语言学构词法规律
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2020/7/25
构成具有抽象含义的名 词
-age 表示“状态、行为、身份及其结果、总称”,eg:courage, storage -ance, -ence 表示“性质;状况;行为;过程;总量;程度”,eg:
importance, diligence, difference 。 -dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”,eg: freedom, kingdom, wisdom. -hood 表示“资格;身份;年纪;状态”,eg: manhood, fatherhood 。 -ice 表示“行为;性质;状态”,eg: notice, justice, service 。 -or, -our 表示“动作;性质;状态”,eg: favor, error 。 -ship 表示“情况;性质;技巧、技能及身份,职业”,eg: hardship, -th 表示“动作;性质;过程;状态”,eg: depth, wealth, truth 。
2020/7/25
拿掉所有元音
MKT: market
MGR: manager MSG: message
保留前几个字母
STD: standard
INFO information
RCV: receive
INS insurance
EXCH exchange
I owe you IOU
保留开头和结尾
In stead of I/O
extra- 表示“超越;额外”,eg: extraordinary 。 over- 表示“超过;太”,eg:overeat, overdress, • super-, sur- 表示“超过”,eg: supernature,
superpower, • vice- 表示“副;次”,eg: vicepresident,
2020/7/25
suffix
名词后缀 动词后缀 形容词后缀 副词后缀
2020/7/25
名词后缀
具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an, -ian 表示“……地方的人;精通……的人”, eg: American, historian 。
-ant, -ent 表示“……者”,eg: merchant (商人), agent, servant, student 。
2020/7/25
Prefix
A. 表示否定意义的前缀: dis-, in-, im-, ir-, ne-, n-, un- 表示“
纯否定”,如: dishonest, impossible, illegal, irregular, neither, never, unable 。
mis- 表示“错误”,如: mistake,
Clipping
This process by which parts of a word have been cut off is called clipping.
Clipping occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form,often in casual speech.
2020/7/25
Three Patterns of Compounds
Adjective Compounds
Noun Compouds
Verb Compounds
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
Adjective Compounds
n+adj:world-famous,snow-white, lifelong v+adj:stir-crazy adj+adj:red-hot,bitter-sweet, dark-blue adv+adj:ever-green,over-sensitive
2020/7/25
CONTENT
2020/7/25
8 Types
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Backformation Clipping
Initialism
Blending Acronym
Compounding
Words are formed by putting two words together.
Initialism:Some new words are composed of the first letters of a serises of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them.
IQ
SOS
VCD
GDP
2020/7/25
GNP
2020/7/25
B. 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀: a- 表示“在……之上,向……”,
eg:aboard, aside 。 inter-表示“在……间;相互”,eg:
international, interaction 。 out- 表示“在上面;在外部”,
eg:outline,outside
Conversion is also called zero derivation.
2020/7/25
Backformation
Removing a suffix to get a new word.
2020/7/25
Eg: donation---donate sculptor---sculpt typewriter---typewrite babysitter---babysit intermission---intermit
2020/7/25
பைடு நூலகம்
mEgo:teml=omteolt=omr+ohtorte+lhotel smog=smoke+fog telecast=television+broadcast
Acronym and Initialism
Acronym:Some new words are formed from the first letters of a series of words.They are pronounced as single words.
-ess 表示女性人称名词: actress, hostess, -ist 表示“从事……研究者;信仰……主义者”:
pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist 。 -logist 表示“……学家;研究者”: biologist,
geologist 。 -or 表示“……者”: author, doctor -yer 表示“从事……职业者”: lawyer 。
2020/7/25
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2020/7/25
Conversion
five major types
noun---verb verb---noun verb---adjective adjective---verb adjective---noun
2020/7/25
A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun.
vicechairman 。
2020/7/25
E .表示数量关系的前缀: • kilo- 表示“千”,eg: kilometer 。
F. 表示特殊意义的前缀: • micro- 表示“微”,eg: microscope 。
G. 表示术语的前缀: • bio- 表示“生命;生物”,eg: biography
个发音字母
WK week
根据发音
RM room
R are
PL people
THO though
THRU
through
Blending
A single new word can be formed by combining two separate forms.
Typically,blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word.
Compounds have strict patterns : the first element in the compound receives the main stress ,but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.
adj+n:part-time, second-hand, bare-foot num+n:five-year
num+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tall
num+ned:four-legged, six-storied , two-faced
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
SARS NATO OPEC TEFL
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
C. 表示时间、序列关系的前缀:
• fore- 表示“在前面;先前;前面”,eg : forward, forecast, foretell (预言) 。
• mid- 表示“中;中间”,eg: midnight, midsummer 。
2020/7/25
D. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀 :
-ary 表示“从事……的人”,eg: secretary 。 -eer 表示“从事于……的人”,eg: engineer,
volunteer 。 -er 表示“从事某种职业的人;某地方的人”,eg:
banker, observer, Londoner, villager 。 2020/7/25
-ese 表示“……国人,……地方的人”: Japanese, Cantonese (广东人)。
Derivation
Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.
In contrast to compounding,a derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme(a derivational morpheme or affix).
