The Glorious Revolution (英文)演示文稿
The_Glorious_Revolution
Why could the Glorious Revolution in Britain a no-blood-shed war?Ⅰ.BackgroundThe Glorious Revolution was the peaceful overthrown of King JamesⅡof England in 1688 by a union of English Parliamentarians and an invading army led by William of Orange. King JamesⅡdesired to rule despotically and to reestablish the Roman Catholic religion in England. His overt Roman Catholicism, his suspension of legal rights of dissenters, and the prospect of a Catholic heir to the throne proved to be too much for the governing classes, which entered into negotiation with the Protestant William of Orange, who was the husband of Mary, James’s eldest daughter. In 1688, William’s landing in England made James flee to France. The English throne was declared vacant, and William and Mary ascended the English throne as WilliamⅢand MaryⅡ. The Glorious Revolution was a landmark in English history and had great significances.Ⅱ. Forces contrastBe revolutioned: King James, and his army.Revolutionaries: Protestant William of Orange , union of English Parliamentarians and an invading army led by William of Orange.Ⅲ. The courseKing JamesⅡdesired to rule despotically and to reestablish the Roman Catholic religion in England. Meanwhile, King JamesⅡpersecution Puritan, and closed to France - which was the mainly competitors in trade and industry, that deeply harmed the benefit of the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy.Ⅳ.The development of the eventKing James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with increasing opposition by members of leading political circles, who were troubled by the king'sCatholicism and his close ties with France. The crisis facing the king came to a head in 1688, with the birth of the King's son, James Francis Edward Stuart, on 10 June (Julian calendar). This changed the existing line of succession by displacing the heir presumptive, his daughter Mary, a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange, with young James as heir apparent. The establishment of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms now seemed likely. Some of the most influential leaders of the Tories united with members of the opposition Whigs and set out to resolve the crisis by inviting William of Orange to England, which the stadtholder, who feared an Anglo-French alliance, had indicated as a condition for a military intervention.After consolidating political and financial support, William crossed the North Sea and English Channel with a large invasion fleet in November 1688, landing at Torbay. James's regime collapsed, largely because of a lack of resolve shown by the king. Following a defeat of his forces at the Battle of Reading on 9 December, James and his wife fled England; James, however, returned to London for a two-week period that culminated in his final departure for France on 23 December. By threatening to withdraw his troops, William in February 1689 convinced a newly chosen Convention Parliament to make him and his wife joint monarchs.Ⅴ.The Significance or Influence of the Glorious RevolutionTo begin with, the long conflict between Parliament and the English Crown culminated in the Glorious Revolution. This event brought a permanent realignment of power within the English constitution. Parliament clearly established its ascendancy over the crown, as its authority continued to increase, while that of the monarchy declined.The antagonism between the monarch and parliament had been intensifying throughout the seventeenth century. The revolutionary settlement placed restrictions on the powers of the crown, establishing a system of constitutional monarchy.What’s more, the Glorious Revolution was an important stage in the evolution of modern English parliamentary democracy. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it ended the Divine Right of Kings Theory, and never again would the monarch holdabsolute power. These factors ultimately laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.The significance of the Glorious Revolution set down in the Declaration of Rights: a document drawn up by the emergency Convention Parliament and later written into law as the Bill of Rights, which was presented to William and Mary before they took the throne in 1689. The Bill of Rights also balanced the liberties of the subject and guaranteed certain individual rights and basic civil liberties.The Glorious Revolution and the passage of the Bill of Rights made sure that England would be governed according to the statues in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same. From then on, England had a government of law, not of the Crown.In addition, the Glorious Revolution ended any chance of Catholicism becoming reestablished in England. The Act of Settlement 1701, which remains in operation today, excluded any Catholic or anyone who marries a Catholic from the throne.Ⅵ. The Reason Why Call It “a no-blood-shed war”?Last but not least, the Glorious Revolution did not involve the masses of ordinary people in England, and there was little bloodshed and little threat of social disorder. Many historians viewed the event more closely resembled a coup d'état than a social revolution. This view of events did not contradict what was originally meant by “revolution”: the coming round of an old system of values in a circular motion, back to its original position, as Britain's constitution was reasserted, rather than formed anew. The Revolution of 1688 led England to build a democratic system of constitutional monarchy at little expense. On the relatively free political conditions, England gradually became more and more powerful.To sum up, the Glorious Revolution was one of the most important events in British history in that it ended the long conflict of political power between parliament and the Crown, laid the foundation for a constitutional monarch, stamped out once and for all any possibility of a Catholic monarchy and caused little bloodshed and little threat of social disorder.。
革命主题英语演讲稿
革命主题英语演讲稿Ladies and gentlemen, 。
Today, I stand before you to talk about the theme of revolution. Revolution, a word that carries with it the weight of change, the power of transformation, and the spirit of progress. Throughout history, revolution has been a driving force in shaping the world we live in, from political revolutions that have changed the course of nations, to social and cultural revolutions that have challenged the status quo and pushed boundaries. 。
Revolution is not just a historical concept, but a living, breathing force that continues to shape our world today. In the face of injustice, inequality, and oppression, revolution represents the hope for a better future, the courage to stand up and speak out, and the determination to fight for change. 。
In the realm of politics, revolution has been the catalyst for monumental shifts in power and governance. From the American Revolution that paved the way for a new nation built on the principles of liberty and democracy, to the French Revolution that overthrew the monarchy and established the rights of man, political revolution has reshaped the course of history and laid the foundation for modern society. 。
The-Glorious-Revolution-(英文)演示文稿
King James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with increasing opposition by members of leading political circles, who were troubled by the king's catholicism and his close ties with France.
The revolution was so smooth, with no bloodshed, so it also occasionally termed the Bloodless Revolution.
