高中句子成分结构分析

句子成分

表示一个完整概念的语言单位叫做句子。组成句子的各个部分（单词或词组等）叫做句子成分，句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语和同位语等，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，其他为次要成分。

知识点1：主语

主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

1．名词作主语。如：A tree has fallen across the road.

Little streams feed big rivers.

2．代词用作主语。如：You’re not far wrong.

He told a joke but it fell flat.

3．数词用作主语。如：Three is enough.

Four minus three is one.

4．名词化的形容词用作主语。The old need help.

5．不定式用作主语。如：To find your way can be a problem.

It would be nice to see him again.

6．动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you.

Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work.

7．名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money.

The deceased died of old age.

8. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。

From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.

从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。

9.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.

Whether we go or not depends on your father.

10.句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。

知识点2：谓语

谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。

谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。

1．由简单的动词构成。

(1). What happened?

(2). He worked hard all day today.

(3). The plane took off at ten o’clock.

2．由动词短语构成的谓语。

(1). I am reading.

(2). What’s been keeping you a ll this time?

(3). You can do it if you try hard.

3．英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如：

(1). I had a swim yesterday. （had a swim 代替了swam）

(2). Take a look at that! （take a look 代替了look）

(3). He gave a sigh. （gave a sigh 代替了sighed）

(4). I got a good shake-up.（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)）

知识点3：表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

1．The wedding was that Sunday. （名词）

2．So that’s that. （代词）

3．We are seven. （数词）

4．Are you busy? （形容词）

5．Are you there? （电话用语）（副词）

Is anybody in? （副词）

6．All I could do was to wait. （不定式）

My answer to his threat（威胁）was to hit him on the nose.（不定式）7．Complimenting（赞美，祝贺）is lying.（动名词）

Is that asking so much? （动名词）

8．I was so much surprised at it. （过分）

I’m very pleased with what he has done. （过分）

9．She is in good health. （介词短语）

The show is from seven till ten. （介词短语）

10．Is that why you were angry? （从句）

11．This is where I first met her. （从句）

【补充】

能做系动词的实义动词：

come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)

fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词）

seem, appear (似乎，好像)

例如：

1．Our dream has come true. （Come后常加easy ,loose natural 等）

2. He fell sick.

Keep fit.

Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool，well，warm ，silent，clean，dry

3．The well ran dry. （short , loose , wild , cold 等）

4．A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.

知识点4：宾语

宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。

如：Our team beat all the others.

可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

1．Do you like a drink? （名词）

2．They won’t hurt us. （代词）

3．If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. （数词）。

4．I shall do my possible. （名词化形容词）

5．He left there last week. （副词）