构成具有抽象含义的名 词
-age 表示“状态、行为、身份及其结果、总称”,eg:courage, storage -ance, -ence 表示“性质;状况;行为;过程;总量;程度”,eg:
importance, diligence, difference 。 -dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”,eg: freedom, kingdom, wisdom. -hood 表示“资格;身份;年纪;状态”,eg: manhood, fatherhood 。 -ice 表示“行为;性质;状态”,eg: notice, justice, service 。 -or, -our 表示“动作;性质;状态”,eg: favor, error 。 -ship 表示“情况;性质;技巧、技能及身份,职业”,eg: hardship, -th 表示“动作;性质;过程;状态”,eg: depth, wealth, truth 。
2020/7/25
拿掉所有元音
MKT: market
MGR: manager MSG: message
保留前几个字母
STD: standard
INFO information
RCV: receive
INS insurance
EXCH exchange
I owe you IOU
保留开头和结尾
In stead of I/O
extra- 表示“超越;额外”,eg: extraordinary 。 over- 表示“超过;太”,eg:overeat, overdress, • super-, sur- 表示“超过”,eg: supernature,
superpower, • vice- 表示“副;次”,eg: vicepresident,
2020/7/25
suffix
名词后缀 动词后缀 形容词后缀 副词后缀
2020/7/25
名词后缀
具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an, -ian 表示“……地方的人;精通……的人”, eg: American, historian 。
-ant, -ent 表示“……者”,eg: merchant (商人), agent, servant, student 。
2020/7/25
Prefix
A. 表示否定意义的前缀: dis-, in-, im-, ir-, ne-, n-, un- 表示“
纯否定”,如: dishonest, impossible, illegal, irregular, neither, never, unable 。
mis- 表示“错误”,如: mistake,
Clipping
This process by which parts of a word have been cut off is called clipping.
Clipping occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form,often in casual speech.
2020/7/25
Three Patterns of Compounds
Adjective Compounds
Noun Compouds
Verb Compounds
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
Adjective Compounds
n+adj:world-famous,snow-white, lifelong v+adj:stir-crazy adj+adj:red-hot,bitter-sweet, dark-blue adv+adj:ever-green,over-sensitive
2020/7/25
CONTENT
2020/7/25
8 Types
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Backformation Clipping
Initialism
Blending Acronym
Compounding
Words are formed by putting two words together.
Initialism:Some new words are composed of the first letters of a serises of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them.
IQ
SOS
VCD
GDP
2020/7/25
GNP
2020/7/25
B. 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀: a- 表示“在……之上,向……”,
eg:aboard, aside 。 inter-表示“在……间;相互”,eg:
international, interaction 。 out- 表示“在上面;在外部”,
eg:outline,outside
Conversion is also called zero derivation.
2020/7/25
Backformation
Removing a suffix to get a new word.
2020/7/25
Eg: donation---donate sculptor---sculpt typewriter---typewrite babysitter---babysit intermission---intermit
2020/7/25
பைடு நூலகம்
mEgo:teml=omteolt=omr+ohtorte+lhotel smog=smoke+fog telecast=television+broadcast
Acronym and Initialism
Acronym:Some new words are formed from the first letters of a series of words.They are pronounced as single words.
-ess 表示女性人称名词: actress, hostess, -ist 表示“从事……研究者;信仰……主义者”:
pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist 。 -logist 表示“……学家;研究者”: biologist,
geologist 。 -or 表示“……者”: author, doctor -yer 表示“从事……职业者”: lawyer 。
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
Conversion
five major types
noun---verb verb---noun verb---adjective adjective---verb adjective---noun
2020/7/25
A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun.
vicechairman 。
2020/7/25
E .表示数量关系的前缀: • kilo- 表示“千”,eg: kilometer 。
F. 表示特殊意义的前缀: • micro- 表示“微”,eg: microscope 。
G. 表示术语的前缀: • bio- 表示“生命;生物”,eg: biography
个发音字母
WK week
根据发音
RM room
R are
PL people
THO though
THRU
through
Blending
A single new word can be formed by combining two separate forms.
Typically,blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word.
Compounds have strict patterns : the first element in the compound receives the main stress ,but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.
adj+n:part-time, second-hand, bare-foot num+n:five-year
num+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tall
num+ned:four-legged, six-storied , two-faced
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
SARS NATO OPEC TEFL
2020/7/25
2020/7/25
C. 表示时间、序列关系的前缀:
• fore- 表示“在前面;先前;前面”,eg : forward, forecast, foretell (预言) 。
• mid- 表示“中;中间”,eg: midnight, midsummer 。
2020/7/25
D. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀 :
-ary 表示“从事……的人”,eg: secretary 。 -eer 表示“从事于……的人”,eg: engineer,
volunteer 。 -er 表示“从事某种职业的人;某地方的人”,eg:
banker, observer, Londoner, villager 。 2020/7/25
-ese 表示“……国人,……地方的人”: Japanese, Cantonese (广东人)。
Derivation
Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.
In contrast to compounding,a derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme(a derivational morpheme or affix).