Acknowledgement :
格仔迷彦 style咖啡灯
小君
大君
THE END en”core
James II (The king of England, 1633年-1701年)
William III
The Prince of Orange-Nassau 1650年-1702年
Mary II James II’s daughter William III’s wife 1662年-1694年
Brief introduction
• The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, is the name of the overthrow of King James II of England, by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of OrangeNassau.
The English Bourgeois Revolution Microsoft Word 文档 (2)
The English Bourgeois Revolution1. Social background of the Revolution The English Bourgeois Revolution broke out in the 17 th century. The Wars of the Roses had greatly weakened the feudal noble class. The Enclosures had dispossessed many peasants of their lands and driven them to cities. The Reformation had criticized those religious doctrines which served feudal relations and deprived the church of its lands and wealth, weakening one of the mainstays of the feudal order. The geographical discovery of the New World was followed by foreign expansion and slave trade, s peeding up “primitive accumulation of capital”. Meanwhile, ideology and morality had also witnessed big changes. A new class was rising in England. The bourgeois revolution was just arou nd the corner. During the last years of Elizabeth’s reign, relations between the Monarchy and the bourgeoisie were strained. Elizabeth died in 1603 without a successor and James VI of Scotland was welcomed to the English throne as James I. This was the beginning of the unification of the two countries and it gave birth to the name Great Britain. James I was not as popular compared with Elizabeth and he was an uncompromising defender of the Church of England. He hated Dissenters and was less tolerant towards free believers than Elizabeth had been and persecuted the Catholics. He strongly believed in the “Divine Right of Kings” and therefore caused conflict with Parliament, especially over tax matters. Upon James’ death, his son succeeded him as Charles I who was less competent than his father. He behaved like a dictator and showed no respect to Parliament. In order to increase his power and prestige, he decided to start a war against Spain and France. But Parliament refused to give him the money he needed to support the war and even pass the bill“Petition of Rights” to forbid the king to get money in any form without consent of Parliament. Therefore the relation between Charles I and Parliament became even tenser. Charles I was in favor of Catholicism and showed his readiness to restore the old ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church. He persecuted the Protestants, especially the Puritans. This caused great uneasiness among the people who hadbenefited from the Reformation. During those years, economic conditions were deteriorating. Crop failures, rising food prices and widespread unemployment added to the discontent of the broad masses. The king was sitting on a volcano.2.Events leading to the outbreak of the Revolution Charles I tried to force the Scots into accepting the English common Prayer book and this caused great anger among the Scots and they revolted. The king was ill-prepared for the sudden outbreak of the war, so he called a meeting of Parliament to raise money. But instead of giving him the money, the Parliament started a fierce criticism of the king’s policy. Charles was so angery that he dissolved the Parliament (known as the Short Parliament) which had been in existence for only two weeks. After he dismissed the Short Parliament in April, 1640, the king collected an army of all sorts and marched against the Scots. Without any chance of winning the war, he made a truce with them. He promised to respect all Scottish political and religious liberties and agreed to pay a large sum of indemnity. But he had no money to pay it, so he called another meeting of Parliament (Known as the Long Parliament) to ask the Members of Parliament to support his policies and give him the money he needed. He was again turned down. The king planned to get rid of his strong opponents in the House of Commons. On January 4 th , 1641, he led several hundreds of his armed followers to arrest five important members of the Commons, but he failed because they had already received warning. The Parliament sounded alarm, and armed men were called out to protect Parliament. The king was frightened and fled to York where he established his headquarters in opposition to Parliament. The war broke out.3. The course of the Revolution a. The Civil War broke out in 1462. b. At the beginning, the parliamentary party was controlled by the moderates (the Right Wing) and their hesitant and self-contradictory policy produced disastrous military setbacks. C . After Oliver Cromwell took the command of the revolutionary troops (the New Model Army), the tide began to turn against the Cavalie rs (the king’s supporters). d. The king was defeated and he gave himself up to theScottish army. The Scotch then sold Charles I to Parliament and for the next two years, Charles was held in custody. e. The Right Wing still wished to negotiate a compromise agreement with the king. They were ready to restore him to the throne if he could satisfy their demands. This angered the Left Wing. Colonel Pride led a body of soldiers to the House of Parliament and they excluded all the Right Wing members. The event was known as “Pride Purge”. f. After “Pride Purge”, the House of Commons was all brought under the complete control of t he revolutionary Left Wing. g. Charles I was tried and beheaded. h. England was proclaimed to be a commonwealth, a republic, and the Monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England were abolished. i. Cromwell conquered Ireland and Scotland and the 3 countries were united under him. j. He dissolved the Long Parliament in April, 1653 and began to rule England as Lord Protector.4. The Restoration (1660) a. Cause—Cromwell’s son was incompetent in governing the country, and he abdicated. A new Parliament, composed of both Houses, was again assembled. The new Parliament began to negotiate with Charles I’s son who later became Charles II. b. Result—Charles II was welcomed back to the restored English throne and the Republic came to an end. c. The king cooperated with the Parliament and religiously he favored toleration to a certain extent. Things went on quite smoothly during his reign.4. The Glorious Revolution (1688) a. Cause—Upon Charles II’s death, his successor, James II(his brother), attempted to be an absolute monarch, to ignore Parliament, and to revive Catholicism in England. b. Results—A Bill of Rights was drawn up, which clearly spelled out the powers of the people through Parliament and prohibited absolutism on the part of future monarchs, declared that in the future all kings and queens of England would be members of the Church of England. James II was dethroned, and the Dutch-born William III and his wife, Mary(James II’s daughter), were invited by Parliament to become king and queen of England. It was called Glorious Revolution of 1688 or White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed.The English king, instead of controlling Parliament, had to receive his crown from Parliament. This marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England. The coronation of William marked the beginning of a new stage in English history. The main concern in the kingdom was shifted from internal political struggle to economic problems and foreign expansion. The nation would soon experience a period of speedy economic development which led to and promoted the Industrial Revolution. 更多The English Bourgeois Revolution。
英美国家概况
