笔译人称与物称-

Impersonal vs. Personal （物称与人称）（主语）
English: impersonal. Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style; i.e. one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself of his readers, but avoids the
pronouns I, you we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives,
sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns.
Chinese: personal. 汉语较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为和状态，因而常用人称。

当人称可以不言自喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。

A. 英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为以下两类：
1. 采用“无灵主语”（inanimate subject）表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，
但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)，表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如see, find, bring, give escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent…from等。

汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配。

汉语往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。

a.An idea suddenly struck me.
b. A strange peace came over her when she was alone.
c. A great elation overcame them.
d.From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness
surrounded us on every side.
2. 用非人称代词“it”作主语；汉语常用人称，或省略人称，或采用无主句。

a.用作先行词(preparatory “it”), 代替真正的主语或宾语(“to represent a whole group of
words which it would not be convenient to put in the place required by the ordinary rules of word-order without causing ambiguity or obscurity”)
It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.
b.用作虚义词(unspecified “it”), 代替的主语是难以言明的现象或情形，如用以表示自然现
象、时间、空间以及惯用语中
How is it with the sick man?
It’s windy today.
c.用作强调词（emphatic “it”）
It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. (B. Shaw)
It is a good horse that never tumbles. (proverb)
d.英语的“there be”句式以及不定代词“one”作主语的句子也有非人称倾向.
One must be a servant before one can be a master. (proverb)
B.英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法；汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。

A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this Bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago and after study, returned to your office. In view of the foregoing, it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt. If the letter is found, it would be appreciated if this Bureau was notified at once.
家庭作业：
1. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
2. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
3. The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.
4. The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.
5. Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000-student University
of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later played an exhibition match.
6. It is a long lane that has no turning.
7. It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest.
8. It is an ill wind that blows nobody well.
9. It is a wise man that never blunders./Even homer nods。