修辞鉴赏6

(4) "Generally speaking," said Miss Murdstone, "I don't like boys. How d'ye do, boy?" Under these encouraging circumstances, I replied that I was very well, and that I hoped she was the same, with such indiHale Waihona Puke Baiduferent (不良的) grace that Miss Murdstone disposed of(处理) me in two words, ---"Wants manner!" (C. Dickens: David Copperfield) '说起来,我是不喜欢小子的,'梅得斯通小姐说, '你好哇,小子?' 在这种令人鼓舞的情况下,我答道,我很好, 也希望她很好;我说的时候,态度不够谦恭,因此 惹得梅得斯通小姐只用三个字就把我打发了:'缺 家教!'
6.2.2.2. Phrases 1. She felt as if she had been out of the frying pan into the fire . 2. After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. This issue was simple, he declared. 'The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionists believes that he must have come from below. 3. Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. 教育使一个民族易于引导,却难于驾驭;易于管理, 却不可能驾驭.
If a free society can not help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. Art is long, life is short. 人生有限,学问无穷. When poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window. 贫穷走进门来,爱情飞出窗外.
B. heavy Irony It is used to veil feelings in a subtle way, using words of praise where condemnation is meant, and vice versa. (1) I fear I wrong the honorable men whose daggers (匕首)have stabbed(刺) Caesar. (2) What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!-----they let the paupers go to sleep! (Dickens) (他们竟允许穷人睡觉!-------这是多么高尚的例证, 说明他那行善的国家的法律是多么仁慈.)
6.2.2 ways to achieve antithesis 6.2.2.1 Single words (1) Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud. 知识使人谦虚,无知使人骄傲. (2) Life is a comedy to him who thinks and a tragedy to him who feels. 对明哲善思的人来说,人生是喜剧; 对多愁善感的人来说,人生是悲剧.
6.2.2.3 Sentences (1) Where there is marriage without love, there will be love without marriage. 哪里有无爱情的婚姻,哪里便有无婚姻的爱情. (2) An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity (灾难), a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity. 乐观的人在灾难中看到希望,悲观的人在希望中看 到灾难.
6.2 Antithesis 对偶
6.2.1 Definition Antithesis is the setting of contrasting phrases or statements opposite each other for emphasis. In true antithesis the opposition between elements is manifested through parallel grammatical structures. 1. I know not what course others may take: but as for me, give me liberty or give me death. 我不知道其他人有何良策,但对我自己来说,不自由,毋宁 死. 2. Everything is good when new, but friends when old. 物莫如新,友莫如旧.
6.1.1.2 Types of Verbal Irony In everyday life we often hear people using irony in their speech, though they may not be conscious of it. A. Light Irony: (1) If people keep telling you to quit smoking, don't listen …They are probably trying to trick you into living. (persuading people to quit smoking) 如果有人苦口婆心地劝你戒烟,不要理他.…… 他们大概是是想骗你活得长久些.
这是最好的时候,这是最坏的时候;这是智慧 的时代,这是愚蠢的时代;这是信仰的时期, 这是怀疑的时期;这是光明的季节,这是黑暗 的季节;这是希望之春,这是失望之冬;我们 拥有一切,我们一无所有;我们直登天堂,我 们直入地狱.
They vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and a failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed ——a world which will lament them for a day and forget them forever.
(Here the word encouraging is used ironically, for the circumstances were not encouraging at all ---they were, in fact, discouraging, for Miss Murdstone had said she didn't like boys.)
(4) The seed ye sow, another reaps; The wealth ye find, another keeps; The robes ye weave, another wears; The arms ye forge, another bears. 你们播下了种子,别人来收割; 你们找到了财富,别人来占有; 你们织布成衣,穿在别人身上; 你们锻造武器,握在别人的手. (Percy Bysshe Shelley: Song to the Men of England)
6.3.2 examples 1. A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. (proverb) 2. What may be done at any time will be done at no time. (proverb) 3. War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. (George Orwell: Nineteen Eighty-Four) 战争就是和平.自由就是奴役.无知就是力量. (The purpose of war is peace; freedom of body is the slavery of thoughts; you dare do anything if you are ignorant.)
VI. Figures of Contrast 对照修辞格
6.1 Irony 反语 6.1.1 Verbal Irony 6.1.1.1Definition Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. This form of irony is called verbal irony.
(3) Crafty(狡猾的)men contemn (蔑视) studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them. 狡猾者轻视学问;无知者崇拜学问;聪明者利用学 问. (Bacon: Of Studies)
6.2.2.4 The Whole paragraph (1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities)
6.2.2.3 Clauses The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. (Abraham Lincoln: The Gettysburg Address)
6.3 paradox 似是而非的隽语
6.3.1 Definition Paradox is a statement that appears to be contradictory, apparently absurd or selfcontradictory and yet may be true. It's purpose is to provoke fresh thought.