牛津高中英语必修三unit-1语法讲解：名词性从句

高中英语语法讲解：名词性从句
一、概念
名词性从句在句子中起名词作用，它在整个句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语或同位语。

根据它在句中充当的不同成分，名词性从句可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。

没有主语从句、宾语从句/表语从句，整个句子就缺少了主语/宾语/表语，句子结构不完整；没有同位语从句，句子结构完整，但句意不完整。

注：区别于定语从句（形容词性从句）：限制性定语从句相当于一个形容词，修饰主句中的某个名词，做它的定语；非限制性定语从句，几乎完全独立于主句，没有定从，虽然句意不一定完整，但句子结构仍然完整。

I know the girl who is reading over there.
He came home safe and sound, which was a great relief to his family.
—
二、4类连接词&注意点
1． that （1）连接主句与从句（2）无意义（3）不做从句中的成分（4）能否省略
2． if/whether （1）连接（2）表“是否”（3）不做成分（4）whether与if区别
3．疑问代词 what, who, whom, which &whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever（1）连接（2）表不同含义（3）做从句中的重要成分
4．疑问副词when, where, why, how（1）连接（2）表不同含义（3）做从句中的状语
三、四种名词性从句
1．主语从句
~
（1）普通主语从句
That he is still alive is sheer luck.注：that位于句首引导主从，一定不省。

Whether the plan is practicable remains to be seen.
What we need are many instructive books.
What we need is more time and money. 注：主从做主语，主句谓语动词一般用单数，但what引导的主从，根据后面表语的意义一致原则。

When and where the meeting will be held is not clear.
When Tom will come and what Lucy will say are not clear.注：一套主谓结构谓语动词用单数，两套则用复数。

Which team will win is hard to predict.
·
How he made such a large fortune is still a mystery.
（2）用it做形式主语为（避免头重脚轻）的主语从句，常见句型有：
It is a pity/a shame/no wonder/a pleasure/an honor/a fact/common sense/n that…
It is high/about time that…
It is the first/second/...time that…
It is obvious/strange/necessary/vital/essential/natural/not uncommon/ likely/adj that...
It is said/reported/announced /believed/estimated expected/r ecommended/pp that…
It happens that…；It turned out that…
)
It occur to/dawn on/hit/strike sb that…
It doesn’t matter that/whether/how…
注：连接代词一般不用it做形式主语，. What he said interested me greatly.
2．宾语从句：
（1）做及物动词的宾语I don’t know what his name is.
（2）做介词的宾语
My teacher was satisfied with what I did.
;
The film reminded me of how my grandma brought me up.
At what I think is the appropriate time, I will tell you all the truth.
注：介词后面的宾从一般不用that引导，但in that 和 except that是例外
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted all his spare time to reading.
I know next to nothing about Tom except that he comes from the US.
（3）放表语形容词后的宾语从句
I am glad that you make it to my party. She is not sure what will happen next.
（4）it做形式宾语
~
You may depend on it that I will always come to your aid.（介词后宾从）
I will see to it that everything goes smoothly.
I once took it for granted that my parents put my needs first.（动词+宾语+宾补结构）
I want to make it clear that I will never accept your money.
They think/consider it impossible that house prices will ever drop.
I like/hate it when …；I would appreciate it if…（句型）
注1：一个动词或介词后接一个以上宾从时，第一个宾从的that可省，第二个开始的that不可省
I forgot (that) my research paper was due on Tuesday and that I had left it unfinished since last Friday.（
注2：宾从时态一般与主句时态呼应，客观真理自然现象除外。

In the middle age, people didn’t believe that the earth moves around the sun.
注3：否定前移I don’t think he is fit for the job, is he
3．表语从句：
（1）be+表从
The problem is that he has never been to another country alone. 表从中that一般不省。

My question was why she turned my invitation down.
？
（2）句型：looks/seems/appears +as if/though…, “看起来似乎好像”
He looks as if he knew everything. (与事实相反，虚拟)
It seems as if our team is going to win.(与事实相符，真实)
（3）句型：that/this is why/because…, “这是因为/…的原因”
He was late for school yesterday. That was because he was ill.
He was ill. That was why he was late for school.
4．同位语从句
^
解释说明“某些抽象名词”的具体内容：news, word (单数:消息), belief, idea (主意), thought (想法), fact, truth, plan, notice (通知), promise等
比较特殊的有：doubt（有/无关于…的疑问）, possibility/chance（有/无…的可能性）, evidence（证据表明）。

