现代语言学第八章 社会语言学

Address terms 称谓语
• One specific aspect of situational use of language is that of address term usage. An address term, or address form, refers to the word or words used to address somebody in speech or writing 所有的语言中都有称谓语，也有支配称谓 语得体使用的语用规则。
受过相同教育的人往往使用相同的被称之为教 育变体的社会方言。例如，具有高等学历的学 生与早期辍学的学生相比，他们的语言形式更 加书面化。
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年龄变体
• The way language is used correlates with一一对应 the age of individual speakers. The importance of age as a social factor in language variation is strikingly demonstrated显著 的呈现 by children’s language as it develops with age. While some differences in pronunciation发音 are found to correlate with different generation of speakers, the most striking differences are lexical词汇的.
• 语言变体与年龄同样具有一定的相关性。儿童的变体与 成年人变体相比，词汇量相对较少，句法结构缺少多样 性，语音也不完善。年龄变体的差异表现在变体的各个 方面，但是这种差异在词汇系统上更为显著。
• YOLO，美式英语新词，是You Only Live Once 的首字母缩略词，意为你只能活一次，是坏 孩子做坏事前的宣言。 • Often • 上了年纪的人喜欢使用”ice-box”,”wireless” 等，而年轻人更喜欢使用”fridge” 和”boombox”等。
什么是Regional variation 地域变异
• Regional variation is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. Regional variation of language is the most discernible可辨别的 and definable可定义的. 地域口音(accent) 是地域的自然分区造成的 7大方言 语言规划(language planning) 是政府行为
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• . It is apparent that the way in which people address one another usually depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of frequently used address terms includes first name, last name, title + last name, title alone, and kin term亲属称谓.
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美式英语
英式英语Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
词汇的 轮胎 tire tyre 玉米 corn maize 小麦 wheat corn 发音的 ask ae ɑ: hot a: ɔ car 有卷舌 没卷舌 形态的 装饰n decor decoration 句法的 英式 Can’t youdo any better than that? 美式 Is that all the better you can do？
什么是语言变异？
• Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to anther,and even from one individual 个人 to anther.
现代语言学
第八章 社会语言学 Chapter 8 Socio-linguistics
What is socio-linguistics? 什么是社会语言学？
• Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline亚学科 of linguistics that studies language in social contexts. • 社会语言学(sociolinguistics)是一门语言学的分支 学科，把语言置于社会环境中来研究语言。 • 社会是怎样给人分组的？Social group（贴标签）
• 语言的使用也是各不相同的，不同的言语社区 之间，不同的地域族群之间，不同的社会阶层 之间，甚至每个不同的人之间都是有着各种差 别的。
什么是言语变体？
• Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. A speech variety may be lexical词汇的, phonological音韵的, morphological形态的, syntactic语法的, or a combination of linguistic features. • 言语变体（speech variety），又称之为语言变 体，是语言使用者所使用的具有一定区别性特 征的变体。这些不同的特征主要反映在发音、 句法规则或词汇上。
• 交际中称谓语的使用除了考虑交际各方的社会地 位之外，还要考虑年龄、性别、职业、个人关系 等因素。
Slang 俚语
• Slang is a casual use of language that consists of 由什么构成 expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary任意的, flashy and often ephemeral暂时的 coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometime by raciness. The central characteristic of slang comes from the motive for its use: a desire for novelty新奇的, for vivid emphasis, for membership in a particular group or class of people, or for being up with the times or a little ahead.
生活在同一地区的人，虽然使用同一种地方方言，但是他们也会有
意或无意选择符合他们社会身份的言语形式进行交际。
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social dialect社会方言
• 社会方言(social dialect 或sociolect)指社会中属 于同一阶级、阶层、或社会群体所使用的语言 变体。社会方言通行于有着相同社会背景的群 体之中。社会群体的多样化决定了社会方言的 多样化。 Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes. The speakers of a social dialect usually share a similar social background.
• 语域变体与交际场合、交际各方、交际主题等交际情景因素密切相关。 • 正式的交际场合往往需要正式的语域变体，而非正式场合往往要求较为随 便的语域变体。正式的语域通常要求正式的词汇与句法结构,而非正式的 语域其词汇和句法相对较为随便。
• 句子中： • They chucked a stone at the cops, ad then did a bunk（铺位） 逃跑 with the boot靴子. • (informal) • After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money携款潜逃. • (formal) • 短语中： • 要求ask for (request ) 订约go down with (contract) • 建立set up (establish) 处理deal with (handle) • 发现find out (discover) 欺骗take in (deceive)
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普通话
什么是Social variation 社会变异
• Social variation gives rise to 引起了 sociolects社会方言 which are subdivisible可 以细分 into smaller speech categories分类 which reflect their socioeconomic社会地位 和经济地位, educational教育背景, occupational职业 and ethnic种族 background, as well as their sex and age.
• A formal situation may condition决定，使……适 应 a formal register, characterized by formal, standard lexical items词汇项 and grammatical rules, and speech patterns言语模式; while an informal setting may be reflected in a less formal register that exhibits陈列出 more causal vocabulary, nonstandard grammatical features, and stigmatized受责难的 speech patterns.
Register varieties 语域变体
• Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations, for that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects. • 语言的语域变体(register)是一种交际情景方 言,以交际时说话者所用语体或文体的得体性 为主要特征。
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Education varieties 教育变体
The speakers of a social dialect usually share a similar social background.Many differences in languages use persist for educational reasons. It is, therefore, important to know, for example, whether a group of speakers share similar educational backgrounds.
性别变体(gender varieties)
• Variation in language use is also associated with the sex of individual speakers. Sex-preferential 优 先的differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural language across the word. In particular, the intentional or unintentional use of sexist language in speech or writing reflects gender-biased cultural traditions in many societies.