Chapter 3 Morphology 要点总结

Chapter 3 Morphology(形态学)
1.What is morphology（形态学）?
Morphology, as a branch of linguistics , is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.
eg. Unfriendly → un + friend + ly
2.Morphemes(词素、语素)
A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
eg. Maps→(2 units)→map + s
3.Types of morphemes:
free morphemes(自由语素) and bound morphemes(黏着语素)
1>Free morphemes(自由语素)
A.Some morphemes can stand alone as words, such morphemes are called free
morphemes.
B．Rooot(词根) & Stem(词干)
❶Root：a root is the based form of a word which cannot be further analyzed . It may be a free morpheme(as black in blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith) as well as a bound morpheme( -ceive in perceive认识，deceive欺骗，receive).
❷Stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added (friend in friends, friendship in friendships are both stem).
C . Free Morphemes can be divided into two categories. They are:
Closed Class & Opened Class(封闭词类和开放性词类)
❶Closed Class（functional morphemes）: a closed class is one whose membership is principle fixed or limited. (封闭类：连介代冠conjunctions, preposition, pronouns, articles)
❷Open Class( lexical morphemes): an open class is one whose membership is principle indefinite or unlimited. (包括：名动形副数叹noun, verbs, adjectives)
2>Bound Morphemes(黏着语素)
A.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.
Such morphemes are called bound morphemes.
Bound morphemes are actually affixes(词缀)—>prefix(前缀), suffix(后缀), infix(中缀).
eg. dis- , un- , -ity, -al, -s
B. Two Categories of Bound Morphemes:
Derivational Morphemes(派生语素) & Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素)
❶Derivational Morphemes(派生语素): ~~ are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.
eg. nouns→ verbs/ adj. verbs→ nouns/ adj.
friend→ unfriend解除朋友关系( noun→ verb)
❷Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素):~~ are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
①plurality(复数): - s, - es, - ies……
②tense(时态): - s, - ing, - en, - ed……
③possessive case(所有格): ’s
④comparative/ superlative degree(比较级/最高级): -er, - est
eg. dislikes → dis + +
3> free morphemes(自由语素) & bound morphemes(黏着语素)
❶All monomorphemic(单词素/单语素) words are free morphemes;
❷These polymorphemic words are either compounds( combination of two or more free morphemes) or derivatives(words derived from free morphemes).
4.Morphs(形素) and Allomorphs（语素变体）
Morphs: the phonological and orthographic forms which realize morphemes are termed ― morphs‖.(语素的语音及对应拼写法的体现叫形素)
Most morphemes
Some morphemes
Allomorphs: an allomorph is any of the different form of the same morpheme( 语素变体是同一个语素的不同形式).
eg. plurality ―- s‖: map→ maps; dog→ dogs; class→ classed; mouse→ mice; sheep→ sheep Complementary distribution(互补分布)：allomorph is a member of a set of morph;
allomorph can’ t occur in the same environment .
5> Types of Word Formation(构词法)
❶Compounding(合成法)
Words are formed by putting two words together, this way of building new words is called compounding.
❷Derivation(派生法)
Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.
❸Conversion(转换法)
Many words have more than one part of speech. A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun.
❹Backformation(逆向构词法)
As we have editor, we get edit by dropping – or . This process is called ~~
❺Clipping(截短法)
This process by cutting off part of word is called ~~
❻Blending(混合法)
A single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms, this process is
called ~~~
❼Acronymization(缩略法)。