英美国家概况monwealth：英联邦It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It has no special powers. And the nations are united because of economic reasons. Under the Commonwealth, the nations develop.2.Eisteddfod：Ei steddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.3.Alfred the Great：阿尔弗雷大帝He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”4. Magna Carta：大宪章It was also called the barons’ Charter or the Great Charter in 1215.It has many clause but the important one was that only the Grand Council could decide to collect money or not. And it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties but its spirit was to limit the king’s power.5.Gunpowder Plot：火药阴谋It was a secret plan of the Roman Catholics to overthrow James 1. The Catholics planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars of the House to kill James 1 but the plan failed. Now it is celebrated as a national holiday6.The Glorious Revolution：It was a takeover or palace coup d’etate with no blood shed in 1688. WhenJames II hoped to rule as a Catholic, the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. James II was forced to leave Britain. William and Mary who were the relatives of James II took power as joint monarchy.7.Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales a nd Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confiden t English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.8.Thatcherism：A theory by British Prime minister, Thatcher in the 80s. The main idea is to privatize and to control inflation. It also turned out to be a failure in “curing” British diseases9.The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in theU.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.10.the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of se ats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general el ection.11.public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a rep utation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and sn obbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.12.New EnglandNew England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is so metimes called the birthplace of America.13.the New FrontierIt was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolitionof poverty.14.eleven-plusan examination formerly used to select school pupils at about, the age of 11 for an appropriate secondaryeducation.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育15.civil service:they are staffed by the government whose duty is carrying out the administration of laws passed by parliament ,changes of government do not involve changes in departmental staff ,who continue to carry out the duties whichever party in power civil servant are recruited mainly by competitive examination16.house of the lordsThe house of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have benn appointed. The main fuction of it is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking17.the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michig an ——the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and L ake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.18.Great CanyonThe Great Canyon is an enormous gorge carved by the Colorado River in northwestern Arizona.19.The Black ThursdayThe Black Thursday refers to Oct 24 1929 when the stock market crash happened. Ten of millions of shares were dumped and billions of dolla rs of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. It signaled th e beginning of the Great Depression20.Electoral CollegeIn the US, the people of each state don’t vote directly for the president: they select presidential electors, equal to the number of the Senators and Representatives each states has in Congress. The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (538 persons) comprise the Electoral College.munity collegeCommunity college emerged in the US in the early 1900s, as a two-year college to meet the need of economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants. It provides general career and adult education.。
英美文学考试名词解释和简答（自己整理的）
英美文学考试名词解释和简答（自己整理的）1.The glorious revolution (光荣革命): the overthrow(推翻、瓦解) of king JamesⅡof England takes place in 1688 by a union of parliamentarians with an invading army led by William of Orange who, as a result ascended（上升、登高）the English throne（君主、王权）as William Ⅲ of England. It was also known as White Revolution because it caused no bloodshed(流血、杀戮). It marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.2. How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile(流犯）in Europe, was a Catholic; He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.2.Great charter (大宪章): Known as the Great Charter, it was the first famous political document to limit the king’s powers in English history. It was signed in 1215 by King John at a conference at Runnymede（兰尼米德）, an island in the Thames River four miles downstream （下游的、顺流而下的）from Windsor（温莎）. It containsaltogether 63 clauses（条款）, among which the most important ones are: no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council（天庭会议）; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived（缺乏教育的）of his property except by the law of the land;没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；The king must promise to observe the rights of his vassals（诸侯、封臣）and the vassals in turn must observe the rights of their men, and the king also should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns. 2. Comments: The great charter was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations. The great charter made it possible for the new-born bourgeoisie to enter into politics because it granted some power to the great council which was the embryonic form of the English parliament. The great charter protected the rights of the merchant class. This facilitated（促进）the development of commerce and handcraft. (It was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to rule of constitutional law today in the English speaking world.)3.Monarch: In law, the monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarch has been solely（单独的，唯一的）onthe advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule（统而不治）. The real power lies in the parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons. 2. The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power is limited by law and parliament. The monarch symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state, have a weekly chat with the Prime Minister, and to giveRoyal Assent to Bills passed by Parliament.(对议会通过的法案给予御准)4.The presidential elections: The general election, held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in each election year, is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, states elect their presidential electors. The number of presidential electors for each state is equal to the total number of its representatives in congress plus two senators. The total number of presidential electors for the nation is 538, with 3 from Washington D.C. I n the second stage (十二月的第三个星期一) the electors meet to elect the president. (electoral college)5.Ivy League（常春藤高校联盟）: It was founded in 1954, an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions（体系）of higher education in the Northern United States. The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group and also has connotations(含义) of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism（精英主义）.常春藤名校联盟：Brown University (布朗大学), Columbia University, Cornell University（康奈尔大学）,Dartmouth College（达特茅斯大学）, Harvard University, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）, University of Pennsylvania （宾夕法尼亚大学）, Yale University6.Pilgrim Father (开国元勋): In September, 1620, a group of 101 puritans and some employees left Plymouth, England, and sailed for America in the ship named Mayflower. They founded the colony of Plymouth (普利茅斯) in New England. So these early puritans in New England were called the pilgrim father.7.New deal: 1. The New Deal included the following contents;(1) establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems,overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;(2) federal government management of relief and establishment of social security system such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority(田纳西州流域管理局);(3) Stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;(4) formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of production; 2. Comments on the new deal: Roosevelt’s new deal was an American type of social reforms which was based on the new concept that the government was responsible for the healthy development of national economy and social security, and that the growth of production could be maintained only if the great body of the consumers could continue to purchase its output. No economy could develop if it was beset by overproduction and large stockpiles（库存）. To achieve balanced development, the new deal increased government interference n the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. (The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy)8.Domesday Book (英国土地制度): It is a book compiled by a gr oup of clerks under the sponsorship of King William. The book w as in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of land resources. