C) and is resistant to corrosion by most acids and alkalies.Groups VIB and VIIB ElementsChromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are Group VIB elements. Manganese is the only chemically important element of Group VIIB. All these elements exhibit several oxidation states, acting as metallic elements in lower oxidation states and as nonmetallic elements in higher oxidation states. Both chromium and manganese are widely used in alloys, particularly in alloy steels.Group VIIIB MetalsGroup VIIIB contains the three triads of elements. These triads appear at the middle of long periods of elements in the periodic table, and are members of the transition series. The elements of any given horizontal triad have many similar properties, but there are marked differences between the properties of the triads, particularly between the first triad and the other two. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more active than members of the other two triads, and are also much more abundant in the earth's crust. Metals of the second and third triads, with many common properties, are usually grouped together and called the platinum metals.These elements all exhibit variable oxidation states and form numerous coordination compounds.CorrosionIron exposed to the action of moist air rusts rapidly, with the formation of a loose, crumbly deposit of the oxide. The oxide does not adhere to the surface of the metal, as does aluminum oxide and certain other metal oxides, but peelsoff .exposing a fresh surface of iron to the action of the air. As a result, a piece of iron will rust away completely in a relatively short time unless steps are taken to prevent the corrosion. The chemical steps in rusting are rather obscure, but it has been established that the rust is a hydrated oxide of iron, formed by the action of both oxygen and moisture, and is markedly speeded up by the presence of minute amounts of carbon dioxide5.Corrosion of iron is inhibited by coating it with numerous substances, such as paint, an aluminum powder gilt, tin, or organic tarry substances or by galvanizing iron with zinc. Alloying iron with metals such as nickel or chromium yields a less corrosive steel. "Cathodic protection" of iron for lessened corrosion is also practiced. For some pipelines and standpipes zinc or magnesium rods in the ground with a wire connecting them to an iron object have the following effect: with soil moisture acting as an electrolyte for a Fe — Zn couple the Fe is lessened in its tendency to become Fe2+. It acts as a cathode rather than an anode.。
WHOClassificationOfTumoursOfTheLung,Pleura,…
WHO Classification Of Tumours Of The Lung, Pleura, Thymus And Heart (IARC WHO Classification Of Tumours) By International Agency For Research On CancerIf you are searched for the ebook WHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart (IARC WHO Classification of Tumours) in pdf form, in that case you come on tothe correct website. We furnish utter version of this book in txt, PDF, DjVu, doc, ePub forms. You can readWHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart (IARC WHO Classification of Tumours) online or download. In addition, on our website you can read guides andanother art books online, or downloading their as well. We will to attract consideration what our website does notstore the book itself, but we grant link to website wherever you may downloading or reading online. 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机械化学法制备的正丁醇胺化催化剂及催化剂使用方法[发明专利]
