英语专业语法第一章资料

Determiner Noun
Auxiliary Adverb Main Verb
Preposition Determiner
Noun
These undergraduates are rapidly improving in their writing.
0.1 Morphemes
1.Definition: • the minimum or smallest grammatical unit • the smallest meaningful element of speech. 2.Classification: Two categories: Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes.
2) Bound Morphemes
• are mostly affixes • also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other form • cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an Inflectional or Derivational Affix.
Definition: • The variants of the same morpheme are called allomorphs. Explanation: • the same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological or orthographical forms.
Inflectional Affix
• • • • • • -’s (genitive case) -s/-es (plural nouns) -s/-es (the third person singular verbs in simple present) -ed (past tense verbs) -ing, -ed (-ing participle, -ed participle form of verbs) -er, -est (comparative, superlative degree of adjectives/
1) Free Morphemes
1.Definition: • has a complete meaning • can stand by itself as a Simple Word • can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech • Can form Compound Words • Can form Derivatives
at near take on hand make down foot
b) Derivative:
Structure: (prefix) + root +(suffix) : unkindness
Prefix Influence the meaning of the root Suffix Influence the part of speech of the root Exceptions: 1. be-, en-/em, a- Influence the part of speech
In terms of grammatical form
Simple Verb Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Main Verb + (Modifier) • • She looks pale. We utterly detested him.
Introduction
Grammatical Hierarchy
Definition of GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR: • the structural system of a language. • the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)
Diagram of the five ranks:
Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank:
Sentence
Clause Phrase
Word
Morpheme
Non-finite Verb Phrase Clause
2) The Verb Phrase:
Simple Verb Phrase Complex Verb Phrase
In terms of the amount of verbs
Finite Verb Phrase Non-finite Verb Phrase
Examples:
In Orthography: • inimil• inactive immature illegal • incoherent immortal illogical • inexperienced imperfect illegible In phonology: -s cats dogs houses
In terms of grammatical function
• Closed-class words Open-class words.
Closed-class words
• Definition: Closed-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are closed or limited in number and are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional members.
Derivative
Compound word
Morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional Affix
-’s, -s -ing, -ed/-en -est, -er, -s,-es
Affix Prefix
Derivational Affix
Suffix
＋ Root
3) Allomorphs
adverbs)
Derivational Affix
• Prefix, Suffix • (Prefix) + Root + (suffix) • co-exist existence co-existence
Biblioteka Baidu
Free M ＋ Affix Free morpheme Free M ＋ Free M
Scope:
All the Function Words: Preposition Pronoun Determiner Conjunction Auxiliary
Open-class Words
Definition: Open-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly being created and old items are giving place to new ones.
A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes.
Sentence
Clause
Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Linguistics Syntax Grammar
Morphology Semantics
Five Ranks
• The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence the clause the phrase the word the morpheme
In terms of Word-formation
a) Simple Word b) Derivative c) Compound Word
a) Simple Word:
also called Morpheme Word (free morpheme)
minor but has frequent appearance and strong derivational ability the main body of English vocabulary usually the small word
befriend, enable, empower, asleep
2. Some suffixes only change the meaning
Friendship, booklet, idealism
c) Compound Word
Structure: Free Morpheme + Free Morpheme Classification: • Compound Noun Compound Adjective Compound Verb Compound Adverb Compound Pronoun Compound Conjunction Compound Preposition
Scope:
All the Content Words: Noun Adjective Adverb Main Verb NOTE: Cardinal Numeral, Ordinal Numeral and Interjection are between closed and open
0.3 Phrases
irirrational irregular irrelevant
0.2 Words
• is composed of one or more than one morpheme. • can be classified in two ways: • in terms of word-formation grammatical function
Definition:
is composed of one or more than one word. is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key Word as its Head. The word class of the Head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.
Word Class of Phrase :
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase
1) The Noun Phrase:
• Structure:
(Determiner) + (Pre-Modifier) + Noun + (Post-Modifier)
•
all the college
students
Noun as the Head
Noun as the Pre-Modifier
Determiner
Determiner
Prepositional Phrase
• His new book on phonology Post-Modifier • Milton lived in the 17th century. • The author’s new novel that will soon come out