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England9.Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 isperhaps the best-known event in English history. William landed his arm y in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in Engl and. 结果：（William confiscated almost all the land and gave i t to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule wi th a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil cour ts.）原因：（It was said that king Edward had promised the En glish throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, duri ng the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king ofEngland, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.）10.Public school：(1) It is a kind of independent privately-owned secondary boarding schools in Britain. (2) These schools are financially supported by tuition fees and private funds.（3）Public schools have their own characteristics and strict rules. (4) These schools focus their attention on developing pupils’ minds as well as bodies.11.Roman invasion: The Roman first invaded Britain in 55BC.Itwas not until AD43 that they eventually conquered the Celts liv ing in what is today England and Wales. The Roman occupatio n of Britain lasted for 400 years, but it was never a total occu pation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.。
美国的名胜古迹英文作文怎么写_高一满分英语作文2篇
美国的名胜古迹英文作文怎么写_高一满分英语作文2篇高分英语作文1：Places of interest in the United StatesIn central and North America, the United States also includes Alaska and the Hawaiian Islands in the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. The north central border and the Canadian border pass through the Gulf of Mexico, the Western Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic coastline in the east coast. Most of the areas belong to continental climate.The temperature difference between the large and medium-sized Northern Plains in the southern subtropical climate is composed of several states (50, the United States is the most developed country in the world) Washington is a famous city and the capital of the country. There are many places of interest, such as the statue of liberty in New York. You can see that everything there is so modern.中文翻译：在中北美洲和北美洲还包括斯加和太平洋西北部的夏威夷群岛中北部和加拿大边界，南穿过墨西哥湾、西太平洋、东滨大西洋海岸线公里，大部分地区属于性气候，南部带气候大中北部平原的温差由几个州组成（50是世界上最发达的，经济排名第一是一个著名的城市，也是这个的首都，还有许多名胜古迹，比如纽约的自由女神像，你可以看到那里的一切都是那么的现代。
英国工业革命
With these developments came a need for a cheap means of transportation.To meet it,entrepreneurs invested in digging canals to ship goods to market.
The steam boat
●Second,from the colonies in
America and India,England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries. The most well-known trading company was the East India Company,
The East India Company
Which had a trading monopoly(垄 断) in India and parts of East Asia.The Royal African Company was involved in trade with Africa,the slave trade in particular.
●Internationally,Britain
fought and won a series of wars against Fance.During the Seven Years’ War (17561763),Britain seized most of the French colonial territories in North America.The colonies privided Britain with necessary raw materials and a large market for its industrial products.
关于革命演讲稿英文范文
Today, I stand before you to address a topic that has shaped the course of human history and continues to inspire generations: revolution. Revolution is not just a word; it is a force that has the power to transform societies, to bring about justice, and to redefine the very fabric of our existence. In this speech, I will delve into the essence of revolution, its historical significance, and its relevance in our contemporary world.Revolution, at its core, is the collective action of people who, in the face of oppression and injustice, rise up to demand change. It is a battle against the status quo, a quest for a better future, and a testament to the indomitable spirit of humanity. Throughout history, we have witnessed countless revolutions that have altered the course of human destiny.One of the most profound revolutions in history was the French Revolution, which began in 1789. It was a response to the absolute monarchy, feudalism, and the injustices suffered by the common people. The revolutionaries, led by figures like Robespierre and Rousseau, sought to establish a republic based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The French Revolution was not without its bloodshed, but it laid the groundwork for modern democratic ideals and inspired other nations to fight for their rights.Another iconic revolution is the Russian Revolution of 1917, which overthrew the Tsarist regime and established the Soviet Union. The revolution was driven by the working class and peasantry, who were tired of their plight under the czar. Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, the revolution brought about significant social and economic changes, although it also led to a period of totalitarian rule.In more recent history, the Arab Spring of 2011 was a series of revolutionary uprisings that swept across the Middle East and North Africa. These protests were sparked by a desire for democracy, freedom, and an end to authoritarian regimes. While the outcomes of these revolutions are still unfolding, they have undeniably shifted the political landscape of the region.The relevance of revolution in our contemporary world cannot be overstated. We live in an era where technology and globalization have brought people closer together, yet they have also created new forms of inequality and oppression. From the fight against climate change to the struggle for racial equality, there are countless issues that require a revolutionary spirit to address.To embark on a revolutionary journey, we must first understand the roots of the problems we face. It is not enough to simply complain about the status quo; we must be willing to take action and challenge the existing power structures. This requires courage, resilience, and a clear vision of the future we wish to create.In order to foster a revolutionary spirit, we must educate ourselves and others about the principles that underpin true progress. Theseprinciples include the defense of human rights, the promotion of social justice, and the protection of the environment. We must also be willing to engage in peaceful protests, civil disobedience, and other forms of nonviolent resistance to bring about change.Furthermore, we must recognize that revolution is not just a one-time event but a continuous process. It requires the collective effort of individuals, communities, and nations to sustain the momentum andachieve lasting transformation. We must be prepared to face setbacks and to learn from our mistakes, for it is through adversity that we grow and become stronger.In conclusion, revolution is a powerful force that has the potential to bring about profound and lasting change. It is a testament to the human spirit's ability to overcome adversity and to strive for a better future. As we navigate the complexities of our world, let us not forget the lessons of history and the power of revolution. Let us be the agents of change, the architects of a more just and equitable society.Thank you.。
高大上PPT 英国历史 7.6 the Bourgeois Revolution 6
overthrew feudal system in England but
also shook the foundation of feudal rule in Europe
— 11 —
The Commonwealth of England (1649~1660)
The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the regicide of Charles I on January 30, 1649, its existence was initially declared (An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649. The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector. The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum, not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Nations.