![机械化学法制备的正丁醇胺化催化剂及催化剂使用方法[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/79af68c9af45b307e97197aa.png)
专利名称：机械化学法制备的正丁醇胺化催化剂及催化剂使用方法
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：沈剑,杨泽慧,周国权
申请号：CN201910033371.2
申请日：20190115
公开号：CN109847758A
公开日：
20190607
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明的机械化学法制备的正丁醇胺化催化剂，采用机械化学法将其硅藻土、氧化铝、三氧化二镍、四氧化三钴和重稀土组成的混合物进行球磨，硝酸溶解、碳酸钠溶液中和、浸渍、过滤、干燥、焙烧、造粒制得正丁醇胺化催化用的催化剂。
将本发明的催化剂用于氨气与正丁醇在临氢条件下胺化催化生产正丁胺，表明该催化剂能够有效抑制杂质正丁醚、N‑异丁基‑N，N‑二正丁基胺和
N‑正丁基丁酰胺的产生。
申请人：宁波工程学院
地址：315016 浙江省宁波市海曙区翠柏路89号
国籍：CN
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一种α-半乳糖抗原活性前体及其合成方法和应用[发明专利]
![一种α-半乳糖抗原活性前体及其合成方法和应用[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/245db12d77c66137ee06eff9aef8941ea76e4b81.png)
专利名称：一种α-半乳糖抗原活性前体及其合成方法和应用专利类型：发明专利
发明人：曹学峰,李学超,丁冯玲,王鹏
申请号：CN202010408607.9
申请日：20200514
公开号：CN111593080B
公开日：
20220610
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明提出了一种α‑半乳糖抗原活性前体及其合成方法和应用。
本发明的合成方法包括以下步骤：在化合物I中加入尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖、可溶性镁盐和Tris‑HCl缓冲液，配制成水溶液；在水溶液中添加UDP‑葡萄糖‑4‑差向异构酶和α‑1,3‑半乳糖基转移酶，反应，得初产物；在初产物中添加β‑半乳糖苷酶，反应，得化合物II；将化合物II加氢反应，得化合物III；化合物III与方型酸二乙酯在室温下搅拌反应，浓缩，纯化，得α‑半乳糖抗原活性前体。
本发明在糖基转移酶的作用下使糖链延长，通过化学反应转化为活性前体；该合成方法效率高，工艺流程短，操作简单，分离方便，产率高，易于实现产业化，可用于志贺样毒素检测试剂盒。
申请人：武汉糖智药业有限公司
地址：430073 湖北省武汉市东湖新技术开发区高新大道666号生物创新园C6栋228室
国籍：CN
代理机构：青岛联智专利商标事务所有限公司
代理人：宋莲英
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基于调强放射治疗的鼻咽癌UICC第7版T分期验证及简化推荐
《中国癌症杂志》2016年第26卷第12期1012CHINA ONCOLOGY 2016 Vol.26 No.12基于调强放射治疗的鼻咽癌UICC第7版T分期验证及简化推荐黄 爽，姜 锋，陈媛媛，胡巧英，花永虹，冯星来，金祁峰，金 厅，曹才能，陈晓钟浙江省肿瘤医院放疗科，浙江 杭州 310022 ［摘要］ 背景与目的：调强放射治疗可以明显提高鼻咽癌的局部控制率，使T分期的预后价值发生改变。
本文拟评价接受调强放射治疗的鼻咽癌患者国际抗癌联盟(Union for International Cancer Control，UICC)第7版分期中T分期的预后价值，并对其简化方式进行探讨。
方法：回顾浙江省肿瘤医院放疗科2007年1月—2011年6月收治的641例初治鼻咽癌患者的基本资料，采用Kaplan-Meier法及COX回归评价UICC第7版分期中T分期的预后价值。
结果：641例患者的5年总生存率(overall survival，OS)、无局部复发生存率(loco-relapse free survival，LRFS)、无进展生存率(progression-free survival，PFS)和无远处转移生存率(distant metastasis free survival，DMFS)分别为85.4%、88.5%、78%和87.1%，其中T1、T2、T3和T4分期患者的5年OS分别为91.6%、85.3%、90.1%和76.5%，LRFS为93%、85.3%、91.5%和84.4%，PFS为88.2%、77.3%、80.8%和70.9%，DMFS为95.1%、88.9%、88.2%和81.3%。
其中T1、T2和T3期的各指标间差异无统计学意义，而T4期与T1、T2和T3期之间多个预后指标差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
将T1、T2和T3期合并为新T1期，T4期为新T2期。
新T1和T2期的5年OS为89.1%和76.5%(P=0.001)；LRFS为90.1%和84.4%(P=0.028)；PFS为81%和70.9%(P=0.001)；DMFS为90.8%和81.2%(P=0.002)，差异均有统计学意义。
不稳定性心绞痛
