《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 美国的科技)【圣才出品】

13.1复习笔记

I.Definition

Ⅱ.Early19th century

1.Eli Whitney

2.John H.Hall

3.Cyrus H.McCormick

4.The Stevens and transportation

5.Samuel F.B.Morse

6.Alexander Graham Bell

Ⅲ.Late19th century

1.Thomas Alva Edison

2.Taylorism and Fordism

IV.Early20th century

1.Reginald Fessenden

2.Lee De Forest

3.Further development of the radio

V.Mid-20th century

1.Radio shows

2.Household technologies

te20th century

1.The Age of Visual Information

itary research and development used in peacetime

I.Definition（定义）

A technology is a system of practices,often involving a physical device,which accomplishes some result desired by some influential segments of society: government planners,military leaders,businessmen,or even a large proportion of citizen consumers.

技术是系统的实践，包括一项实体装置以及它所取得的社会某些有影响力的部分所需要的结果；社会有影响力的部分包括政府计划者、军事领导人、商人、甚至一大部分公民消费者。

Ⅱ.Early19th century（19世纪早期）

1.Eli Whitney（伊莱·惠特尼）

(1)He invented the cotton gin around1793.

(2)He developed the system of mass production of weapons with interchangeable parts.

(1)他于1793年发明了扎棉机。

(2)他发展了利用互换式部件进行大规模枪支生产的系统。

2.John H.Hall（约翰·霍尔）

(1)He was the director of the Rifle Works at the Harpers Ferry Armory.

(2)He can be credited with developing the American system of production,which

brought cost savings and less demand on skills.

(1)他是哈泼渡口步枪厂的厂长。

(2)他为发展美国的生产系统做出了很大贡献，该系统大大节约了生产成本，减少了对工人技术的要求。

3.Cyrus H.McCormick（塞罗斯·麦考密克）

(1)He invented mechanical reaper,which harvested countless acres of wheat in the Midwestern plains.

(2)The machine brought higher profits.

(3)US agriculture was moving away from subsistence farming toward a food marketing enterprise.

(1)他发明了机械收割机，可以大规模收割小麦。

(2)农民利用这种机器获得了更高的利润。

(3)美国农业从少有余粮的农场经营向粮食的商业化生产前进。

4.The Stevens and transportation（史蒂文森父子与运输发展）

The Stevens family played a significant role in the history of transportation.

史蒂文森一家人在美国运输史上发挥了重要作用。

(1)The father John Stevens made America’s first steam locomotive.

(2)His two sons made possible cost-effective long distance railroading.

(1)父亲约翰·史蒂文森制造了美国第一台蒸汽机车。

(2)他的两个儿子对长距离铁轨铺设有很大贡献。

5.Samuel F.B.Morse（莫尔斯）

(1)He invented a system for telegraph transmission called Morse Code.

(2)The telegraph undercut the Pony Express System in the Wild West.

(1)他制定了点线系统，即后来通行世界的莫尔斯电码。

(2)电报结束了曾应用于美国西部的马上快递系统。

6.Alexander Graham Bell（亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔）

He was the inventor of telephone.

他因发明电话而闻名。

Ⅲ.Late19th century（19世纪后期）

1.Thomas Alva Edison（托马斯·埃尔瓦·爱迪生）

(1)He was the most famous of all American inventors.

(2)Among many of his important inventions are electric lamp,phonograph,motion pictures and parallel circuit.

(3)As he was so clever and talented and his workplaces were located in Menlo Park, New Jersey,he earned the title“the Wizard of Menlo Park”.

(1)他是美国最著名的发明家。

(2)他的重要发明包括：白炽灯、留声机、电影、并联电路等。

(3)因为聪明才智和极高的天赋，又因为他的工作地点位于新泽西州的门洛公园，爱迪生被称为“门洛公园魔术师”。