18世纪英国文学
I . Historical BackgroundWith the Glorious Revolution, England became a constitutional monarchy and, the state power passed from the king gradually to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers. Abroad, a vast expansion of British colonies in Asia, Africa and North America, and a continuous increase of colonial wealth and trade provided England with a market for which the small-scale, manual production methods of the home industry were hardly adequate. All these created not only a great demand for large quantities of manufactured goods but also standardized goods made in Britain. This was the basic cause of the Industrial Revolution, of the invention of textile machines and other kinds of machinery.At home in the country, Acts of Enclosure were putting more lands into the hands of fewer privileged rich landowners and forcing thousands of small farmers and tenants off their land to become wage earners in industrial towns. As a result, there appeared a market of free labor anal free capital, thus providing the essential conditions for the rising of Industrial Revolution. So, towards the middle of the 19th century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country, the work-shop of the world, flooding the markets both at home and abroad with itsmanufactured goods.These changes, both political and social, enriched the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy who ruled the country, but brought great miseries to the majority of the people in England, Scotland, and Ireland; and in the colonies. Popular uprisings again and again hit Ireland; in Scotland people were threatening of independence from the British government; and the American people started their War of Independence in 1776 and finally broke away from the British government.As England was growing into a powerful industrial country, it also witnessed the rapid growth of the bourgeois middle class at home. These- were mainly city people: traders, merchants, manufacturers, and other adventurers such as slave-traders and colonists. They became the backbone of the fast developing England. As the Industrial Revolution went on in its full swing, more and more people joined the rank of the middle class. It was a revolutionary class then and quite different from the feudal-aristocratic class. They were the people who had known poverty and hardship, and most of them had obtained their present social status through much hard work. Morally, they stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard work. For them, to work and to accumulate wealth constituted the wholemeaning of their life.Ⅱ. Cultural Background1. EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They were different from those of France, for they appeared not before but after the bourgeois revolution. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to carry the revolution through to an end.Most of the English writers were enlighteners. They fell into two groups-the moderate group and the radical group. The more moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe andSamuel Richardson.The more radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group are Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Tobias George Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.Most of the writers of the moderate group acknowledged that the existing social system of the day was essentially fair and just. On this basis they tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions while the writers of the radical group stressed the discrepancy between what they called "the proper moral standards" and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.2. Cultural ProgressInspired by the spirit of the Enlightenment, people were encouraged to cultivate a sense of rationality and a witty intellectuality. More schools were set up throughout the country so as to provide a better education for the masses. As more people had now more money and more leisure time, and became better educated, a widely distributed reading public grew,especially among the well-to-do middle class women. This demanded more reading materials which would be of interest and satisfy their need for a rational and moral life. Outside regular schools, literary works of all kinds played a decisive role in popularization of general education. The Copyright Act of 1709 made, for the first time in English history, literary creation an honorable and independent profession. Writers like Alexander Pope were able to live a life independent of those rich aristocratic patrons. Along with the economic independence, the eighteenth-century writers enjoyed greater freedom in their creative activities and were now able to devote themselves to whatever interested them and to give utterance to whatever they thought right or proper. For the first time too, the literary tendency of the age was moving-away from the conventional romance stories about the life of the rich and noble people of the aristocratic class and turning to works that would give accounts of the common life of the ordinary folk.Besides the popular forms of poetry, novel and drama, the period also saw the appearance of such popular press as pamphlets and newspapers and periodicals which served as the party mouth-organs as well as an ideal medium for public education. And there was also the flourish of coffee houses andall kinds of social clubs, (about 2000 in London.) which greatly helped the cultivation and promotion of the new English culture.However, in the later part of the century, people began to feel discontented with the rigidity of rationality. A demand for a release of one's spontaneous feeling, a relaxation from the cold and rigid logic of rationality and an escape from, the inhuman Industrial Revolution gradually took shape in the form of sentimental novel and poetry.Ⅲ. Characteristics of the Literature1. A General ViewThe main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. What the writers described in their works were social realities. The main characters were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention on daily life. In this century the newspaper was born. Literature, which included the book, the newspaper and the magazine, became the chief instrument of the nation's progress. The new social and political conditions demanded expressions not simply in books but more especially in pamphlets, magazines and newspapers. Poetry, which had been the glory of English literature in the preceding ages, was inadequate for such a task. So prose had a rapid development in this age. The 18th century was an age of prose. A group ofexcellent prose writers, such as Addison, Steele, Swift, Fielding, were produced.Novel writing made a big advance in this century. The main characters in the novels were no longer kings and nobles but the common people.In this age satire was much used in writing. It refers to any writing, in poetry or prose, with the purpose to ridicule follies, stupidities，the vices and corruptions of the society, which threatened to be contrary to the maintenance of good moral order and literary discipline. So, it answered well the purpose of the Enlightenment, which aimed at public education in moral, social as well as cultural life. It also proved to be an effective weapon for arguments of all kinds and verbal attacks on enemies of both the parties and the personal. Since there was fierce strife of the two political parties in society, nearly every writer of this century was employed and rewarded by Whigs or Tories for satirizing their enemies. English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as Pope, Swift and Fielding. So, it became the fashion for all forms of writing at the time.The development of the literature in this period can be summarized as: the predominance of neoclassical poetry and prose in the early decades of the 18th century; the rise andflourish of modern realistic novel in the middle years of the 18th century; and the appearance of the sentimental and pre-romantic poetry and fiction in the last few decades of the 18th century.2. Neo-Classicism in English LiteratureNeo-Classicism made a rapid growth and prevailed for the better part of the 18th century. In early 18th century, writers of the neo-classical school were Addison, Steele and Pope. In the middle decades of the century, Samuel Johnson became the leader of the classical school in English poetry and prose.This term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from their works, for example, rimed couplet instead of blank verse and the three unities of time, place and action，etc. It put the stress on the classical ideals of order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste .The English classicists followed these standards in their writings. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. Prose should be precise, direct and flexible. Allthe neo-classicists followed these standards in writing.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Pope was the representative writer of the neo-classical school. In the field of satiric and didactic verse, he was the undisputed master. His influence completely dominated the poetry of his age. Many foreign writers and the majority of English poets looked to him as their model. His poetry clearly reflected the spirit of the age in which he lived. Pope was a master in satire and heroic couplet. He popularized the neo-classical literary tradition. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment, who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world. He represented the highest glory and authority in matters of literary art and made great contributions to the theory and practice of prosody诗学.Pope's Major WorksAn Essay on Criticism, written in heroic couplet, consisting of 744 lines and divided into three parts, was a manifesto of English neo-classicism as Pope put forward his aesthetic theories in it. Pope’s Essay on Criticism was a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism.Essay on Man, written in heroic couplet, indicates the poet's political and philosophical viewpoint. It deals with man' srelation to the universe, to society, to himself, and to happiness. The Dunciad is Pope' s famous satirical poem. It is full of bitter personal attacks on the poet's personal enemies, and it also gives a broad satirical picture of the whole literary life in the early 18th century England.“A little learning is a dangerous thing.”“Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind.”“Hills peep over hills, and Alps on Alps arise!”Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and Richard Steele (1672-1729) In 1709 Steele started a literary periodical named “The Tatler”. In 1711, Addison collaborated with Steele to create a literary periodical called “The Spectator”."The Tatler" was published three times a week. It became widely read in London, especially in clubs and coffeehouses. The paper became extremely popular because it was just the sort of thing that suited the needs of the reading public among the bourgeoisie. "The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together. It was much more important than "The Tatler" because it dealt with a wide range of subjects and was written in a maturer style. It offered the models of social and moral behaviour to the new British middle class besides discussing the current affairs and culture issues. Moreover Addison’s prose which is very clear, plain, fluent and elegant became a model for the writers of that time. His style is rich in humor and common sense, which is also imitated by other weiters and exerts a great influence abroad.The most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern Englishnovel.The essays in this periodical had a moral purpose．They attempted to improve manners and morals, and continued to struggle against the ideas of the aristocracy．Steele and Addison’s Contributions to English Literature1) Their writings in “The Tatler” and“The Spectator" provide anew code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2) They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century．3) In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre．Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel．3. English Realistic NovelsThe rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement in the 18th century English literature. The novelists of this group told the reader in their novels, not about knights or kings but about the ordinary people; about their thoughts; feelings and struggles. The major realist novelists of this century are Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollett.The early literature in the Medieval or Renaissance period, only served the feudal aristocratic class. Almost all the literary works were about kings, queens, princes, feudal lords and their way of life. Even Shakespeare's plays were dominated by these people. Romance was the typical literary form which was to delight and entertain the aristocrats. But now, after the bourgeois revolution, the English middle-class people were ready to cast away the aristocratic literature of feudalism and to create a new kind of realistic literature of their own to express their ideas and serve their interests. Thus instead of the life of kings and feudal lords, the whole life in its ordinary aspects of the middle class became a major source of interest in English literature. This change of subject matter was most obvious in the new literary form of English realistic novel. Defoe, Richardson, Fielding,Sterne, Goldsmith and Smollett were among the major novelists of the time. They achieved in their works both realism and moral teaching. The influence of their works was very great both at home and abroad. It found impact in some of the great works of European writers and paved the way for the great nineteenth-century realistic writers like Jane Austen, Walter Scott, Charles Dickens and William Thackeray.“The novel is the most important gift of bourgeois, or capitalist, civilization to the world’s imaginative culture.” (Ralph Fox)Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”—one of the forerunners of English realistic novelFielding: the real founder of realistic novelF.G. Smollet: his satirical novels touched upon various aspects of English life.Samuel Richardson: “Pamela” psychological an alysis Jonathan Swift: Swift is one of the greatest masters of satire.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)Defoe was a journalist, a pamphleteer, a poet, and above all these, he was a novelist. He has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel.Robinson CrusoeAt the head of Defoe' s works stands his most important work The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It has held its popularity for more than two centuries.The story was based upon the experiences of a Scotch sailor called Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned on a desert island off the coast of Chile and lived there in solitude for four or five years. After his return to Europe in 1709, his experiences became known. Defoe got inspiration from this real story and with many incidents of his own imagination, he successfully produced the famous novel Robinson Crusoe.The story is told in the first person singular as if it was told by some sailor-adventurer himself. In this novel, Defoe created the image of a colonizer and a foreign trader, who has the courage and will to face hardships, and who has determination to preserve himself and improve his livelihood by struggling against nature. Crusoe represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. Being a bourgeois writer, Defoeglorifies the hero and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.Features of Defoe's NovelsA. Defoe is remembered chiefly for his novels. The central idea of his novels is that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes and vices.B. Defos' s intention is that the readers should regard his novels as real stories. For that reason, he deliberately avoids all art, all fine writing, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible events. Defoe's novels all take the form of memoirs, but everything in them gives the impression of reality.