初三动词的时态和语态讲义

动词的时态和语态
一、动词的时态
(1)一般现在时
定义：表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征，
结构：1. 动词原形 2. 动词的三单形式
用法
①表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态，时间标志：often, usually,
sometimes, always, every day, once/twice a week, on Sunday, never, in the morning。

如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.
They often discuss business in the evening.
②表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。

如：The earth turns round the sun.
Light travels faster than sound.
③表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以
表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。

如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.
④在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语
从句中(以if,unless引导),如果主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。

如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.
If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.
(2)一般过去时
定义：表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。

结构：动词的过去式
用法：常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如
yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day, just now
last+时间名词（year, week, month等）
时间段（3 years）+ago
(3)一般将来时
定义：表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。

结构：1. will/shall+V-原 2. be (am/is/are) going to +V-原
用法：常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, soon
next+时间名词
in+时间段
(4)现在进行时
定义：表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生的动作。

结构：am/is/are+V-ing
用法：
1.表示现在正在发生的动作或现阶段正在发生的动作，句中常含now, these days等时间状语
They are working these days.
2.以look, listen, be quiet开头的句子。

(5)过去进行时
定义：过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。

结构：was/were+V-ing
用法：
1.表示过去正在发生的动作，常用的时间状语有then, at that time, this time yesterday, at
(eight) yesterday (morning)
如：What ere you doing at this time yesterday?
2.用于由when或while引出的时间状语从句。

如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.
The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.
3.用于具体的语境中。

如：---I called you last night, but no one answered.
---I was taking a shower.
(6)现在完成时
定义：现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。

结构：have/has+动词的过去分词
用法：
1.表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：already, yet, just, once,
twice,ever, never,three times, before等。

如：She looks unhappy, what happened?
---She has known the bad news.
I have never seen such fine pictures before.
He has just gone to England.
2.表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有：
for+时间段（5 years）；since +时间点/从句; so far; by now; in the past/last few years 如：I have learned English for 5 years.
I have learned English since 5 years ago.
I have learned English since 2015.
I have learned English since I was 9 years old.
注：此时的谓语动词须用延续性动词。

I have had this bike for 2 years.
3.have been to与have gone to的区别：
have gone to(“去了”)表示人不在这里
have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里
如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.
--Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times.
(7)现在完成进行时
定义：现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征。

结构：have/has been +V-ing
(8)过去完成时
定义：过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。

简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。

结构：had+动词的过去分词
用法：表示过去的过去，过去完成时时间状语有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)
When I got to the bus stop, the bus had left.
By the end of last term, we had learned more than 1000 words.
(9)过去将来时
定义：过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构：1. would+V-原 2. was/were going to +V-原
用法：常用于宾语从句中
My father told me he would go to Beijing the next day.
二、被动语态
1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be +动词的过去分词
She cleans the room every day.
主谓宾
The room is cleaned by him every day
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch, let, have等。

例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
I heard her sing in the next room.
4) 短语中的介词不能省略，如：
Children are taken good care of here.
Time must be made good use of
5) 不能使用被动语态的情况
a.系动词
所有系动词都不能用作被动语态，当feel smell taste sound look作为感官系动词时，也不能，如：
The food tastes good.这食物味道很好。

b.表示主语特性的不及物动词，如：read, wirte, sell, wash, draw, clean, cut,
The book sells well.这书很畅销。

c.表示“发生，进行”之类不及物动词如：happen，last，take place，break out，go on，go by，move on等，以主动式表示被动含义。

例如：
Great changes have taken place in China.。