高中英语教资最全教育知识与能力第四章

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最新英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背资料

最新英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背资料

英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背考点第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章外语教学基本理论第二节英语教学法一语法翻译法(grammar translation method)(一)语言观:语言是书面语,语言是一种知识,是由语音,语法和词汇构成的符号体系。

(外语教学法史上最早的一个教学法体系)(二)教学目的:培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力(三)特点是:教师用母语授课,授课重点是讲解与分析句子成分和语音、词汇变化与语法规则。

(四)评价优点:母语翻译,强调语法学习,深刻理解外语抽象词义和复杂结构缺点:1. 忽视口语教学,学生的语音语调差,不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力;2. 教学方式单一,学生容易失去兴趣。

二直接法(direct method)(一)语言观:语言是一种技能或习惯,习惯的养成要靠大量的重复练习和模仿(二)教学目的:培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力。

(三)特点:直接学习,直接理解和直接应用(四)评价优点:1. 采用各种直观教具,接近实际生活,培养用外语思维能力;2. 注重语言实践练习,学生学习积极性高,学习兴趣浓厚;3. 重视口语和语音教学,能有效地培养学生的语言运用能力。

缺点:1. 排斥母语,使学生对一些抽象和复杂的概念难以理解;2. 没有明晰的语法解释,导致学生说出的话语法错误较多。

三听说法(audio-lingual method)(一)语言观:语言是口语,是说出来的话,而不是写出来的文字。

(二)特点:以句型操练为中心,着重培养儿童听说能力的外语教学法。

(三)评价优点:培养学生敢于大胆主动地使用所学语言进行交谈,口语能力较强;重听说,初级阶段帮助大,语音语调自然。

缺点:机械操练不利于发展创造性思维,重形式,轻读写,语境不利于灵活应用。

四情景法(the situational approach)(一)概念:情景法也叫视听法。

强调耳,眼等器官以及大脑整体地去感知和认识外语材料,培养学生的听说读写四种能力。

教师资格证教育知识与能力-第四章-中学重点整理知识

教师资格证教育知识与能力-第四章-中学重点整理知识

教育知识与能力第四章中学生的学习心理第一节认知过程一、感觉(一)感觉的概念感觉是人脑对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物个别属性的反映。

(二)感觉的种类1.外部感觉2.内部感觉(1)机体觉:。

(2)运动觉:(3)平衡觉:感觉的特性感觉的特性指的是感觉的相互作用引起感受性发生变化的现象。

它有两种形式:一是同一感觉的相互作用,包括感觉适应、感觉对比、感觉后象三种特性二是不同感觉的相互作用,包括感觉的相互补偿和联觉两种特性。

1.感觉适应在外界刺激持续作用下感受性发生变化的现象叫感觉适应。

视觉的适应分为暗适应和明适应。

暗适应是指照明停止或由亮处转入暗处时视觉感受性提高的现象。

明适应是指照明开始或由暗处转入亮处时视觉感受性下降的现象。

2.感觉对比不同刺激作用于同一感觉器官,产生同时对比。

3.感觉后象外界刺激停止作用后,暂时保留的感觉印象,也叫做感觉后效。

感觉后象分为正后象和负后象。

4.不同感觉的相互作用(1)不同感觉的相互影响(一种感觉改变另一种感觉)(2)不同感觉的相互补偿(3) 联觉(一种感觉产生另一种感觉)(四)感受性测量感受阈限(1)绝对感受性(能力)和绝对感受阈限(数值)其成反比(2)差别感受性和差别感受阈限二、知觉(一)知觉的概念知觉是直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的整体属性在人脑中的反映。

(二)知觉的种类根据知觉反映的客观对象的不同,知觉可分为:空间知觉、时间知觉、运动知觉。

1.空间知觉2.时间知觉3.运动知觉4 .错觉等(三)知觉的特性1.知觉的理解性ღ以过去经验参与对新事物加以理解2.知觉的选择性(优先)3.知觉的整体性整体性是指人根据自己的知识经验把直接作用于感官的客观事物的多种属性整合为一个整体的过程。

