Book3_U2与课文相配写作材料(学生用) (1)

Cause and Effect（因果关系）

I. 学习目标：了解因果关系的写作方法

II. 概述：

在日常生活中，当我们需要就某一主题发表见解时，就需要用因果关系的方法来解释原因或告知结果（好/坏）。这种写作方法称为因果关系(Cause and Effect)。因果关系写作方法也是大学英语四、六级考试写作部分的主要段落发展模式中的一种。因果关系一般分为两种：一种是讨论事情发生的原因，称为Cause Essay；另一种是讨论特定的事物发生后会产生什么结果，称为Effect Essay。其结构是：

(1) Cause Essay

(2) Effect Essay

(3) 其他过渡词：

表原因：because, as, since, for, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of

表结果：thus, so, hence, consequently, therefore, accordingly, for this reason, as a consequence (4) Other Expressions

Cause：

(1) There are several reasons why/for …

(2) The reasons for … are …

(3) … is the result of …

(4) … is caused by/due to/because of

Effect:

(1) The result/effect/consequence of … is …

(2) … (will) result in …

(3) Thus/Therefore/In view of …, we

(4) may/can draw the following conclusions

III. 范文分析

The Joys of an Old Car

(1) Some of my friends can't believe that my car still runs. (2) Others laugh when they see it parked outside the house and ask if it's an antique. (3) But they aren't being fair to my twenty-year-old Toyota Corolla（丰田卡罗拉）. (4) In fact, my "antique" has opened my eyes to the rewards of owning an old car.

(1) First obvious reward of owning my old Toyota is economy. (2) Twenty years ago, when my husband and I were newly married and nearly broke, we bought the car — a shiny red year-old leftover — for a mere $4,200. (3) Today it would cost four times as much. (4) We save money on insurance, since it's no longer worthwhile for us to have collision coverage. (5) Old age has even been kind to the Toyota's engine, which has required only three major repairs in the last several years. (6) And it still delivers twenty-eight miles per gallon in the city and forty-one on the highway — not bad for a senior citizen.

(1) I've heard that when a Toyota passes the twenty-thousand-mile mark with no problems, it will probably go on forever. (2) I wouldn't disagree. (3) Our Toyota breezed（轻松自信地走）past that mark many years ago. (4) Since then, I've been able to count on it to sputter to life and make its way down the driveway on the coldest, snowiest mornings. (5) When my boss got stuck with his brand-new BMW in the worst snowstorm of the year, I sauntered （闲逛, 漫步）into work on time. (6) The single time my Toyota didn't start, unfortunately, was the day I had a final exam. (7) The Toyota may have the body of an old car, but beneath its elderly hood hums the engine of a teenager.

(1) Last of all, having the same car for many years offers the advantage of familiarity. (2) When I open the door and slide into the driver's seat, the soft vinyl（聚乙烯基薄膜）surrounds me like a well-worn glove.

(3) I know to the millimeter exactly how much room I have when I turn a corner or back into a curbside（路边）parking space. (4) When my gas gauge（量表）points to "empty," I know that 1.3 gallons are still in reserve, and I can plan accordingly. (5) The front wheels invariably begin to shake when I go more than fifty-five miles an hour, reminding me that I am exceeding the speed limit. (6) With the Toyota, the only surprises I face come from other drivers.

(1) I prize my twenty-year-old Toyota's economy and dependability, and most of all, its familiarity. (2) It is faded, predictable, and comfortable, like a well-worn pair of jeans. (3) And, like a well-worn pair of jeans, it will be difficult to throw away.

Questions

1. About Unity

(1) Which developmental pattern does it belong?

A. effect essay

B. cause essay

(2) Which sentence in Paragraph 1 is the topic sentence?

(3) Which supporting paragraph in "The Joys of an Old Car" lacks a topic sentence?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

(4) Which sentence in paragraph 3 of "The Joys of an Old Car" should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity?