暑期第一讲 句子成分

高中英语基础语法讲义

Lesson One：句子成分

1．主语（一般位于动词之前）

主语是指句子谈论的主题，也就是句中动作、行为、性质和状态的主体。一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：

We work in a big factory. The classroom is very big.

Three are enough. To see is to believe.

Helping others makes me happy. What we need is food.

▲在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：

There are some bottles of milk in the box.

▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：

It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.

It took two workers about three months to build the house.

2．谓语

1）简单谓语

谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。

eg: 1) I like walking.

2) I made your birthday cake last night.

3) It is used by travelers and business people（all over the world）.

2）复合谓语

由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成

What does this word mean? 这个单词是什么意思？

I’ll go and move away the bag 我会移走这袋米的。

You had better catch a bus. 你最好乘坐公交车。

△情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.

3.宾语（及物动词或者介词之后）

宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：

名词作宾语

I like flowers. He often helps me.

He likes to sleep in the open air.

The Americans enjoyed living in China.

I believe that they can finish the work in time.

4.定语:

用来修饰名词或代词的词.形容词,形容词性物主代词,名词,不定式,介词短语,不定代词等.

This is a red car. The woman doctor is my wife.

The building is their teaching building. Every student has an English book.

I have something to tell you. The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li.

5．状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：

He did it carefully. They missed me very much.

We lived in china. When I was young, I could swim well.

In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.

6．补语

1) 宾语补足语

在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。

Don’t make your hands dirty. Make yourself at home.

We found Li Ming out when we arrived. I saw a girl go into the building.

The boy ordered the dog to lie down. The boss kept them working all day. Yesterday he got his leg broken.

2) 主语补足语

主动语态宾语补足语可以转化成被动语态的主语补足语

We elected him president. We saw him playing football yesterday.

He was elected president. He was seen playing football yesterday.

7．表语

表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.

You look younger than before. My father is a teacher.

Everyone is here. They are at the theatre.

My job is to teach them English.

That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.

系动词：

一、 be动词类： am, is, are, was, were等

二、表示变化类：become, get, go, turn, grow；

三、感官动词类：Look, sound, smell, taste, feel, appear, seem；

四、表示延续性的动词：remain, stay, keep

练习——判断句子成分

Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily.

'It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation!'