4.知觉的恒常性事物本身不变。

三、注意(一)注意的概念(特点)注意是心理活动对一定对象的指向和集中。

(二)注意的分类根据有无目的和意志努力的程度,可以把注意分为无意注意、有意注意和有意后注意三种。

2024年教师资格考试高中学科知识与教学能力英语试题及解答参考

2024年教师资格考试高中学科知识与教学能力英语试题及解答参考

2024年教师资格考试高中英语学科知识与教学能力复习试题及解答参考一、单项选择题(本大题有30小题,每小题2分,共60分)1、The sentence “The book is so fascinating that it kept me__________for hours.” requires the correct form of the verb “keep.” Which option is correct?A. keptB. keepingC. keepD. kept meAnswer: B. keepingExplanation: The correct form of the verb “keep” in this context is the present participle “keeping,” which is used here to describe the continuous action of being kept engaged with the book. The sentence means that the book was so fascinating that it kept the speaker engaged for hours.2、Which of the following sentence structures is an example of a reported speech?A. “She said, ‘I will finish the project tomorrow.’”B. “She said that she will finish the project tomorrow.”C. “She was saying that she will finish the project tomorrow.”D. “She told me that she will finish the project tomorrow.”Answer: B. “She said that she will finish the project tomorrow.”Explanation: Reported speech involves changing a direct quote into an indirect one. In option B, the original direct quote “I will finish the project tomorrow” is changed to “she said that she will finish the project tomorrow,” which is a correct example of reported speech. Option A is the direct speech, C is a possible past continuous form of reported speech, and D is a different type of indirect speech where the speaker is telling the listener what was said.3、The following sentence is written in passive voice. Which word in the sentence indicates the agent (the person or thing doing the action)?A)is beingB)was beingC)has beenD)had beenAnswer: B) was beingExplanation: The word “was being” indicates the agent in a passive voice sentence. In this structure, the agent is often expressed by an infinitive phrase beginning with “by,” but it can also be understood from context. Without additional information, “was being” suggests that there is an agent involved in the action described by the sentence.4、Choose the sentence that correctly uses the past perfect tense to express an action that was completed before another past action.A)I had finished my homework when the bell rang.B)I finished my homework before I left.C)When I arrived at the party, it had already started.D)I was finishing my homework when I heard the phone ring.Answer: C) When I arrived at the party, it had already started.Explanation: The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that was completed before another past action. In option C, “it had already started” indicates an action that was completed be fore “I arrived,” making it the correct choice. Options A and B use the past perfect tense, but they do not correctly express the sequence of past events as required by the question. Option D uses the past continuous tense to describe an action in progress at a specific past time.5、What is the most appropriate tense to use in the following sentence to describe an event that happened in the past and is still relevant today?A)The students had successfully completed the project.B)The students are completing the project.C)The students will complete the project.D)The students were completing the project.Answer: AExplanation: The correct answer is “had successfully completed” because it indicates an action that was completed in the past (past perfect tense) and is still a relevant event in the present. The other options do not convey this past and ongoing relevance. “Are completing” is present continuous, “will complete” is future simple, and “were completing” is past continuous, none of which fit the context as well as the past perfect tense.6、In the sentence “The novel explores the psychological effects of social isolation,” which part of speech is “explores”?A)VerbB)NounC)AdverbD)AdjectiveAnswer: AExplanation: The word “explores” is a verb because it indicates an action or state that the subject of the sentence (the novel) is performing. It describes what the novel does, which isto explore a particular topic. The other options are nouns, adverbs, and adjectives, which do not fit the function of the word in this sentence.7、The sentence “The students’ enthusiasm for the project was palpable” is an example of using which of the following language feature?A)JargonB)ColloquialismC)SimileD)MetaphorAnswer: C) SimileExplanation: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things, typically by using “like” or “as.” In this sentence, “was palpable” compares the students’ enthusiasm to something that can be felt, which is a characteristic of a simile. Jargon is specialized language used in a particular field, colloquialism is informal language, and metaphor is a figure of speechthat directly compares two things without using “like” or “as.”8、In the following sentence, the word “pivotal” is used as an adjective. What is the most likely part of speech it modifies?A)NounB)VerbC)AdverbD)PrepositionAnswer: A) NounExplanation: The word “pivotal” means being a central or turning point. In the sentence, it modifies a noun to describe its importance or central role. For example, “The pivotal role of the teacher in the success of the project cannot be overstated.” Here, “pivotal” is an adjective modifying the noun “role.” Verbs are not modified by adjectives, adverbs modify verbs or adjectives, and prepositions are used to show relationships between nouns.9.What is the most appropriate strategy to use when teaching a new vocabulary word to students who are at the beginning level of English?A)Have students translate the word into their native language.B)Use pictures or realia to illustrate the meaning of the word.C)Ask students to define the word without any context.D)Provide a list of synonyms for the word.Answer: B) Use pictures or realia to illustrate the meaning of the word.Explanation: For beginning level students, using pictures or realia (objects or items) can help them understand the meaning of new vocabulary ina concrete and relatable way. Translating into a native language can lead to translation errors and may not help with understanding the word in an English context. Asking students to define the word without context can be challenging for beginners, and providing a list of synonyms might be too advanced for this level.10.Which of the following activities is most likely to engage students in critical thinking and analysis of a text?A)Repeating the main ideas of the text in their own words.B)Answering comprehension questions about the text.C)Creating a mind map of the text’s structure.D)Discussing the text’s themes and how they relate to current events.Answer: D) Discussing the text’s themes and how they relate to current events.Explanation: Discussing the text’s themes and their relevance to current events encourages students to think critically and analytically. It allows them to make connections between the text and their own world, fostering deeper understanding and engagement. While repeating main ideas, answering comprehension questions, and creating a mind map are valuable activities, they may not necessarily promote the same level of critical thinking and analysis.11.Th e sentence “The book is lying on the table” is an example of which type of sentence structure?A) SimpleB) CompoundC) ComplexD) Compound-complexAnswer: A) SimpleExplanation: A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent c lauses. In this case, “The book is lying on the table” contains only one independent clause, making it a simple sentence.12.Which of the following words is an adjective?A) GoB) RunsC) HappinessD) VeryAnswer: C) HappinessExplanation: An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. “Happiness” describes the noun “happiness,” making it an adjective. The other options are verbs (“Go” and “Runs”) and an adverb (“Very”).13.The following sentence demonstrates the use of a conditional sentence. Which option completes the sentence correctly?A. If I were you, I would take a vacation next week.B. If I was you, I would take a vacation next week.C. If I be you, I would take a vacation next week.D. If I am you, I would take a vacation next week.Answer: AExplanation: The correct option is “If I were you, I would take a vacationnext week.” In conditional sentences, when the condition is hypothetical and not a real possibility, “were” is used instead of “was.” Since “If I were you” implies a hypothetical situation, “were” is the correct past tense form of “be.”14.Which of the following sentence structures is used to express a reason or cause?A. Subject + because + verbB. Subject + so + verbC. Subject + although + verbD. Subject + since + verbAnswer: AExplanation: The correct sentence structure to express a reason or cause is “Subject + because + verb.” This structure is used to introduce a dependent clause that explains the reason for the action in the main clause. The other options (B, C, and D) are used to express a result, contrast, or time, respectively.15.Which of the following is NOT a common approach to teaching vocabulary in high school English?A. Contextual cluesB. Use of flashcardsC. Direct translationD. Collaborative group activitiesAnswer: CExplanation: Direct translation is not typically used as a common approach to teaching vocabulary in high school English. Instead, teachers often rely on contextual clues, flashcards, and collaborative group activities to help students understand and remember new vocabulary. Direct translation can sometimes lead to misunderstandings and may not be effective in a second language learning context.16.What is the main purpose of using authentic materials in the classroom?A. To make the curriculum more interestingB. To provide real-life language use examplesC. To assess students’ language proficiencyD. To ensure that the curriculum is up-to-dateAnswer: BExplanation: The main purpose of using authentic materials in the classroom is to provide real-life language use examples. Authentic materials such as newspapers, magazines, and videos help students connect the language they are learning to the language used in the real world, making it more relatable and practical. While making the curriculum interesting, assessing students’ language proficiency, and ensuring the curriculum is up-to-date are also beneficial aspects of using authentic materials, the primary purpose is to provide real-life examples.17.The following sentence contains a complex sentence. Which one of thefollowing is the main clause?A. The students enjoyed the presentation.B. After the presentation, the students discussed the topic.C. The presentation, which was delivered by the guest speaker, was informative.D. The teacher, who was in charge of the class, was impressed.Answer: DExplanation: The main clause in a complex sentence is the independent clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence. In option D, “The teacher, who was in charge of the class, was impressed.” is an independent clause, making it the main clause. The other options contain dependent clauses that depend on the main clause to be complete sentences.18.In the context of teaching a lesson on Shakespearean sonnets, which of the following is the best approach to engage students in critical analysis?A. Provide a list of key themes and have students identify which sonnet they relate to most.B. Present the sonnets in chronological order and discuss the historical context of each.C. Ask students to read the sonnets aloud and note any words or phrases that seem unfamiliar.D. Divide the class into groups and assign each group a different sonnet to research and present to the class.Answer: DExplanation: Engaging students in critical analysis requires an interactive and collaborative approach. Option D encourages active learning, research skills, and presentation skills. By dividing the class into groups and assigning different sonnets, students are motivated to engage deeply with the text, research its context, and present their findings to their peers, fostering a dynamic and interactive learning environment. The other options, while informative, do not necessarily promote the same level of critical engagement.19.What is the main purpose of using a concordance in language teaching?A. To introduce new vocabulary to studentsB. To provide a comprehensive list of all the words in a textC. To help students identify the context in which a particular word is usedD. To enhance students’ listening skillsAnswer: CExplanation: The main purpose of using a concordance in language teaching is to help students identify the context in which a particular word is used. This tool allows students to see how a word is used in different sentences and understand its connotations and collocations.20.Which of the following teaching strategies is most effective for promoting critical thinking in students?A. Direct instructionB. Guided discoveryC. Cooperative learningD. Repetition and memorizationAnswer: BExplanation: Guided discovery is a teaching strategy that encourages students to explore and discover information on their own with the guidance of the teacher. This approach promotes critical thinking as students engage in the process of inquiry, analysis, and problem-solving.21.What is the main function of a pre-writing activity in English writing?A. To review grammar rulesB. To introduce new vocabularyC. To generate ideas and organize contentD. To assess students’ reading comprehensionAnswer: C. To generate ideas and organize contentExplanation: The main purpose of a pre-writing activity is to help students brainstorm ideas and organize their content before they start writing. This activity can include activities like brainstorming sessions, mind mapping, or free writing, which all