翻译技巧
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Techniques in Translation
●Fawcett(1997:34-41), 8 skills: borrowing, calque仿词法, literal translation, transposition调换法,
modulation, reformulation, adaptation, compensation
●钟述孔(1980:50-111)《英汉翻译手册》, 8种:subordination分清主从, diction选词用字, amplification增
益法, omission省略法, conversion转换法, inversion词序调整, negation正说反译、反说正译, division拆译法。
●许渊冲(1990)《外国语》,11种:加词、减词、换词、移词、分译、合译、深化(具体化)、浅化(抽
象化、等化(灵活对等)、一分为四、合四为一。
●侯国金(1998:144-149),9类:linear translation顺译法, literal translation直译法, conversion词类转译
法, amplification增译法,repetition重复法,omission省译法,positive-negative switch正说反译法,division 分句译法,combination合句译法。
●许建平(2003)《英汉互译实践与技巧》,8类:diction选词用字(词汇翻译8法:deduction, transplant,
extension, substitution, explanation, combination, transliteration, pictographic translation), amplification增益法, omission省略法, conversion转换法, restructuring, active-passive voice, affirmative & negative肯定与否定, long sentences (embedding, cutting, reversing, splitting, inserting, recasting)
●张培基等(1980)《英汉翻译教程》,13类:词义的选择、引申和褒贬,词类转译法,增词法,重复法,
省略法,正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法,被动句的译法,从句的译法(名词从句、定语从句、状语从句),长句的译法,习语的译法,拟声词译法,外来词语吸收法。
●冯庆华(1997)《实用翻译教程》(英汉互译),5类:语义翻译(选义、选词、灵活性、多样性、直译
与意译),词法翻译(对等译法、具体译法、抽象译法、增词译法、省词译法、合词译法、转性译法、换形译法、褒贬译法),句法翻译(换序译法、断句译法、转句译法、合句译法、缩句译法、转态译法、正反译法),成语翻译(四字格成语、谚语、惯用语、歇后语、俚语),修辞格翻译(直译法、意译法、弥补法)。
⏹Subordination分清主从:在英译汉时,英语中的主从结构很清楚,汉译时往往都用平行的分句
e.g.:
1. Honest advice, though unpleasant to the ear, induces good conduct. 忠言逆耳利于行。
2. Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.
错误和挫折教训了我们,使我们比较聪明起来了,我们的事情就办得比较好一些。
3. Every living thing is a unique combination of the tiny pieces of matter called genes that carry
information from parents to off-spring. 每一个生物都是由一些叫做基因的物质独特组合而成
的,基因则是一种将遗传信息由父辈传给子辈的微小物质。
4. Some heat escapes and is lost, however carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed.
无论锅炉的壳体和蒸汽管怎样仔细地密封,总有一些热要漏出来,损失掉。
5. 中国解放区成为配合同盟国作战,驱逐日本侵略者,解放中国人民的主要力量。
The liberated areas have become the main force driving out the Japanese aggressors and liberating
the Chinese people in military co-operation with the Allied countries.
6. 中国是一块肥肉,谁都想吃。China is an attractive piece of meat coveted by all.
diction选词用字choice of word (准确理解词义)
1. 根据上下文辨词义。
2. 论褒贬,即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度。任何语言都有语体之分,有高雅的、通俗的、粗野的,还有俚语、公文用语及术语等。文学作品中,作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物的性格特征,更是常用的方法。翻译时,必须审其雅俗,量其轻重,这样,才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。(1) 词义有轻重的不同: 如surprise, marvel, amaze, astonish, astound, stun, shock, awe;(2)词义有范围大小和侧重面的不同,如agriculture,farming,cultivation,agronomy等;(3)词义有感情色彩(如憎恶、蔑视、讽刺、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等等)和语体色彩(如庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉词等等)的不同,如“死”有很多委婉说法,to pass away 与世长辞,to close (end) one's day 寿终正寝,to breathe one's last 断气,to go west 归西天,to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘,to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉,to give up the ghost 见阎王,to kick the bucket 翘辫子。
3. 看搭配。任何一种语言,在长期使用的过程中,会形成一种固定的词组或常见的搭配。这些比较固定的说法,有时可以译成另一种语言,有时则不行。翻译时,必须注意英汉两种语言中词的不同搭配。如:heavy crops 丰收,heavy news 令人悲痛的消息,heavy road 泥泞的路,heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海洋,heavy heart 忧伤的心,heavy reader 沉闷冗长的读物。
1.“SHORT”
"I have a short memory," she says. 她说:"我的记忆力不好。"
Usually a hero’s life is short but brilliant. 通常英雄的一生是短暂而光荣的。
He complained that the notice was too short. 他埋怨通知太仓促了。
Indeed he was a short temper. 他确实是个急性子。
They were short of experience. 他们缺乏经验。
We were caught short by the sudden storm. 我们被一切突如其来的风暴弄得狼狈不堪。
The box-office receipts fell short of the manager's expectations. 票房收入未达到经理的期望。
It’s illegal to sell a commodity short. 以空头方式卖商品是违法的。
Short of yelling at him, I had no other way to catch his attention.
除了大声向他喊叫,我真想不出还有什么办法能引起他的注意。
2.“TAKE”
He took the crown in horseracing. 在赛马中他获得了冠军。
Our team took the visitors three to one. 我们队以三比一击败客队。
Your actions took me by surprise. 你的行动着实让我吃了一惊。
She was taken by the puppy. 她被那只小狗迷往了。
She took the position of chair of the committee. 她担任了该委员会主席一职。
We took extra time to do the job properly. 我们花额外时间来把这顶工作做好。
I'll take your word. 我相信你的话。
The boat took a lot of water but remained afloat. 那艘船进了大量的水,却依然漂浮着。
May I take your smile as an indication of approval? 你的微笑表明你已经同意了吗?
You've really been taken. 你真的上当了。
3. I’m deeply convinced that sustained economic growth in Asia looks promising.
亚洲经济持续增长的前景看好,我对此深信不疑。
4. In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.
在中国,我们每到一个城市,就逛大街,进商店,游公园,上剧场,下饭馆。