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Swift was born in Dublin.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub. The former is a satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers. The writer influenced by classicism in the literature of the time thought the ancient writers were better than the modern ones. The latter is a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Among the pamphlets he wrote about Ireland, the best-known pieces are The Drapier' s Letters and A Modest Proposal. The Drapier's Letters were written of the actual social struggle against the debasement of the Irish coin. In the fourth letter, Swift speaks again and again of liberty and slavery in connection with the Irish people. In A Modest Proposal, Swift, with bitter irony, suggests that the poor Irish peasants fatten their one-year-old children and then sell them as food to the rich. This proposal is a most powerful blow at the English government's policy of oppression and exploitation in Ireland. Gulliver' s TravelsThe book contains four parts, each of them deals with one particular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventureson some remote island.In the first part, Gulliver goes to sea as a ship's surgeon. In a big storm the ship is wrecked and he is cast upon the shore of the island of Lilliput. The first part is full of references to current politics. Lilliput is the miniature of England. Swift's satire is directed against the English ruling class, the two political parties and the religious disputes.In the second part, Gulliver again goes to sea and his ship is again wrecked in a storm. Gulliver is abandoned on the land of the Brobdingnagians. The Brobdingnagians prove to be superior to the men and women of Gulliver's society in wisdom and humanity as well as in stature. Compared with them, he is very small, insignificant, mean and unworthy. In this part, the King of Brobdingnag is described as a wise and kind king, and the inhabitants are said to be a civilized race. The law of the country is used to defend the natives' freedom and happiness.The third part, which is often considered to be the least interesting, deals with a series of the hero's adventures at several places. The first place that Gulliver gets to is the floating island of Laputa. Gulliver finds out here the king and the noble persons are a group of absent-minded philosophers and astronomers who care for nothing but mathematics and music and who speakalways in mathematical terms of lines and circles. They often do useless research work, for example a scientist makes researches on how to get sunlight from cucumbers. Another scientist is studying how to construct a house by first building the room and then laying the base. Through these descriptions, Swift satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.In the country of Laputa, the king and his ministers use cruel methods to suppress any rebellion of the people living on the continent below. Whenever the people rise up against them, they make the flying island hover over the place of the rebellion, thus preventing sunlight and rain from reaching it, or let the island drop directly upon the heads of the rebellion people. Here Swift condemns the cruelty of the ruling class to the people.Then Gulliver comes to the island of Sorcerers. This part contains Swift' s sharp satire against all kinds of English social institutions. While condemning the English ruling class, Swift praises the English people, thinking they are honest, brave, and have true love for freedom.The fourth part describes the hero's voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms and has generally been considered the best part of the book because the satire here is the sharpest and the bitterest.In this part Gulliver is cast upon the shore of the land of the Houyhnhnms, who are horses endowed with reason, and who are the governing class. In this country there is a species of wild animals called Yahoos. The horses are extremely intelligent and noble, and possess all good qualities, while the Yahoos, though in many ways they are like human beings, are low and vile and despicable and no better than beasts. Gulliver praises the life and virtues of the horses and feels disgusted at the Yahoos. When Gulliver returns homes he can't stand the human life there. To him all his countrymen are the hateful Yahoos. This part does not show Swift's hatred and disgust for all the humanity. It just shows he dislikes those people who bring evils and inhuman life modes to human society. He cherishes a great love for the common people.Swift's Writing FeaturesA. Swift is one of the realist writers. His realism is quite different from Defoe's. Defoe's stories are based upon the reality of human life, while all of Swift's plots come from imagination, which is the chief means he uses in his satires.' His satire is very powerful. He not only criticizes the evils of the English bourgeoisie but those of other bourgeois countries.B. Swift expresses democratic ideas in his works. This exerts strong influence on later writers, such as Sheridan, Fielding, Byron and even Bernard Shaw.C. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, "Proper words in proper place, makes the true definition of a style.” There are no ornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature.5. SentimentalismIn the first half of the 18th century, Pope was the leader of English Literature and heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. By the middle of the 18th century, sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. The representatives of this school continued to struggle against feudalism, but they, at the same time, sensed the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. It was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism which had dominated people’s life since the last decades of the 17th century. Besides, it seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel.Dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, to “the human heart”. Sentimentalism turned to countryside for its material, and their writings were marked by a sincere sympathy for the peasants. It indulged in emotion and sentiment, which were used as a kind of mild protest against the social injustice. They thought the bourgeois society was founded on the principle of reason, so they began to react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason.In English poetry of the 18th century, sentimentalism first found its full expression in the forties and the fifties, in Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. In the later decades of the century, it was found in a number of poems by William Cowper.In the field of prose fiction of the 18th century, sentimentalism had its most outstanding expression. There were three novelists who followed this tradition in novel writing. They are Samuel Richardson, Oliver Goldsmith and Laurence Sterne. It was first found in “Pamela”, an early English realistic novel by Richardson. Some famous novels of this kind are Laurence Sterne’s “A sentimental journey through France and Italy” and goldsmith’s “The Vicar of Wakefield”.6. Pre-romanticismWhile the classical literature prospered, a new Romantic movement quietly showed its appearance in English poetry. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry. It was represented by William Blake and Robert Burns. They struggled against the neoclassicaltradition of poetry. The chimney sweeper。
The British Industrial Revolution 英国工业革命
工 作 成 绩
Geography
Britain had a favorable geographical location to participate in European and world trade. it was a country on which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.
工 Economic 作 The development of natural science and achievements layห้องสมุดไป่ตู้d a foundation of the generation of the machine. 成 绩
Political
Ⅰ. King William agreed that Parliament enacted Bill of Rights in 1689. Britain establishmented constitutional monarchy and became the first capitalist country in the world.