I agree with your plan that we set out tomorrow morning.
Word came that he survived the war.
There is no evidence that lives exist on Mars.
注：“无疑问/很确定”连接词用that；“有疑问/不确定”用whether
I have no doubt that…同位从；There is some doubt whether…同位从
= It is certain that…主从；It is uncertain whether…主从
《
四、细节考点
1. 从句语序：
（1）陈述句语序，I don’t know what your plan is. 特例：He refuses to tell me what is the matter.（2）主句是疑问句用疑问语序，从句仍用陈述句语序
What do you think he is doing What you think he is doing (X) What do you think is he doing (X)（3）名从中套强调句的情况下的疑问词放在最前面
I don’t know what it was that made him angry. I don’t know it was what that made him angry. (X)！
2. 连接词that 的省略总结：
（1）只有“vt+宾从”中引导第一个从句的that可以省略；
（2）其他“一般不省”（如表从、it做形式主语的主从）；
（3）或者“一定不能省”（放句首的主从、同位从、介词宾从、动词宾从的第二三四…个从句中）
3. 连接词whether/if的区别：
a.只有三种情况whether/if都可以：
>
（1）动词后的宾从中（vt除去discuss，decide, depend）I don’t know whether/if he will come tonight.（2）it做形式主语的主从中 I t hasn’t been decided whether/if we shall attend the meeting.
（3）whether/if…or not分开时I don’t know whether/if he will come or not tonight
b. 其他情况只用whether不用if：
（1）放句首的主从Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided.
（2）介词后的宾从 I am skeptical about whether he will tell the truth.
（3）表从The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
（4）同位从I dare not ask the question whether she likes me or not.
#
（5）whether or not 紧密相连时I don’t know whether or not he will come tonight.
（6）whether+ to do不定式We are uncertain whether to leave here tomorrow.
4. 表示“建议，命令，要求”的词（如suggest/suggestion, propose/proposal, recommend/recommendation, require/requirement, order, demand等）构成的宾从、表从、同位从中用should虚拟语气，should可省略，表示“某人应该做某事”之意
I suggest that you should adopt the new teaching method.
My suggestion is that you should adopt the new teaching method.
Do you agree with my suggestion that the new teaching method should be adopted
~
5. who, whom和whoever, whomever的区别
who是“谁”的意思，表疑问；whoever 表"无论谁、任何…的人”，相当于anyone who，无疑问意味。

Can you tell me who that gentleman is
Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. “无论谁最后离开房间”或“任何最后离开房间的人”
Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate
You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。

The manager has decided to put _________ he thinks is energetic and clever in the position of the leadership of the company.
6. which +n与what+n的区别：
Whichever team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. (which表示“哪一个”，有选择范围)
、
I don’t know what difficulty he has gone through. （what difficulty表示“什么困难”，无选择范围）Whichever one of you represents our class to attend the conference should behave well.
7. how 与what的区别
He made us aware of what difficult situation we were facing.
What some teenagers don't realize is how difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.（感叹句）
8. 疑问词+ever 与no matter+疑问词的区别：
￥
疑问词+ever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，而no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句
No matter where I go, my heart is towards China. = Wherever I go, my heart is towards China.
I believe whatever he says. =/= I believe no matter what he says. (X)
9. 疑问代词what的各种引申含义【难点】
【基本】：译“什么”，表疑问
What his name is remains a mystery. He made us aware of what difficult situation we were facing.【引申】：what在名从中充当重要成分,可根据语境翻译为不同含义，无疑问意味，如（1）“…的东西或事情”，（2）“…的时间”，（3）“…的地方”，（4）“…的人或样子”，（5）“（倍数句中）…的数目/大小”等等。

（1）Patience is what it takes to be a good teacher.
（2）After what seemed like an hour, Tom finally made the choice.
￥
（3）Tall buildings are being built in what was farmland before.
（4）His wife’s love and support has made him what he is today.
The town is no longer what it was 20 years ago.
She is what is considered as a nosy(爱打听) person. She is dying to know other people’s secrets.（5）Our income is now 3 times what it was ten years ago.
10疑问副词where的比喻引申含义【难点】
【基本】：译“哪里”，表疑问Where he lives remains a mystery.
，
【引申比喻义】：译“…的地方”，无疑问含义
--- I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
--- That’s where I don’t agree. You should have a more active life.（我不同意的地方）
That is where you are mistaken. This is where your problem lies.
New York is where the best jobs are.
The doctor in charge says that's where too much drinking and poor diet lead.
Michael decided to set off for where his dream led him.
--- Have you finished the book--- No. I’ve read up to where the children discover the secret cave.（发现神秘洞穴的地方/章节）
11. 其他
（1）定从与同位从的区别
I was delighted at the news that our team had won.（同位从是结构与意义都完整的句子，that不做成分）
I was delighted at the news (that) I heard on the radio. （定从中缺少重要成分，由that充当）
（2）3个同义句型转换
It is known to all that China has joined the WTO. （it做形式主语的主从）
=As is known to all, China has joined the WTO. （as引导的非限制定从）
=What is known to all is that China has joined the WTO. （主从+表从）
（3）定从与名从的转换
Jerry told us what he had seen abroad. 名从=Jerry told us all that he had seen abroad. 定从
Whoever answers the question correctly will get a gift.名从= Anyone who answers the question correctly will...定从。