aim to assist students in formulating a coherent structure for their writing.22.In the context of English language teaching, which of the following is NOT an effective strategy for promoting oral communication among students?A. Pair work activitiesB. Group discussionsC. Role-playing exercisesD. Providing written instructionsAnswer: D. Providing written instructionsExplanation: While providing written instructions can be an effective method for giving students clear guidelines or directions, it is not specifically an effective strategy for promoting oral communication. Pair work, group discussions, and role-playing exercises, on the other hand, encourage students to interact with each other and practice speaking, which are key components of oral communication.23.What is the main function of the imperative mood in English?A. To express polite requestsB. To express orders or commandsC. To express future actionsD. To express wishesAnswer: BExplanation: The imperative mood is primarily used to express orders, commands, or requests. It is characterized by the absence of the subject (you) and uses the base form of the verb.24.Which of the following phrases is an example of a simile?A. The cat is as black as coal.B. The cat is a creature.C. The cat is sleeping soundly.D. The cat has a sleek coat.Answer: AExplanation: A simile is a figure of speech that uses “like” or “as” to compare two different things. In the example, “as black as coal” compares the color of the cat to the color of coal.25.The following sentence is an example of which grammatical structure?A. Active voiceB. Passive voiceC. Future perfect tenseD. Present perfect continuous tenseAnswer: B. Passive voiceExplanation: T he sentence “The book was written by the student.” is an example of the passive voice. In the passive voice, the focus is on the action rather than the doer of the action.26.Which of the following phrases is used to express a cause and effect relationship?A. In order toB. Because ofC. Instead ofD. Regardless ofAnswer: B. Because ofExplanation: The phrase “because of” is used to express a cause and effectrelationship. For example, “The student was late because of the traffic.” indicates that the traffic caused the student to be late.27.In the following sentences, which one contains an error in the use of “therefore”?A. The weather was cold, therefore we decided to stay indoors.B. He was tired, therefore he decided to take a rest.C. The train was late, therefore they missed their appointment.D. She studied hard, therefore she got a good grade.Answer: DExplanation: The word “therefore” is used to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. In option D, the sentence suggests that studying hard directly led to getting a good grade, which is not necessarily a cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, option D contains an error in the use of “therefore.”28.Choose the cor rect word to complete the following sentence: “I was looking for a book about cooking, but I couldn’t find one. __________, I decided to borrow one from the library.”A. ThereforeB. HoweverC. MoreoverD. OtherwiseAnswer: DExplanation: The sentence requ ires a word that means “otherwise” or “inthat case.” Option D, “Otherwise,” fits this context, as it suggests an alternative action that the speaker took because the book was not found. Options A, B, and C do not convey the same meaning and would not be appropriate in this sentence.29.What is the primary purpose of the following sentence in a reading passage: “The novel explores the psychological impact of war on the characters.”A. To summarize the plot of the novel.B. To describe the historical context in which the novel is set.C. To analyze the psychological effects of war on the characters.D. To provide a direct quote from a character.Answer: CExplanation: The primary purpose of the sentence is to analyze the psychological effects of war on the ch aracters, which is an important element of the novel’s content and theme.30.In the following sentence, “The students’ engagement in group discussions improved significantly after the introduction of the new interactive whiteboard,” which part of speech is“improved”?A. VerbB. AdjectiveC. AdverbD. NounAnswer: AExplanation: “Improved” functions as a verb in the sentence, indicating a change or development in the students’ engagement. It is the action that has occurred due to the introduction of the new interactive whiteboard.二、简答题(20分)Question:What are the key principles and strategies for effective vocabulary teaching in secondary English language classrooms? Explain how these principles and strategies can be applied to support diverse learners.Answer:The key principles and strategies for effective vocabulary teaching in secondary English language classrooms include:1.Explicit Vocabulary Instruction: Teachers should provide explicit instruction on vocabulary, which involves defining words, explaining their meaning, and giving examples.2.Contextualization: Vocabulary should be taught within the context of authentic texts and real-life situations, as this helps students understand the meaning and usage of words.3.Multiple Meanings: Encourage students to explore words with multiple meanings, as this expands their vocabulary knowledge and enhances their language skills.4.Differentiated Instruction: Tailor instruction to meet the needs of diverse learners by providing varied resources and activities.5.Vocabulary Building Activities: Engage students in various activities that promote vocabulary learning, such as word games, word puzzles, and collaborative tasks.6.Spaced Repetition: Use spaced repetition to reinforce vocabulary learning over time, as this technique has been shown to improve long-term retention.7.Collaborative Learning: Encourage students to work in groups to share their knowledge and learn from each other, which can help reinforce vocabulary concepts.8.Metacognitive Strategies: Teach students to be aware of their learning processes and strategies, which can improve their overall vocabulary acquisition.Application to Support Diverse Learners:e of Visual Aids: Incorporate visual aids such as pictures, videos, and charts to support students with different learning styles, including those with visual or auditory preferences.nguage Simplification: For students with lower proficiency levels, simplify vocabulary by using synonyms, simpler sentence structures, and context clues.3.Peer-Assisted Learning: Pair students with different proficiency levels to help each other learn vocabulary and support each other in the learning process.4.Scaffolded Tasks: Design tasks with a gradual release of responsibility, providing students with support as they progress and gradually become moreindependent.5.Encourage Risk-Taking: Create a safe and supportive classroom environment that encourages students to experiment with new vocabulary without fear of making mistakes.6.Ongoing Assessment: Use formative assessments to monitor student progress and adjust instruction accordingly, ensuring that all learners are supported in their vocabulary development.By incorporating these principles and strategies, teachers can effectively support diverse learners in secondary English language classrooms and enhance their vocabulary skills.三、教学情境分析题(30分)Question: Teaching Scenario AnalysisScenario:A high school English teacher is planning a lesson on the theme of “Environmental Protection” for a class of 30 students, aged 16-17. The teacher has noticed that the students are quite engaged when discussing environmental issues but tend to struggle with writing essays on this topic. The class has an interactive whiteboard and a computer with internet access.Task:Based on the given scenario, analyze the teaching context and suggest a lesson plan that addresses the students’ needs and incorporates appropriate teachingmethods and techniques.Answer:Teaching Context Analysis:1.Students’ Needs:•Students are interested in environmental issues but struggle with writing essays.•There is a need for a balanced approach that engages students in discussions and provides them with writing skills.2.Classroom Resources:•Interactive whiteboard•Computer with internet accessLesson Plan:Objective:To help students develop their writing skills on the theme of “Environmental Protection” and improve their ability to organize and present their ideas effectively.Materials:•Handouts with essay prompts on environmental issues•Interactive whiteboard•Computer with internet access•ProjectorActivities:1.Introduction (10 minutes):•Start with a brief discussion on environmental issues, asking students to share their views and experiences.•Introduce the theme of the les son, “Environmental Protection.”2.Group Work (20 minutes):•Divide the class into small groups of 5 students.•Provide each group with a handout containing essay prompts on environmental issues.•Instruct the students to discuss the prompts and come up with a group essay on the chosen topic.3.Interactive Whiteboard Activity (15 minutes):•Project the essay prompts on the interactive whiteboard.•Ask each group to present their essay outline on the whiteboard. •Encourage other students to ask questions and provide feedback on the group’s essay outline.4.Writing Workshop (25 minutes):•Provide students with a structured outline for writing an essay on environmental issues.•Explain the steps of essay writing, including introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.•Assign each student a specific section to focus on, ensuring that the essay is well-structured.•Allow students to work individually or in pairs to write their essays.5.Peer Review (10 minutes):•Pair students up and ask them to exchange their essays for peer review.•Instruct them to provide constructive feedback on the content, organization, and grammar.6.Conclusion (5 minutes):•Conclude the lesson by discussing the key points of the essay.•Encourage students to reflect on what they have learned about writing essays on environmental issues.Explanation:The lesson plan addresses the students’ needs by incorporating various teaching methods and techniques:•Group Work: Encourages collaboration and active participation.•Interactive Whiteboard: Enhances engagement and visual learning.•Writing Workshop: Provides a structured approach to essay writing.•Peer Review: Fosters critical thinking and constructive feedback.By following this lesson plan, the teacher can help students develop their writing skills and improve their ability to express their ideas effectively on the theme of “Environmental Protection.”四、教学设计题(40分)Teaching Design QuestionQuestion:Design a 45-minute lesson plan for a high school English class focusing on thetopic of “Healthy Lifestyles.” The class consists of 30 students who are in their second year of learning English. The lesson aims to improve students’ speaking and listening skills, as well as their understanding of the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The classroom has a multimedia projector and a computer.Answer:Lesson Title:Healthy Lifestyles: A Journey to WellnessObjective:By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1.Understand the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.2.Express their opinions on healthy habits through speaking and listening activities.3.Summarize the key points of a presentation on healthy lifestyles.Materials:•Handouts on healthy habits•Worksheets for group activities•Multimedia projector and computer•Smartboard or whiteboard•TimerTeaching Procedure:1.Introduction (10 minutes)•Start the class by asking students about their daily routines and if theyhave any healthy habits.•Introduce t he topic “Healthy Lifestyles” and explain its importance.•Show a short video clip on the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.•Divide the class into small groups and ask them to discuss the video and share their thoughts.2.Group Activity (15 minutes)•Provide each group with a handout on healthy habits.•Ask students to work in their groups to identify the most effective healthy habits.•Have each group present their findings to the class.•Use the smartboard or whiteboard to record the key points from each group’s presentation.3.Speaking and Listening Activity (15 minutes)•Divide the class into pairs and assign each pair a role: presenter and listener.•Provide students with a worksheet that includes questions about healthy habits.•The presenter will ask the questions, and the listener will respond ina complete sentence.•Monitor the activity and provide feedback and assistance as needed. •After the activity, ask students to share their experiences with the class.4.Conclusion (5 minutes)•Summarize the key points of the lesson, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.•Ask students to reflect on their own healthy habits and set goals for improvement.•Provide additional resources, such as websites or books, for further reading on healthy lifestyles.Evaluation:•Assess students’ participation in group discussions and presentations.•Evaluate their speaking and listening skills during the speaking and listening activity.•Monitor their understanding of the lesson content through observations and feedback.Explanation:This lesson plan aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. By incorporating various activities, such as group discussions, presentations, and speaking and listening exercises, the lesson promotes active learning and encourages students to express their opinions on the topic. The use of multimedia tools, such as the projector and smartboard, enhances the learning experience and engages students in the lesson. The evaluation criteria ensure that students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in understanding and discussing healthy lifestyles.。