Summary
Content
1、Geography
2、Political
3、Economic 4、Technology 5、Enclosure Movement
Geography
As an island country, Britain enjoyed some geographical advantage for foreign trade.
工 作 成 绩
The English Bourgeois Revolution Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿
But the Independents, who represented the bourgeoisie, answered: "Liberty cannot be provided for in a general sense." The ordinary people who previously fought for the Parliament were now disappointed; they felt they had been betrayed. A revolt of the Levellers broke out and was put down by Cromwell. At the same time arose the movement of the Diggers who preached a rural communism and led the poor peasants to dig up the waste land in several places. But this was also suppressed by the landlords and soldiers.
As soon as victory was won, there arose a split in the revolutionary camp. First, the middle bourgeoisie (Independents) struggled with the big bourgeoisie (Presbyterians) for the supremacy in Parliament. Then the bourgeoisie as a whole broke with the people. So class struggle became complicated under the new situation. The Levellers, a section of the petty bourgeoisie, maintained that "the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live as the greatest he", and wanted manhood suffrage.
光荣革命
光荣革命（英语：Glorious Revolution）是英国一场和基督宗教有关的非暴力宫廷政变，发生于1688年到1689年。
英国国会辉格党、托利党信奉新教之党人们联合起义；将信奉旧教的詹姆斯二世国王罢黜，改由詹姆斯之女玛丽二世与夫婿威廉三世，两伉俪君主共治英国。
1685年詹姆斯二世不顾国内普遍反对，违背以前政府制定的关于禁止天主教教徒担任公职的规矩，委任天主教徒到军队里任职。
此后进而任命更多天主教徒到英国政府部门、教会、大学担任重要职务。
1687年4月和1688年4月先后发布两个“信仰自由宣言”（Declaration of Indulgence 或Declaration of Liberty of Conscience），给予包括天主教徒在内的所有非国教徒以信仰自由，并命令英国国教会的主教在各主教区教坛宣读，引起英国国教会主教们普遍反对。
同时詹姆斯二世残酷迫害清教徒，还向英国工商业主要竞争者——法国靠拢，危害资产阶级和新贵族利益。
1688年6月20日，詹姆斯得子。
其信仰英国国教的女儿玛丽，从此与宝座绝缘。
当时，支持议会的辉格党人与部分托利党人为避免信奉天主教的詹姆斯二世传位给刚出生的儿子，而把詹姆士二世罢黜。
罢黜詹姆士国王之后，7月由辉格党和托利党七位名人（不朽的七人）出面邀请詹姆斯二世的女婿、其女儿玛丽之丈夫荷兰执政奥兰治亲王威廉，入主英国国王宝座。
1688年11月5日威廉率领1.5万人，400艘运输船，53艘军舰在托尔湾登陆。
詹姆斯二世仓惶出逃德意志，途中被截获送回伦敦。
后经威廉伉俪同意，詹姆斯二世流亡法国。
议会重掌大权，1689年1月在伦敦召开的议会全体会议上，宣布詹姆斯二世退位，由威廉和玛丽共同统治英国，称威廉三世和玛丽二世。
同时国会向威廉提出《权利宣言》。
宣言谴责詹姆斯二世破坏法律的行为；指出以后国王未经议会同意不能停止任何法律效力；不经议会同意不能征收赋税；天主教徒不能担任国王，国王不能与天主教徒结婚等。
革命主题英文演讲稿范文
Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is with great honor and pride that I stand before you today to deliver a speech on the theme of revolution. Revolution, a word that evokes images of change, struggle, and transformation. It is a period of time when the existing order is overthrown and a new system is established. Throughout history, revolutions have shaped the course of humanity, leading to significant advancements in society, politics, and culture.The first and most notable revolution is the French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799. It was a pivotal moment in human history, as it marked the end of the absolute monarchy and the rise of the Republic. The French Revolution was driven by the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which resonated with people across the globe. It was a revolution that questioned the very foundations of society and sparked a wave of revolutions in other parts of the world.Another remarkable revolution is the Russian Revolution, which occurred in 1917. It led to the establishment of the Soviet Union and marked the beginning of the Cold War era. The Russian Revolution was driven by the aspirations of the working class to overthrow the oppressive czarist regime and create a socialist state. It was a revolution that had a profound impact on the political landscape of the 20th century.The Chinese Revolution, which took place in the mid-20th century, is another example of a transformative revolution. It was a revolution that sought to end the feudal system and establish a socialist society. The Chinese Revolution was led by Mao Zedong and his Communist Party, and it resulted in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. This revolution has had a lasting impact on China and the world, as it has transformed the country into one of the leading economies in the21st century.Revolution, in its essence, is about challenging the status quo and seeking a better future. It is about the collective effort of people who are determined to bring about change. Throughout history, we have seen that revolutions can take different forms, from peaceful protests to armed uprisings. However, the common denominator in all revolutions is the desire for freedom, equality, and justice.In today's world, we still witness instances of revolution. The Arab Spring, which began in 2010, is a testament to the power of revolution in the 21st century. It was a series of anti-government protests that swept across the Arab world, leading to the overthrow of several dictatorial regimes. The Arab Spring was driven by the aspiration for democracy, human rights, and social justice.As we reflect on the past and present, it is important to learn from the lessons of revolution. Revolution is not an easy process, and it often comes with a high cost. However, it is a necessary evil when theexisting order fails to meet the needs of the people. Revolution teaches us the importance of unity, resilience, and perseverance.In conclusion, revolution is a powerful force that has the potential to reshape the world. It is a testament to the indomitable spirit of humanity and our unwavering belief in a better future. As we continue to face challenges and uncertainties, let us remember the lessons of revolution and strive for a world where freedom, equality, and justice prevail.Thank you.。