高考英语总复习讲义12讲

高考英语总复习第12讲
第一部分词汇精讲重点词汇
1. claim [kleɪm] v.声称；断言；提出要求；索要
2. sacrifice [ˈsækrɪfaɪs] vt.& vi.牺牲n.牺牲，祭品
3. hook [hʊk] vt.& vi.钩住n.钩
4. dedicate [ˈdedɪkeɪt] vt.奉献，献身
5. construct [kənˈstrʌkt] vt.建造；构成；创立
6. bid [bɪd] v.出价，投标
7. allocate [ˈæləkeɪt] vt.分配，分派
8. skeptical ['skeptɪkəl] adj.怀疑性的
9. rigid [ˈrɪdʒɪd] adj. 严格的；僵硬的
10. condemn [kənˈdem] vt.谴责
11.advocate [ˈædvəkeɪt] n.律师；提倡者；支持者vt.提倡；拥护；为...辩护
12. revolve [rɪˈvɒlv] vt.&vi.旋转；反复考虑；循环
13. compromise [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] n.妥协vi.妥协，退让vt.违背
14. subscribe [səbˈskraɪb] vt.&vi. 捐赠；署名；订阅
15. appoint [əˈpɔɪnt] vt.任命；委派；约定；指定
16. trap [træp] vt.诱骗vi.设陷阱n.圈套；计谋
17. on one’s behalf 代表某人
18. scale [skeɪl] vt.&vi.测量；衡量n.规模；比例；级别
重点精讲
1.claim [kleɪm] v.声称；断言；提出要求；索要
1）After the battle both sides claimed victory.
2）核心词组：claim to do He claims to be the owner of the painting
3）索要：claim the invoice（发票）
4）必考词组：claim one’s life= kill The earthquake has so far claimed over 3000 lives.
2.sacrifice [ˈsækrɪfaɪs] vt.& vi.牺牲n.牺牲，祭品
1）The earthquake has so far claimed over 3000 lives.
2）sacrifice A for B: 为了B牺牲A
3）I'm not sacrificing my time to go shopping with you.
3.hook [hʊk] vt.& vi.钩住n.钩
必会词组：be hooked on My brother is hooked on gambling,
4.dedicate [ˈdedɪkeɪt] vt.奉献，献身
核心词组：dedicate oneself to 致力于，投身于She dedicated her first book to her husband.
5.construct [kənˈstrʌkt] vt.建造；构成；创立
1)There are plans to construct a new bridge across the river There are plans to construct a new bridge across the
river.
2)同义词：establish；found；set up
6.bid [bɪd] v.出价，投标
1）I bid $500 for the painting.
2）必会词组：say goodbye to sb；bid sb goodbye/farewell；Bid goodbye/farewell to sb；wave goodbye to sb 7. allocate [ˈæləkeɪt] vt.分配，分派
1）allocate sth to sb：You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.
2）allocate sb sth：Several patients were waiting to be allocated a bed.
8. skeptical ['skeptɪkəl] adj.怀疑性的
1）be skeptical of= be suspicious of
2）They are skeptical about how much will be accomplished by legislation. 他们对于立法成效心存疑虑。

9.rigid [ˈrɪdʒɪd] adj. 严格的；僵硬的
She was a fairly rigid person who had strong religious views. 她相当顽固，宗教观念极强。

常见搭配：rigid plastic 硬质塑料rigid teaching method 一成不变的教学方法
10.condemn [kənˈdem] vt.谴责
1）谴责：Some praise him, whereas others condemn him.
2）Be sentenced to +罪行: The thief was sentenced to six months' imprisonment.
3）Be condemned to +罪行: Thomas was condemned to life imprisonment for killing his wife.
11.advocate [ˈædvəkeɪt] n.律师；提倡者；支持者vt.提倡；拥护；为...辩护
1）These policies have been widely advocated.
2）advoicate+doing：Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour.
12.revolve [rɪˈvɒlv] vt.&vi.旋转；反复考虑；循环
1）revolve (vi)旋转
The earth revolves round the sun.
The world doesn’t revolve around you. 我的工作是我生活的中心
2）involve (vt)牵涉，包括，卷入
The demonstration involved many teachers.
核心词组(1):involve+doing : Running your own business usually involves working long hours.
核心词组(2) be involved in
3）evolve (v)进化，演变
Human beings are very highly evolved animals.
promise [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] n.妥协vi.妥协，退让vt.违背
1）核心词组：在…方面达成一致
Reach/arrive at/come to an agreement on
Reach/arrive at/come to a consensus on
After months of negotiations, they have reached an uneasy compromise.
2）Reach/arrive at/come to a consensus on
All the teachers have reached a consensus that children should have a broad understanding of the world.
14.subscribe [səbˈskraɪb] vt.&vi. 捐赠；署名；订阅
1）核心词组：subscribe to sth:同意，赞成
Do you subscribe to her pessimistic view of the state of the economy?
2）prescribe(v) 开(药)
Ask the doctor to prescribe something for that cough.
3）inscribe (v)雕刻，题字
The tomb was inscribed with a short poem.
4）subscribe to (v)订购（书籍报刊）
You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as $32 a year.
15.appoint [əˈpɔɪnt] vt.任命；委派；约定；指定
The company appointed him general manager.
16.trap [træp] vt.诱骗vi.设陷阱n.圈套；计谋
核心词组：be trapped in They were trapped in the burning hotel.
17.on one’s behalf 代表某人
On behalf of everyone here, I wish you a very happy retirement.
18.scale [skeɪl] vt.&vi.测量；衡量n.规模；比例；级别
必会词组：on a large/small scale
The air is polluted on a large scale.
corruption on a large scale 大规模腐败
第二部分：语法（介词）
（一）时间介词的用法辨析
1. 时间介词in、on、at、by的用法辨析
A.介词in用来表示一天中某段时间，指天、年、月、季节、周次等。