教师资格考试高中英语学科知识与教学能力试题及解答参考(2024年)

教师资格考试高中英语学科知识与教学能力试题及解答参考(2024年)

2024年教师资格考试高中英语学科知识与教学能力复习试题及解答参考一、单项选择题(本大题有30小题,每小题2分,共60分)1.According to the Cognitive Load Theory, which of the following is an example of cognitive load?A)Memorizing new vocabulary wordsB)Writing a research paperC)Solving math problemsD)Debating with classmatesAnswer: C) Solving math problemsExplanation: Cognitive load refers to the mental effort required to process information. In the context of education, cognitive load can be caused by too much information, too many tasks, or too many demands on working memory. Solving math problems is an example of a task that requires focused attention and mental manipulation, making it a good candidate for causing cognitive load.2.Which of the following is not a component of the Instructional Design Process?A)Assessment of student learningB)Development of instructional strategiesC)Evaluation of teaching effectivenessD)Planning of classroom activitiesAnswer: A) Assessment of student learningExplanation: The Instructional Design Process is a systematic approach to creating effective educational experiences. It includes several key components, such as assessment of student learning, development of instructional strategies, and planning of classroom activities. However, assessment of student learning is not typically considered a part of the design process itself, but rather an ongoing process used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction.3、When teaching a deductive lesson on the grammar structure “Present Continuous Perfect”, the teacher should:A.Introduce an example sentence and then ask students to identify thestructure.B.Explain the rule of the structure in details, and then provide examplesentences.C.Present a list of examples with various tenses and ask students to identifythe Present Continuous Perfect.D.Have students practice forming and using sentences with the PresentContinuous Perfect in different contexts.答案:B解析:deductive lesson starts with presenting the rule and then provides examples.4、Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a communicative language teaching approach?A. Emphasis on fluency and accuracy.B. Authentic materials and real-world contexts.C. Focus on drills and memorization of grammar rules.D.Collaboration and interaction among learners.答案:C解析:Communicative language teaching (CLT) focuses on meaningful communication and avoids excessive focus on grammar drills and memorization.5.关于英语语法的知识点,下列哪一项描述是正确的?A. 所有动词都有固定的时态形式,不会因主语变化而变化。

英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背

英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背

英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背考点第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章外语教学基本理论第二节英语教学法一语法翻译法(grammar translation method)(一)语言观:语言是书面语,语言是一种知识,是由语音,语法和词汇构成的符号体系。

(外语教学法史上最早的一个教学法体系)(二)教学目的:培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力(三)特点是:教师用母语授课,授课重点是讲解与分析句子成分和语音、词汇变化与语法规则。

(四)评价优点:母语翻译,强调语法学习,深刻理解外语抽象词义和复杂结构缺点:1. 忽视口语教学,学生的语音语调差,不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力;2. 教学方式单一,学生容易失去兴趣。

二直接法(direct method)(一)语言观:语言是一种技能或习惯,习惯的养成要靠大量的重复练习和模仿(二)教学目的:培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力。

(三)特点:直接学习,直接理解和直接应用(四)评价优点:1. 采用各种直观教具,接近实际生活,培养用外语思维能力;2. 注重语言实践练习,学生学习积极性高,学习兴趣浓厚;3. 重视口语和语音教学,能有效地培养学生的语言运用能力。

缺点:1. 排斥母语,使学生对一些抽象和复杂的概念难以理解;2. 没有明晰的语法解释,导致学生说出的话语法错误较多。

三听说法(audio-lingual method)(一)语言观:语言是口语,是说出来的话,而不是写出来的文字。

(二)特点:以句型操练为中心,着重培养儿童听说能力的外语教学法。

(三)评价优点:培养学生敢于大胆主动地使用所学语言进行交谈,口语能力较强;重听说,初级阶段帮助大,语音语调自然。

缺点:机械操练不利于发展创造性思维,重形式,轻读写,语境不利于灵活应用。

四情景法(the situational approach)(一)概念:情景法也叫视听法。

强调耳,眼等器官以及大脑整体地去感知和认识外语材料,培养学生的听说读写四种能力。

教资之高中英语学科知识与教学能力

教资之高中英语学科知识与教学能力

语言知识与能力第一章英语语言知识语音知识①字母,音素(元音20,辅音28),音标IPA②语音的结合及其变化【音节,字母与字母组合的发音规律,语言现象(连续,重音,语调,爆破,同化)】词汇知识①近义词,近形词②动词短语③介词短语④习惯搭配语法知识①常用词类(名词,代词,数词,冠词,连词,形容词副词,介词,动词)②动词的时态和语态(主动与被动语态)③非谓语动词(不定式,动名词,分词)④句子成分(主语,谓语,宾语,定语,状语,表语,补语)⑤句子种类(陈述句,疑问句,感叹句,祈使句)⑥句子类型(简单句,并列句,复合句—定从,状从,主从,宾从,表从,同从)⑦特殊句型(倒装,省略,强调,虚拟语气,独立主格)⑧主谓一致(语法一致,意义一致,就近原则)语言学基本知识①语言学绪论语言特点—任意性,二层性,创造性,移位性;语言功能—信息功能,人际功能,施为功能(奥斯丁,塞尔),感情功能,寒暄功能,娱乐功能,元语言功能语言学分支——微观语言学(语言学Phonetics 音系学Phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学Syntax 语义学Semantics 语用学Pragmatics)宏观语言学(心理语言学,社会语言学)重要区别—描写式与规定式,共时与历时(索绪尔),语言与言语(索绪尔),语言能力与语言运用(乔姆斯基)②语言学与音系学(语言学定义,语音分类)(音位与音位变体,最小对立对,音系过程,规则与区别特征,超音段—音节,重音,语调,声调)③形态学(语素Morpheme—最小的意义单位,词的分类,词的构成,词汇变化)④句法学(句法关系,语法构成和成分,范畴,递归性,句子之外)句子之外-衔接(韩礼德,哈森)⑤语义学(“意义”的含义,指称论,涵义关系,成分分析法)指称论-语义三角(奥格登,瑞恰兹)⑥语用学(言语行为理论(奥斯丁),会话含义理论(格莱斯))⑦修辞学(音韵修辞手段,词义修辞手段,句法修辞手段)⑧语言习得(第一语言习得,二语习得,一语习得与二语习得的区别,中介语,母语,对比分析与错误分析)⑨社会语言学(言语社区和语言变体,称谓语,双语现象,双语制与多语制)第二章语言能力目标要求语言表达能力和沟通能力①语言表达能力(教师语言的含义,教师语言的功能)含义—传授过程中使用的语言(口头语言,书面语言,体态语言);功能—教育功能,示范功能,能力训练功能,激励功能,调控功能②沟通能力(教师与学生的沟通,教师与家长的沟通,教师与教师的沟通)获取资源和信息的能力①资源与信息的内涵②获取信息和资源的目的与意义(为课程资源开发提供直接的资源保障,为二次开发课程资源提供依据和准备,为开发校本课程,建立学习特色体系服务,为教师自身的专业发展服务)③获取资源和信息应具备的能力(筛选与鉴别的能力,收集与处理信息的能力,课程资源的整合能力,探究与解决问题的能力)④获取资源和信息的途径(积极开发教材资源,充分利用校内资源,注重利用校外资源,充分利用信息技术和互联网络)语言教学知识与能力第一章外语教学基本理论语言和语言学习①语言观结构主义语言观(索绪尔)—听说法,全身反应法,沉默法功能主义语言观—交际法,自然法交互语言观交际语境—任务型教学法②语言学习观行为主义学习理论(斯金纳)重复和强化—听说法认知学习理论(乔姆斯基)语言是一套基于规则的系统—认知教学法建构主义学习理论通过人际间的协作活动外语教学法主义流派①语法翻译法(目的是培养阅读能力,用母语教学,以教师为中心,忽视语境)②直接法(不用少用母语,不重语法直接背,口语语言教学)③听说法弗里斯,拉多(限制母语使用强调口语的第一性,反复操练,归纳性类推不解释,马上纠错,分为听说读写)④情景法/视听法(语言和情景想结合,视觉感知和听觉感知结合,整体结构感知。

教师资格证考试-笔试-《英语学科知识与教学能力》(高中)-教材知识点整理-前半部分

教师资格证考试-笔试-《英语学科知识与教学能力》(高中)-教材知识点整理-前半部分

【所使用的教材信息】:2019年下半年考试使用的教材;【注意】:打印前请注意排版以及文档中图片的大小是否合适;因内容较多,分成两个文档,这是前半部分!第一部分英语语言知识第一章语音知识第一节字母、音素和音标一、英文字母1、英文字母的发音:2、英文字母的分类:二、英语音素1、音素:音素是音的最小的单位,英语中有48个音素,按照发音时气流是否受阻,分为元音音素(20个)和辅音音素(28 个);2、元音音素的分类:①单元音和双元音:②根据设最高部分的位置,单元音可分为:③根据发音的长短,单元音可分为:④根据唇的圆展,单元音可分为:⑤根据舌抬起的高度,单元音可以分为:⑥根据口形的大小,单元音可分为:3、辅音因素的分类:①根据发音方式,辅音可分为:②根据发音部位,辅音可分为:③根据声带振动与否,辅音可分为:三、英语音标1、音标:音标是记录音素的符号,是音素的标写符号;其制定规则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示,而一个音标并不只表示一个音素;目前我国通用的国际音标共有48个,其中,元音音标20个,辅音音标28个;2、标音法:无声子音【p, k, t】在【s】后面会丧失送气的现象,如:peak和speak,其宽式标音是:/pi:k/和/spi:k/,其严式标音是:【phi:k】和【spi:k】;第二节语音是的结合及其变化一、音节1、音节:音节是读音的基本单位,一个元音音素可以构成一个音节,一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节;一般来说,辅音音素不响亮,不能构成音节,但阴雨辅音音素中有一些响音,他们和辅音音素结合,也可以构成音节,如:[m][n][n][l]等;2、音节的划分:几个拼起来发音的字母较一个“音节”,音节有开音节、闭音节、半开音节之分,不同的单词有不同的音节划分;常见的划分音节的方法如下:3、音节的类型:⑴单音节:单音节词都重读;⑵双音节;⑶三音节;⑷多音节;⑸成音节:一个辅音因素加上一个/l/或/m/或/n/,构成成音节;4、重读音节:⑴开音节:包括绝对开音节和相对开音节;①绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的音节;如:me;②相对开音节:单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音的字母e组成的重读音节;如:name;⑵闭音节:单个元音字母后面有辅音字母(r, w, y除外)且以辅音字母结尾的重读音节;如:bag;⑶-r音节:元音字母+r;如:car;⑷-re音节:元音字母+re;三、语音现象1、连读:在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读;连读符号是:~;连读的类型如下:①辅音+元音:②元音+元音:③辅音+辅音:④r/re+元音:如果前一个词以r或re结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这时r/re要与后面的元音拼起来连读;如:They‘re my father~and mother.⑤不可连读:当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时,意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现,也不可连读;2、爆破:①爆破;⑥爆破类型;3、重读:⑵句子重读:在句子中,一般重读的是实词,如名词、动词、形容词、副词等,不重读的多为虚词,如冠词、连词、感叹词等;4、弱读:5、语调:英语中有五种基本语调:升调()、降调()、升降调()、降升调()、平调();⑵降调:陈述句、特殊疑问句、表示命令的祈使句、问候用语、感谢用语以及感叹句一般都用降调;在并列句中,若前后两个分句关系紧密且是顺承关系,则用升降调,若两个分句同等重要,或联系不紧密,则都用降调;⑶升降调:主要用语表达“蔑视、嘲笑、惊奇、自满得意”等;⑷降升调:用来表示“不肯定、话中有话”,还可表示“警告、安慰、鼓励”等;6、同化:7、英美发音的区别:第二章词汇知识(看教材)第三章词法知识+第四章句法知识—会陆续单独整理第五章语言学知识第一节语言学绪论一、语言1、语言定义:语言是言语交际(verbal communication)的一种方式,是人类用于交流的一种任意的声音符号系统(a system of arbitrary vocal symbols)。

教资科目二《教育知识与能力》个人精心整理——每一章节的重点内容

教资科目二《教育知识与能力》个人精心整理——每一章节的重点内容

一、教育基础知识和基本原理第一节 教育的产生与发展1、教育构成要素①教育者:教育活动的主导者和实施者 ②受教育者:受教育的对象,学习的主体③教育影响:是教育实践活动的手段,包括教育内容&教育措施,中介2、关系:相互独立&相互联系(纽带;对象;桥梁/工具/中介)(1)教育者是教育影响和受教育者之间的纽带,没有教育者,教育活动无法展开,受教育者就不能得到有效的指导; (2)受教育者是教育者施加教育影响的对象,没有受教育者,教育活动就失去了对象; (3)教育影响是教育者对受教育者作用的工具和手段,没有教育影响,教育活动就成了无源之水,再好的教育意图也不能实现。

3、教育的本质属性教育是一种有目的地培养人的社会活动,这是教育区别于其他事物现象的根本特征,是教育的质的规定性。

4、教育的社会属性①永恒性——只要人类社会存在,就存在教育②历史性——不同的社会/同一社会的不同历史阶段③相对独立性——继承性、受其他社会意识形态的影响、与社会政治经济发展不平衡5、教育的起源①神话起源说:最古老;宗教 (朱熹)②生物~:生存本能 (法:利托尔诺,美:桑代克,英:沛西·能) ③心理~:无意识的模仿 (美:孟禄)④劳动~:劳动 (苏联:米丁斯基,凯洛夫) ⑤交往~:叶澜第二节 教育学的产生与发展第三节教育与社会的发展1、人口对教育的制约作用(1)人口数量影响教育的规模、结构和质量;(2)人口质量质量(3)人口结构结构(4)人口流动对教育提出挑战。

教育人口的再生产作用(教育的人口功能)(1)教育是使人口结构趋向合理化的手段之一(性别、文化、职业、城乡结构、迁移)(2)教育改善人口质量,提高民族素质①提高人口质量;②减少人口数量;③改善人口结构,实现人口迁移。

2、生产力对教育的制约作用(1)生产力的发展水平影响教育目的的确定;(2)~制约课程设置和教学内容的选择;(3)~决定教育的规模和速度;(4)~制约学校结构;(5)~制约教学方法、手段和教学组织形式。

教师资格考试高级中学英语学科知识与教学能力试题及答案指导(2024年)

教师资格考试高级中学英语学科知识与教学能力试题及答案指导(2024年)

2024年教师资格考试高级中学英语学科知识与教学能力复习试题及答案指导一、单项选择题(本大题有30小题,每小题2分,共60分)1、Which of the following activities is most suitable for developing students’ listening skills for specific information?A)Listening to a song and discussing its themeB)Participating in a debate on a current issueC)Completing a chart with details from a news reportD)Role-playing a conversation at a restaurantAnswer: C) Completing a chart with details from a news reportExplanation: This activity requires students to listen for and extract specific pieces of information, which is a key skill in listening comprehension. It helps train them to focus on particular details within a larger context, such as numbers, dates, or other factual data, that might be part of a news broadcast. Other options, while valuable, do not specifically target the skill of listening for detailed information.2、When designing a reading lesson, what is the primary purpose ofpre-reading activities?A)To practice grammar and vocabulary related to the textB)To introduce the topic and activate prior knowledgeC)To summarize the main points of the textD)To assess students’ comprehension after readingAnswer: B) To introduce the topic and activate prior knowledgeExplanation: Pre-reading activities are crucial for setting the stage for successful reading. They help to engage students with the topic, stimulate interest, and connect the new material to what they already know, thereby facilitating better understanding and retention. While practicing grammar and vocabulary can be beneficial, it is typically more aligned with during- or post-reading stages. Summarizing the main points and assessing comprehension are generally done after the reading has taken place.3、The sentence “The book is as interesting as a movie.” is an example of which figure of speech?A)HyperboleB)SimileC)MetaphorD)AlliterationAnswer: B) SimileExplanation: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things, typically using “as” or “like.” In this sentence, “as interesting as a movie” is comparing the book’s interest level to that of a movie.4、In the following sentence, “She sang beautifully,” the word “beautifully” is an example of what part of speech?A)VerbB)AdverbC)NounD)AdjectiveAnswer: B) AdverbExplanation: An adverb modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. In this sentence, “beautifully” modifies the verb “sang,” indicating how well she sang.5、Which of the following sentences correctly uses the passive voice?A) The book was read by Sarah.B) Sarah reads the book.C) The book read by Sarah.D) Sarah has been reading the book.Answer: A) The book was read by Sarah.Explanation: In this question, we are looking for the sentence that correctly uses the passive voice. The passive voice construction involves using a form of the verb ‘to be’ with the past participle of the main verb. Option A is correct because it uses ‘was read’, which is the past passive form of the verb ‘read’. The other options either use active voice (B and D) or have incomplete structure (C).6、What type of word formation process is illustrated in the creation of the word “unbelievable” from “believe”?A) ConversionB) CompoundingC) AffixationD) BlendingAnswer: C) AffixationExplanation: The term “unbelievable” is formed by adding the prefix “un-” and the suffix “-able” to the base word “believe.” This process of word formation, where affixes (prefixes or suffixes) are added to a root word to create new words, is known as affixation. Conversion refers to changing a word from one part of speech to another without changing the form of the word, compounding involves combining two or more words to create a new word, and blending is the process of creating a new word by merging parts of two existing words.7、The following sentence contains a verb that is in the passive voice. Which one is it?A. The book is being read by the students.B. The students are reading the book.C. The book reads by the students.D. The students read the book.Answer: AExplanation: The sentence in the p assive voice is “The book is being read by the students.” In the passive voice, the focus is on the action being done to the subject, which in this case is “the book.” The subject “the book” is being acted upon by the students.8、Choose the word that best completes the following sentence:The teacher__________the students to work in groups to complete the project.A. requiredB. permittedC. recommendedD. requestedAnswer: DExplanation: The correct word to complete the sentence is “requested.” This is bec ause “request” is a polite way of asking for something, which is appropriate in the context of a teacher asking students to work in groups. “Required” implies a mandatory action, “permitted” implies allowing something to happen, and “recommended” implies g iving a suggestion.9、Which of the following sentences correctly uses the subjunctive mood to express a wish or a hypothetical situation?A) If only I were younger, I could enjoy playing sports more.B) If he was here, he would help us.C) She wishes that she is at home.D) They demanded that the meeting will be postponed.Answer: A) If only I were younger, I could enjoy playing sports more.Explanation: The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, suggestions, or situations that are contrary to fact or are unlikely to happen. In option A, “were” is the correct form to use in a wish clause, and “could” properlyexpresses a hypothetical situation.10、Choose the sentence that correctly demonstrates the use of a reported speech (indirect speech).A) He said, “I have already completed my homework.”B) She exclaimed, “This book is fascinating!”C) They asked if we had seen their lost cat.D) She asked me, “Are you coming to the party tonight?”Answer: C) They asked if we had seen their lost cat.Explanation: Reported speech (also known as indirect speech) involves reporting what someone else has said without using their exact words. In option C, the original direct question “Have you seen our lost cat?” is transformed into an indirect question “if we had seen their lost cat,” which is grammatically correct when reporting the speech.11.The sentence “The book is easy to read, but difficult to understand.” can be best paraphrased as:A)The book is readable, but comprehension is challenging.B)The book is easy, but it’s hard to grasp its meaning.C)The book is simple to read, but complex in its content.D)It’s simple to read the book, but it’s tough to understand it.Answer: AExplanation: Option A maintains the original meaning by using synonyms for “easy” (readable) and “difficult” (challenging) while keeping the structure of the sentence similar. The other options change the sentence structure or useslightly different meanings that do not convey the same idea as the original sentence.12.Which of the following phrases is most appropriate to use when addressinga group of students during a lesson?A)“Class, please pay attention to the board.”B)“Ladies and gentlemen, I need your full attention.”C)“Boys and girls, let’s begin with the next activity.”D)“Good afternoon, students, let’s move on to the exercise.”Answer: AExplanation: Option A is the most appropriate because it directly addresses the class and requests their attention, which is common practice in a classroom setting. Options B and D are too formal and may come across as unnecessary, while option C focuses on the activity rather than the immediate need for attention.13、Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)?A)Focusing on fluency over accuracyB)Emphasizing the use of authentic materialsC)Encouraging learner autonomyD)Prioritizing the teaching of grammatical structures in isolationAnswer: D) Prioritizing the teaching of grammatical structures in isolationExplanation: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) emphasizes the importance of meaningful communication and the functional use of language. It encourages fluency and the use of authentic materials to simulate real-lifesituations. CLT also supports the development of learner autonomy by allowing students to take an active role in their learning process. The teaching of grammatical structures in isolation, which focuses on form rather than meaning or function, is not a typical feature of CLT and is more characteristic of traditional, teacher-centered approaches to language instruction.14、When designing a reading comprehension task, what is the most important factor to consider in order to ensure that the task is effective and engaging for high school students?A)The length of the textB)The relevance of the content to students’ interests and experiencesC)The complexity of the vocabulary used in the textD)The inclusion of pictures and diagramsAnswer: B) The relevance of the content to students’ interests and experiencesExplanation: To create an effective and engaging reading comprehension task, it’s crucial that the content resonates with the students’ own lives and interests. This connection can motivate them to read more closely and critically. While the length of the text, the complexity of the vocabulary, and visual aids such as pictures and diagrams can all play a role in the design of a good reading task, they are secondary to the relevance of the content. When students find the material relevant, they are more likely to be invested in understanding and analyzing the text, thus enhancing their comprehension skills and overall engagement with the subject matter.15.The sentence “He is a teacher who always encourages his students toexpress their opinions freely.” is a n example of a sentence that demonstrates which of the following teaching principles?A. ConformityB. AuthorityC. EncouragementD. AutonomyAnswer: C. EncouragementExplanation: This question tests the understanding of teaching principles. The sentence describes a teacher who encourages students to freely express their opinions, which is an example of the “Encouragement” principle. Conformity and Authority are teaching styles that do not necessarily involve encouraging free expression, while Autonomy is a student-centered approach that focuses on giving students the freedom to learn independently, which is not explicitly mentioned in the sentence.16.Which of the following is the most appropriate method to use when introducing a new topic to advanced English language learners?A. Direct translationB. Telling the storyC. Showing a related videoD. Using a vocabulary listAnswer: C. Showing a related videoExplanation: This question assesses the candidate’s knowledge ofappropriate teaching methods for different levels of English language learners. Advanced learners often benefit from multimedia resources to enhance their understanding. Showing a related video (Option C) can provide visual and auditory input, which can be more engaging and effective for advanced learners compared to direct translation (Option A), telling a story (Option B), or using a vocabulary list (Option D), which may be less engaging or not provide the necessary context for understanding.17、Which of the following best describes the role of formative assessment in an English language classroom?A. To rank students based on their performanceB. To provide feedback that can be used to improve teaching and learningC. To assign final grades at the end of the termD. To determine which students should be promotedAnswer: B. To provide feedback that can be used to improve teaching and learning.Explanation: Formative assessment is an ongoing process used by all teachers and students. It involves collecting evidence of learning during the learning process for the purposes of improving teaching and learning and focuses on the development of students’ linguistic competence.18、When teaching reading comprehension, which strategy would be most effective in helping students understand the main idea of a text?A. Focusing solely on vocabulary expansionB. Encouraging rote memorization of the textC. Discussing the text’s context and summarizing its key pointsD. Translating the text word-for-word into the students’ native languageAnswer: C. Discussing the text’s context and summarizing its key points.Explanation: Effective reading comprehension strategies involve helping students grasp the main ideas and themes of a text, rather than just focusing on vocabulary or translating word-for-word. By discussing the context and summarizing key points, students are better able to comprehend and retain the overall message of the text.19.In the following sentence, “The students were eagerly waiting for the teacher to arrive,” which word is an adverb?A. eagerlyB. waitingC. teacherD. arriveAnswer: AExplanation: The word “eagerly” is an adverb that modifies the verb “waiting,” indicating the manner in which the students were waiting.20.Which of the following phrases is an example of a present perfect continuous tense?A. He has just finished his homework.B. She is reading a book.C. They went to the park yesterday.D. I have eaten breakfast.Answer: AExplanation: Th e phrase “He has just finished his homework” is in the present perfect continuous tense, which is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing at the present moment. The other options do not fit this tense structure.21.The following sentence is an example of a_______clause.A. restrictiveB. non-restrictiveC. relativeD. adverbialAnswer: CExplanation: The sentence “The book that you gave me is very interesting.” contains a relative clause that provides additional information about the noun “book.” Relative clauses are used to define or give more information about a noun, and they are introduced by relative pronouns or adverbs such as “who,” “which,” “that,” and “where.”22.In the sentence “She has a lot of experience in teaching English,” the word “a lot of” is used to express:A. timeB. amountC. qualityD. conditionAnswer: BExplanation: “A lot of” is a colloquial expression used to indicate a large amount or number of something. In this sentence, it is used to express the large amount of experience the subject has in teaching English. Therefore, the correct answer is “amount.”23.The following sentence contains an error in punctuation. Which one is it?A. She is a teacher, who teaches English at a high school.B. She is a teacher, who teaches English; she teaches at a high school.C. She is a teacher; she teaches English, and she teaches at a high school.D. She is a teacher, who teaches English at a high school; she is dedicated to her work.Answer: BExplanation: The correct answer is B because it uses a semicolon to connect two independent clauses, “who teaches English” and “she teaches at a high school.” The other options either lack proper punctuation or separate the two clauses with a comma, which is incorrect when used with independent clauses.24.Which of the following is an example of a cohesive device used in the following sentence?“The students were excited to learn new vocabulary, and they eagerlyparticipated in class discussions.”A. RepetitionB. CoherenceC. TransitionD. EllipsisAnswer: CExplanation: The correct answer is C, “Transition.” The word “and” serves as a transition word that connects two related ideas in the sentence. Repetition involves using the same words or phrases, coherence refers to the overall logical structure of the text, and ellipsis indicates the omission of words or phrases.25.The following sentence contains a sentence error. Which one is it?A. The teacher emphasized the importance of learning English through practice.B. It was after midnight that she realized she had left her keys at home.C. The more we practice, the better we become at speaking English.D. He not only teaches English but also coaches the school’s soccer team.Answer: DExplanation: The error in the sentence is the use of “not only … but also” with inversion, which is not necessary in this context. The correct sentence should be “He teaches English and coaches the school’s soccer team.” Therefore, the correct answer is D.26.Choose the word that does not belong to the following list:A. curriculumB. syllabusC. textbookD. worksheetE. classroomAnswer: EExplanation: The words “curriculum,” “syllabus,” “textbook,” and “worksheet” all relate to teaching materials and educational content. “Classroom,” on the other hand, refers to the physical space where teaching takes place. Therefore, “classroom” does not belong to the list, and the correct answer is E.27.The following sentence is correctly punctuated:A) He asked, “How are you doing?”B) He asked “How are you doing?”C) He asked: “How are you doing?”D) He asked; “How are you doing?”Answer: C)Explanation: The correct form of a direct question within a sentence is to use quotation marks and a comma after the question mark. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.28.Which of the following is an example of a simile?A) The wind howled like a wolf.B) The wind was cold and sharp.C) The wind was a terrible storm.D) The wind was so strong, it blew down the trees.Answer: A)Explanation: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using “like” or “as.” Option A uses “like” to compare t he sound of the wind to that of a wolf, making it the correct answer. Options B, C, and D are descriptions but do not use the comparison form of a simile.29.In the following sentence, “The teacher’s enthusiasm was infectious,” which word best describes th e teacher’s behavior?A. MotivationalB. DiscouragingC. AnnoyingD. ImpersonalAnswer: A. MotivationalExplanation: The word “infectious” suggests that the teacher’s enthusiasm was so strong that it could spread to others, which implies a motivational behavior.30.Which of the following is an effective teaching strategy for introducinga new topic in an English lesson?A. Asking students to write their own definitions of the new vocabularywords.B. Telling students the definition of the new vocabulary words and moving on.C. Showing a video related to the new topic without any explanation.D. Reading the text to the students and asking them to follow along.Answer: A. Asking students to write their own definitions of the new vocabulary words.Explanation: Encouraging students to create their own definitions helps them to engage with the new vocabulary actively and promotes critical thinking. This strategy can also help students remember the words better.二、简答题(20分)Question:Explain the importance of vocabulary development in the English language teaching process and how teachers can effectively promote vocabulary learning in high school students.Answer:Vocabulary development plays a crucial role in the English language teaching process as it enhances stud ents’ overall language proficiency. Here are some key reasons for its importance:munication: A rich vocabulary allows students to express their thoughts and ideas more effectively, leading to better communication skills.prehension: Having a wide range of vocabulary enables students tounderstand and interpret texts more accurately.3.Academic success: Vocabulary knowledge is essential for academic success, as it helps students in reading, writing, and comprehending complex texts.4.Critical thinking: A diverse vocabulary aids in critical thinking and problem-solving skills as it allows students to analyze and evaluate information more effectively.To promote vocabulary learning effectively, teachers can employ the following strategies:1.Introduce new vocabulary through context: Present new words in meaningful contexts to help students understand their meaning and usage.e visual aids and realia: Incorporate visual aids, such as pictures, videos, and real objects, to make vocabulary learning more engaging and memorable.3.Encourage active learning: Engage students in activities like games, discussions, and role-playing to reinforce vocabulary learning.4.Provide opportunities for repetition: Use repetition in various forms, such as through songs, chants, and flashcards, to reinforce vocabulary learning.5.Assess vocabulary knowledge: Regularly assess students’ vocabulary knowledge through quizzes, tests, and oral presentations.6.Integrate vocabulary into all aspects of language teaching: Incorporate vocabulary into reading, writing, speaking, and listening activities to ensure comprehensive learning.e technology: Utilize educational apps, online resources, andmultimedia tools to make vocabulary learning more interactive and engaging.By implementing these strategies, teachers can effectively promote vocabulary learning in high school students, ultimately contributing to their overall language development.三、教学情境分析题(30分)Question: Teaching Scenario AnalysisScenario:In your secondary school English class, you have just completed a unit on “Exploring Cultural Differences”. The students have shown i nterest in the topic, but you notice that some of them are struggling to engage with the material, particularly when it comes to discussing cultural norms and values. The class consists of diverse students from various cultural backgrounds.Task:Analyze the teaching scenario described above and suggest appropriate strategies to improve student engagement and understanding of the material.Answer:Strategies to Improve Student Engagement and Understanding:1.Interactive Group Discussions:•Divide the class into small groups, each with students from different cultural backgrounds.•Assign each group a specific cultural norm or value to research anddiscuss.•Encourage students to share their own experiences and perspectives, fostering a collaborative learning environment.2.Cultural Exchange Activities:•Organize a “Cultural Day” where students can bring in items or artifacts that represent their own culture.•Have students create presentations or posters about their cultural norms and values.•This activity allows students to learn from each other’s experiences and promotes a deeper understanding of cultural diversity.3.Real-World Connection:•Integrate real-life examples and case studies that illustrate the impact of cultural differences in different contexts.•Use videos, news articles, or literature that explore cultural conflicts or misunderstandings.•This helps students connect the theoretical concepts to real-world situations.4.Critical Thinking Questions:•Pose thought-provoking questions that encourage students to analyze and evaluate different cultural norms and values.•Questions could include: “How might cultural differences affect international business negotiations?” or “What are the potential challenges of living in a culturally diverse society?”5.Role-Playing Exercises:•Create role-playing scenarios where students act out different cultural interactions.•This activity allows students to practice communication skills and understand the nuances of cultural differences in a controlled setting.Explanation:The suggested strategies aim to address the issues of student engagement and understanding in the given scenario. By implementing interactive group discussions, cultural exchange activities, real-world connections, critical thinking questions, and role-playing exercises, the teacher can create a more inclusive and dynamic learning environment. These activities not only encourage students to actively participate but also help them develop empathy, cultural awareness, and critical thinking skills.四、教学设计题(40分)Teaching Design QuestionQuestion:Design a 45-minute lesson plan for a senior high school English class aimed at teaching the theme of “Global Warming” to students. The class consists of 30 students with diverse English proficiency levels. The lesson should include an introduction, a main activity, and a conclusion. Ensure that the lesson incorporates interactive activities, vocabulary building, and grammarpractice.Answer:Lesson Title: “Global Warming: Causes and Solutions”Target Language Skills: Reading, Speaking, Listening, and WritingMaterials:1.Handouts with articles on global warming (one for each student)2.Whiteboard and markers3.Projector and laptop for presentations4.Vocabulary cards5.Group activity handouts6.Writing paperIntroduction (10 minutes):1.Start the class by asking students about their knowledge of global warming. Encourage them to share what they know.2.Show a brief video clip on global warming (e.g., National Geographic documentary) to introduce the topic.3.Summarize the main points from the video and introduce the lesson objectives.Main Activity (25 minutes):1.Divide the class into small groups of 5-6 students.2.Distribute handouts with articles on global warming to each student.3.Instruct each group to read their articles and identify the causes and solutions for global warming.4.Conduct a group discussion, where each group presents their findings to the class. Encourage other students to ask questions and participate in the discussion.5.While groups are presenting, use the vocabulary cards to introduce new terms related to global warming.6.After all groups have presented, ask students to identify the main causes and solutions for global warming.Grammar Practice (5 minutes):1.Introduce the present perfect tense, which is commonly used to describe actions that started in the past and continue to the present or have a present result.2.Provide a brief example sentence and have students practice forming sentences using the present perfect tense.3.Pair students up and have them ask each other questions about global warming, using the present perfect tense.Conclusion (5 minutes):1.Summarize the main points of the lesson, emphasizing the causes and solutions for global warming.2.Ask students to share their thoughts on the topic and discuss what they can do to contribute to solving the problem.3.Assign a writing task: Students should write a short essay (150-200 words) on how they can personally contribute to reducing global warming.Evaluation:•Observe students’ participation in group discussions and presentations.•Assess students’ understanding of the vocabulary and grammar concepts.•Evaluate the quality of the essays written for the conclusion activity.Explanation:The lesson plan incorporates a variety of activities, such as reading, speaking, listening, and writing, to cater to different learning styles. The use of group discussions and presentations encourages students to actively engage with the topic and develop their critical thinking skills. The inclusion of vocabulary cards and grammar practice ensures that students build their language skills while learning about global warming. The writing task at the end of the lesson reinforces the main concepts and encourages students to reflect on their personal contributions to the issue.。

中学教师资格《教育知识与能力》重点全59页

中学教师资格《教育知识与能力》重点全59页

2024中学教师资格《教育知识与能力》重点全59页2024年中学教师资格考试《教育知识与能力》重点一、考试科目中学教师资格考试主要测试考生的教育知识与能力,包括教育心理学、教育学、教育法规、教育伦理等方面的知识。

考试科目包括《综合素质》、《教育知识与能力》和《学科知识与教学能力》。

二、考试重点1、教育知识与能力教育知识与能力是中学教师资格考试的重点之一,主要涉及教育基本理论、教育心理学、教育学、教育法规和教育伦理等方面的知识。

考生需要理解并掌握这些知识点,能够运用这些知识分析和解决教育教学中的问题。

2、教学实践与能力中学教师需要具备教学设计、教学实施和教学评价的能力。

在考试中,这部分内容可能会以实际教学情境为背景,考察考生的教学实践能力和问题解决能力。

3、学科知识与能力根据不同的学科,考试的内容会有所不同。

考生需要掌握自己所在学科的基本知识和能力,包括学科知识、学科教学能力和实践经验等方面的考查。

三、备考建议1、系统学习考生需要根据考试大纲,系统学习教育知识与能力的相关内容。

可以通过阅读教材、参加培训、参加模拟考试等方式,逐步提升自己的知识水平和应试能力。

2、理解记忆教育知识与能力的知识点比较多,考生需要理解记忆。

可以通过制作笔记、背诵口诀、反复练习等方式加深记忆。

3、实践应用教育知识与能力的知识点需要在实际教学中应用,考生可以结合自己的教学实践进行学习和思考。

同时,可以通过模拟教学、参与教学实践活动等方式提升自己的实践能力。

4、考前冲刺在考试前一个月,考生可以进行考前冲刺,包括集中复习、模拟考试和真题练习等方式,提高自己的应试能力和考试成绩。

四、总结中学教师资格考试是提升教师职业素质的重要途径之一。

考生需要认真学习教育知识与能力的相关内容,提升自己的教学能力和应试能力。

在备考过程中,需要制定合理的学习计划,掌握学习方法,注重实践应用,确保能够在考试中取得优异的成绩。

中学教师资格证考试《教育知识与能力》简答题知识重点中学教师资格证考试《教育知识与能力》简答题知识重点一、文章类型及重点在中学教师资格证考试的《教育知识与能力》科目中,简答题部分是重要的一部分。

中学教育知识与能力第四章知识点

中学教育知识与能力第四章知识点

2016中学教育知识与能力第四章知识点第四章中学生学习心理第一节认知过程命题点1:感觉(一)感觉的含义人脑对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物个别属性的反映。

感觉是介于心理和生理之间的活动,它的产生主要来源于感觉器官的生理活动以及客观刺激的物理特性。

感觉是知觉产生的基础.感觉是知觉的有机组成部分,是知觉产生的基本条件。

(二)感觉的作用感觉是认识世界的开端,是人类一切知识和经验的基础。

感觉属于感性认识阶段,是认知的起点,感觉是其他一切心理活动的基础,是正常心理活动的必要条件。

(三)感觉的分类1.外部感觉:视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉、肤觉。

2.内部感觉:机体觉、运动觉、平衡觉。

(四)感觉的特性1.感觉适应外界刺激持续作用下感受性发生变化的现象。

例如“入芝兰之室,久而不闻其香,入鲍鱼之肆,久而不闻其臭”,这是嗅觉的适应。

手放在温水里,开始觉得热,慢慢就不觉得热了,这是温度觉的适应。

视觉的适应分为暗适应和明适应:暗适应:由亮至暗环境,先看不清,后能看清;明适应:由暗至亮环境,开始刺眼,后能适应。

2.感觉后像外界刺激停止作用后,暂时保留的感觉印象叫感觉后象。

例如电灯灭了,你眼睛里还会看到亮着的灯泡的形状,这就是视觉的后象。

声音停止以后,你耳朵里还有这个声音的余音在萦绕,这是听觉的后象。

感觉后象分为正后象和负后象:正后像:与刺激物性质相同的后像;负后像:与刺激物性质相反的后像。

3.感觉对比不同刺激作用于同一感觉器官,使感受性发生变化的现象叫感觉对比。

感觉对比分为两种:同时对比和继时对比。

(1)同时对比两种感觉同时发生所形成的对比叫同时对比。

如明暗相邻的边界上,看起来亮处更亮,暗处更暗了(即马赫带现象),这是明度的对比。

(2)继时对比两种感觉先后发生所形成的对比叫继时对比。

如吃完苦药以后再吃糖觉得糖更甜了。

4.联觉一个刺激不仅引起一种感觉,同时还引起另一种感觉的现象叫联觉。

例如红色看起来觉得温暖,蓝色看起来觉得清凉;听节奏鲜明的音乐的时候觉得灯光也和音乐节奏一样在闪动。

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教育知识与能力第四章中学生学习心理22%单选题考点✧认知发展注意注意的概念注意是心理活动或意识对一定对象的指向(看谁)和集中(看了很久)注意的功能地位和例子选择功能(最基本),保持功能,调节和监督功能❖注意的分类例子有无目的性和费不费劲儿1.无意注意(不随意注意)没有预定的目的也不需要意志努力比如关门声大不由自主被吸引突然2.有意注意(随意注意)有预定的目的需要意志努力去日本费劲儿学日语3.有意后注意(随意后注意)有预定的目的不需要意志努力不看键盘盲打字边开车边看手机❖注意的品质注意的范围(数量)一目十行注意的稳定性(时间)看偶像时间就很持久注意的分散(分心)走神开小差注意的分配(一边…一边…)载歌载舞注意的转移(从什么到什么)干完这个去干那个注意的起伏(动摇)人的注意是不能长时间地保持固定不变的,经常出现周期性的加强或减弱,称为注意的起伏。