Clinical pathway of Interventional therapy based on UnstableAnginaA. Standard hospitalization process(a) Applicable objectivesThe first diagnosis is unstable Angin（a ICD-10：I20.0/20.1/20.9）Underwent coronary stenting（ICD-9-CM-3：36.06/36.07）(b) Diagnosis basis《Clinical Practice Guidelines - Department of Cardiology》（Edited by Chinese Medical Association, People's Health Publishing department,2009), 《Unstable Angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction diagnosis and treatment guidelines 》(Cardiology Branch of Chinese Medical Association,2007) and the 2007 ACC /AHA and ESC guidelines.1. Characteristics of clinical onset: the clinical manifestation isExercise-induced chest pain or Spontaneous chest pain, it will bequickly relieved when take a rest or sublingual administration ofnitroglycerin.2. The ECG: S T-segment depression or elevation> 0.1mV on adjacenttwo or more than two -lead ECG or T-wave inversion ≥0.2mV whenchest pain is onset, the changes in ST-T segment recover itself whenthe chest pain get relieved.3. Markers of myocardial injury are not elevated or not reach the levelof diagnosis of myocardial infarction4. Clinical types1) Initial onset of angina: the new-occurred angina, which has thelargest disease course of a month, can be manifested asSpontaneous and exertional angina onset exist at the same time,and t he pain grading is above level III.2) Worsening exertional angina: patient has a angina history, and theangina get worsened, it attacks frequently, and the onset time isbecoming longer and longer, the pain threshold is getting lowerand lower(Canada exertional angina grade [CCS -IIV] increased byat least one class or reached at least Class III)3) Resting angina: angina attacks when patients are at rest or at aquiet state, and seizure duration is usually more than 20 minutes.4) Postinfarction angina: it refers to the angina occurred between 245) Variant angina: the angina attacks when the patients are at rest or。
弹性蛋白水解酶诱导动脉瘤模型的建立和研究
弹性蛋白水解酶诱导动脉瘤模型的建立和研究
殷尚炯;许百男
【期刊名称】《国际神经病学神经外科学杂志》
【年(卷),期】2005(32)6
【摘要】弹力组织是动脉壁的重要组成部分,人类动脉瘤的形成可能是由弹性蛋白水解酶分解破坏动脉的弹力组织引起的。
应用弹性蛋白水解酶将动脉壁弹力层消化,制备各种动脉瘤模型,主要制备方法有血管腔内灌注法、血管壁内注射法、血管表面滴注法、离体诱导法四种。
其中以血管腔内灌注法最为常用。
【总页数】3页(P556-558)
【关键词】弹性蛋白水解酶;动脉瘤;模型
【作者】殷尚炯;许百男
【作者单位】解放军251医院神经外科;解放军总医院神经外科
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】R383.24;R732.21
【相关文献】
1.弹性蛋白酶诱导脑动脉瘤模型的制作方法及意义 [J], 许政;张世明
2.改良的胰弹性蛋白酶诱导兔囊状动脉瘤模型 [J], 王奎重;刘建民;黄清海;洪波;许奕;赵文元
3.血管腔内弹性蛋白酶诱导兔动脉瘤模型制作进展 [J], 马永迁;王育波;于金录;罗祺
4.弹性蛋白酶诱导的兔颈总动脉瘤模型在颅内动脉瘤介入治疗中的应用和进展 [J], 陈力; 王武
5.弹力蛋白酶灌注诱导小鼠腹主动脉瘤模型建立及机制研究 [J], 李光;李平;张帅;尤斌
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非铂类抗肿瘤金属配合物药物的研究新进展
非铂类抗肿瘤金属配合物药物的研究新进展
唐婷
【期刊名称】《杭州师范学院学报（医学版）》
【年(卷),期】2004(025)006
【摘要】恶性肿瘤是现代生活中严重危害人类身体健康的多发性疾病。
从二十世
纪中期开始，药物治疗中的化学治疗就迅速发展起来，已经成为肿瘤治疗的重要手段，他的发展和新抗肿瘤药物的发现与合成是密切相关的。
从抗肿瘤药的合成、生产以及肿瘤化疗研究的现状来看，新药研究多集中在已知有效药物的结构类似物上，主要是合成诱导细胞凋亡制剂、信号传导抑制剂、血管生成抑制剂等。
【总页数】6页(P320-325)
【作者】唐婷
【作者单位】杭州师范学院医药卫生管理学院,药物分析教研室,浙江,杭州,310016【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】R914.2
【相关文献】
1.非铂类金属抗肿瘤药物的研究进展 [J], 徐刚;崔玉波;崔凯;苟少华
2.第3代铂类药物洛铂的研究新进展 [J], 杨柳青;秦叔逵
3.非铂类贵金属配合物在医药领域中应用研究进展 [J], 胡文玉;易艳萍;应惠芳;梅
光泉
4.金属配合物抗癌药物研究新进展 [J], 司玉昌;王玉祥;郝鹤;郭洪声;王辉
5.脂质体技术在铂类药物抗肿瘤研究中的应用 [J], 问天娇;李思颖;郑颖;崔京霞
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