注意在教育学中的应用规律正确运用无意注意的规律组织教学活动。

板书主题加粗讲重点大声运用有意注意的规律组织教学,提高学习的自觉性。

先告诉你讲什么运用两种注意相互转换的规律组织教学感觉感觉的概念感觉是直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的感觉的分类外部感觉视觉听觉嗅觉味觉皮肤觉内部感觉机体觉运动觉平衡觉感觉的一般规律感受性(能力灵敏程度)绝对感受性从无到有差别感受性从有到更感觉阈限(数值、量)绝对感觉阈限从无到有差别感觉阈限从有到更去吃火锅刚吃没感觉辣,吃了一会儿感觉到辣(绝对),加点辣椒就更辣了(差别)感受性与感受阈限呈反比例子,我去吃火锅,没有感受到辣加了一勺子之后感受到了(绝对),为了吃变态辣加了十勺(差别)❖感觉的相互作用同一感觉视觉适应—暗适应、明适应嗅觉适应肤觉适应同时对比(同时作用)继时对比(先后作用)感觉后效看灯感觉有黑影不同感觉感觉补偿作用眼盲耳聪一个刺激不仅能引起一种感觉还能引起另一种感觉肯德基用红色增长食欲你的笑好甜✧知觉知觉的概念知觉是人脑对于直接作用于感觉器官的事有个苹果感觉不能让你知道是什么知觉可以知觉的种类空间知觉(大小,方位,形状)❖深度(距离)知觉视崖实验时间知觉时间的把握运动知觉真动知觉视动知觉1.动景运动小人书翻页2.诱导运动一个动了另一个好像也动了月亮在云朵穿行同时发生3.自主运动烟头4.运动后效先看动的又看静止的感觉静止的好像往相反方向运动前后发生错觉不正确的知觉❖知觉的基本特征1选择性对象与背景(对象优先)花瓶与人2整体性部分与整体(整体优先)3 理解性用已有经验去认识对999的认识4恒常性条件改变印象不变感知觉的差异应用强度律(看的清听的见)讲课大声字写大差异律(有差别有对比)板书加粗活动律(运动)走动讲课组合律(形成知识体系知识块)留白✧记忆记忆的概念记忆是在头脑中积累和保持个体经验的心理过程❖记忆的类型记忆内容经验对象形象记忆(感知过的具体形象)情绪记忆 (对于过去感知情绪的记忆)一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳逻辑记忆(对于概念公式规则的记忆)动作记忆(动作)记得怎么骑车保持时间瞬时记忆 1秒以内容量较大进入教室都记得然后都忘了短时记忆 1分钟左右 5-9个组块长时记忆 1分钟以上容量超大无限大转化条件瞬时记忆通过注意进入短时记忆短时记忆通过复述进入长时记忆信息加工和存储内容陈述性记忆(静态记忆是什么)北京是首都程序性记忆(动态记忆做什么怎么办)如何做红烧排骨意识的参与程度外显记忆(知道自己知道)内隐记忆(不知道自己知道)记忆的过程识记整个记忆过程的开端是人们获得经验的开端保持把记忆内容以一定形式保存在脑海中回忆或再认是否再现从记忆查找已有信息回忆不在眼前再认是在眼前的❖遗忘的原因干扰抑制说(相互干扰)詹金斯+达伦巴希前摄抑制前对后干扰(会读汉语拼音的读音然后就不怎么会读英语了)倒摄抑制反之(学完英文和拼音忘完了)动机说(压抑说)(情绪压抑紧张害怕激动)弗洛依德记忆痕迹衰退说(得不到强化) 巴浦洛夫(时间久了就想不起来了)提取失败说(没有线索)提笔忘字图尔文同化说(高级代替低级)奥苏贝尔知识是个简化的过程✖的表示❖遗忘的规律艾宾浩斯学习之后立即发生,遗忘的进程不均匀,先快后慢先多后少。

(负加速)启示及时复习❖良好记忆品质特点敏捷性速度(快)过目成诵持久性保持时间长短经久不忘准确性精确倒背如流准备性(综合体现)提取和应用信手捏来✧思维思维的概念思维是人脑对客观事物的本质属性和内在联系的间接概括的反映❖思维的特征间接性由...推断概括性由...总结得出思维的品质广阔性(广度)面面俱到深刻性(深度)一阵见血独立性(自主思考不受别人影响)批判性(不受自己影响)灵活性(变)随机应变敏捷性(快)逻辑性(中心环节)❖思维的分类❖凭借物不同直观动作思维(动作)数手指算术具体形象思维(表象)脑子里一个雪糕加一个两个抽象逻辑思维(概念判断思考)❖指向性划分聚合思维(一个答案)发散思维(多个答案)逻辑性划分直觉思维(突然顿悟)分析思维(逐步分析)思维的基本形式概念最基本的形式判断推理中学生思维发展的特点抽象逻辑思维逐渐处于优势地位形式逻辑思维逐渐发展,在高中阶段处于优势地位❖创造性思维与培养创造性思维的特征(1)流畅性数量多(2)变通性类型多(3)独创性新奇独特❖创造性思维的培养创造性思维的核心就是发散思维❖问题解决问题解决的一般过程(1)发现问题(首要环节)(2)理解问题(3)提出假设(关键环节)(4)验证假设❖影响问题解决的主要因素(1)问题情境(问题呈现的方式描述清楚吗?)(2)心理定势与功能固着(思维定势,一个物体自有一个功能,没有第二种功能心理定势有好有坏,功能固着坏)(3)已有的知识经验——迁移(知识缺乏,问题解决慢)(4)原型启发(一个获得启发用到另一个上鲁班造句)(5)情绪与动机(心情好就好解决)提高问题解决能力的教学思恋良方✧想象概念想象是人脑对已储存的表象进行加工改造,形成新形象的心理过程❖想象的分类1.无意想象没有预定目的不自觉产生2.有意想象再造想象(读者)言语描述或图样示意(我们看闰土)创造想象(作者)创造出新形象(鲁迅写闰土)幻想空想理想想象的功能1.预见功能(预见未来苹果18)2.补充功能弥补人们对时空认识的不足(想象原始人生活)3. 替代功能变相满足生活需求(棍子当马)4. 调节功能调节生理(想象表白男生脸红了)培养学生想象力的方法引观察、勤思考、学知识、练想象、爱幻想✧学习的概述学习的内涵学习的实质个体(人,动物)在特定的情境下由于练习和反复经验(后天,不是自然成熟本能)而产生的行为或行为潜能(情感态度转变)的比较持久的改变(不是短暂的变化)学生学习的特点1.学生的学习是以掌握间接知识经验为主的2.学生的学习具有一定的被动性❖学习的分类1.按照学习结果分类(加涅)对知识1.言语信息(解决是什么的问题北京是什么)2.智慧技能(解决怎么做的问题小数变分数)对学习者3.认知策略(如何正确学习怎么让记得更好更快)对人对事4.态度(态度转变对祖国的热爱)5.动作技能(运动技能)按照学习意识水平—内隐学习、外显学习学习性质与形式(奥苏贝尔)2.根据学习方式接受学习(我讲你听)发现学习(自主独立学习)3.根据学习材料与原有知识的关系—机械学习(没有理解,死记硬背)、有意义学习(举一反三)其它知识技能,道德品质,行为习惯❖知识的学习知识的类型陈述性知识(是什么)程序性知识(怎么做)知识学习的种类1.根据任务复杂程度符号学习(知道事物代表的意义单词)概念学习—变式(同类本质属性三角形特征)变化无关特征,突出本质特征命题学习(两个概念之间的关系)2.根据认知结构关系下位学习(类属学习)先学大的概念再学小的概念上位学习(总括学习)反之组合学习平级大和大小和小水果蔬菜技能的形成技能的概念通过练习而形成的合乎法则的活动方式练习是形成各种技能必不可少的关键环节技能及其分类操作技能动作技能、运动技能(身体)心智技能智力技能、认知技能(脑子)操作技能的形成与培养操作技能的形成阶段:(1)操作定向 知道学什么(2)操作模仿 再现动作(3)操作整合 定型一体化动作(4)操作熟练 自动化完善化动作心智技能的形成与培养我国关于心智技能形成的理论(1)原型定向 (2)原型操作 (3)原型内化✧ 学习理论❖ 刺激和反映的关系巴甫洛夫的狗进食摇铃实验无条件反射 本能的条件反射 后天习得的第一信号:物理性刺激 看见什么 望梅生津第二信号:语言为中介谈虎色变、谈梅生津经典性条件反射的基本规律1. 获得与消退获得:建立条件反射的过程消退:条件反射消失2. 刺激的泛化与分化泛化:类似的刺激也能诱发其条件反应(分不清)分化:只对条件刺激有反应(分得清)二、桑代克的尝试错误说猫桑代克的饿猫开笼取食实验盲目尝试—逐步减少错误—再尝试准备律(预习)练习律(做题)效果律(反馈)最重要的学习定律斯金纳的白鼠实验(迷箱实验)强化是一种操作,强化的作用在于改变同类反应在将来发生的概率。

操作性条件作用的基本规律(强化规律)对号- 呈现错号- 撤销 S-刺激判断行为频率是增加还是降低看条件是给了还是撤了程序教学(个人自学)❖班杜拉的观察学习理论宝宝强化的分类直接强化自己做自己被强化(表现好给奖励)替代性强化看到榜样做自己被强化(看到有奖励也表现好)自我强化自己做自己强化(考完试吃好的)一、苛勒完形顿悟学习理论叠箱实验学习的实质学习是通过顿悟过程实现的学习的实质是在主体内部构造完型学习观学习的实质:主动形成认知结构学习的过程:获得、转化、评价教学观教学的目的在于理解学科的基本结构(学科的基本概念、原理、态度和方法)提倡发现学习掌握学科结构的基本原则三、奥苏贝尔的有意义接受学习理论有意义学习的实质条件实质:将新知识与已有知识建立起非人为(内在的,不随人的意志转移的三角形内角和永远180度)的和实质性(非字面勾股定理勾三股四弦五是这样但你也可以不叫这个)的联系。

❖条件:客观学习材料的逻辑意义主观有意义的学习心向(态度)适当的旧知识(新旧知识建立联系)材料意义+新旧知识+心向先行组织者策略先于学习任务本身呈现的一种引导性材料,它要比学习任务本身有较高的抽象、概括和综合水平,并且能够清晰地与认知结构中原有观念和新任务关联起来。

知识是搭建起来的(罗马人)罗杰斯,马斯洛罗杰斯学习理论学生中心教学观学生中心模式非指导性学习教师的角色是催化剂✧学习心理❖学习动机含义学习动机是指激发和维持个体的学习活动,并将学习活动指向一定的学习目标的动力机制,它是直接推动学生学习的内部机制学习动机 = 学习需要(内部需要)+学习期待(外部诱因)学习动机的功能激活(从静到动从无到有)激起行为指向(从有到有目标)使学习行为指向维持集中注意力,克服无关刺激❖学习动机的分类1.动力来源内部学习动机内在需要外部学习动机外部奖励2.目标远近近景性动机近期目标下周下个月(近景性直接性动机为学而学)(近景性间接性动机为奖励而学)远景性动机长远目标(远景性间接性动机)only社会意义高尚的动机利他低级的动机利己奥苏贝尔成就动机的分类认知内驱力学生渴望了解和理解,要求掌握知识以及系统地阐述问题并解决问题的倾向。

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