如：in the morning
B.介词on用来表示某一天或星期几，指明具体的时间。

如：on a rainy day
C.介词at用来表示特定的时间、节日、年龄等。

如：at noon
D.介词by表示…的时候、到、等到…已经等用在天、时间的前面。

如：by 2 o‘clock
2. 时间介词in与after的用法辨析
A.介词in + 一段时间用于一般将来时。

如：We’ll go to school in two weeks.
B.介词after + 一段时间用于一般过去时。

如：My mother came home after half an hour.
C.介词after + 时间点常用于一般将来时。

如：We’ll go out for a walk after supper.
3. 时间介词for与since的用法辨析
A.介词for 表示一段时间如：I have been living here for 10 years.
B.介词since 表示从过去某一时间以来如：I have been living here since 2000.
4. 时间介词during与for的用法辨析
A.当所指的时间起止分明时用介词during如：He swims every day during the summer.
B.如果一段时间不明确则用介词for如：I haven’t seen her for years.
5. 时间介词before与by的用法辨析
A.介词before表示“在…之前”如：He won’t come back before five .
B.介词by表示“到…时为止，不迟于…”如：The work must be finished by Friday.
6. 时间介词till与until用法的异同
A. till和until用在肯定句中，均可表示“直到…为止”，如：I will wait till(until)seveno'clock.
B. till和until用在否定句中，均可表示“在…以前”或“直到…才”。

如：Tom didn't come back till(until)midnight.
C. till多用于普通文体，而until则用于多种文体，并且在句子开头时，用until而不用till。

如：Until he comes back，nothing can be done.
7. 不用介词表达时间的几种情况
A.当表示时间的词前有this, that时，其前面不用介词，如：this morning
B.当表示时间的词前有next时，其前面不用介词，如：next Sunday
C.当表示时间的词前有last时，其前面不用介词，如：last Sunday
D.当表示时间的词前有one, any, each, every, some或all时，其前面不用介词，如：You can come any day. （二）方位介词与地点介词的用法辨析
1. 方位介词on, over, above的用法辨析
A.介词on表示一物放在另一物上面，两者紧贴在一起，如：The book is on the table.
B.介词over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系，即“在…上方”，如：Is there any bridge over the river?
C.介词above表示一般的“高于…”，“在…之上”，如：There was an electric clock above his bed.
2. 方位介词under与below的用法辨析
A.介词under是over的反义词即“在…下方”，如：They were seen under the tree.
B.介词below是above的反义词即“低于…”，“在…之下”，如：They live below us.
3. 方位介词across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析
A.介词across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”，强调从表面穿过。

如：She went across the street to make some purchases.
B.介词through着重于“穿越”，强调从一定的空间内穿过。

如：The sunlight was coming in through the window.
C.介词over多表示从“上方越过”，如：He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it.
D.介词past表示从“面前经过”，如：Someone has just gone past the window.
4. 方位介词in、on、at的用法辨析
A.介词in表示“排、行、组”，如：We are in Team One.
B.介词on表示“左、右”，如：Li Ping is on my left.
C.介词at表示“前、后”，如：I sit at the front of the classroom.
5. 方位介词to、for的用法辨析
A.介词to表示目的地或去的目的，如：Wil you take a train to Tianjian.
B.介词for表示动身去某地，如：He got on a train for Shanghai.
6. 地点介词at与in的用法辨析
A.介词at表示较小的地方，如家、村、乡村等，如：He lives at a small village.
B.介词in表示较大的地方，如大城市、国家、洲等，如：He lives in Beijing.
7. 地点介词at与on的用法辨析
A.介词at用于门牌号，如：He lives at No.200, Nanjing Road.
B.介词on用于路名，如：He lives on Nanjing Road.
8. 地点介词in、on、to的用法辨析
A.介词in表示“包含”如：Beijing is in the north ofChina.
B.介词on表示“紧邻”如：Canada lies on the north of theU.S.
C.介词to表示“没接触”如：France lies to the south of England.
（三）其他易混介词的用法辨析
1. 动作介词to与toward的用法辨析
A.介词to表示向某处移动，如：They were driving to work together.
B.介词toward 表示移向某处，如：We're moving toward the light.
2. 原因介词because、as、for的用法辨析
A.介词because表示“因为;由于”指直接的、明确的原因，回答why的问句，语气最强。

如：The boy was absent because he was ill.
B.介词as表示“由于;鉴于”指一种显而易见、谈话双方已知的理由。

如：She stayed at home as she had no car.
C.介词for表示“因为;由于”指一种间接原因，甚至只是一种附带的说明。

如：It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.
3. 材料介词of和from的用法
A.介词of用于成品与材料的性质不变时，如：The desk is made of wood.
B.介词from用于成品与材料的性质已变时，如：Wine is made from grapes.
4. 表示“用”的介词in、with、by的用法辨析
A.介词in表示“用材料、语言”如：Can you say it in English?
B.介词with表示“用工具、某物”如：with a pen
C.介词by表示“用、以、靠、通过…方法”如：He prefers traveling by car.
5. 介词between与among的用法辨析
A.介词between 表示“在两者之间”如：Don’t sit between the two girls.
B.介词among表示“在…当中(三者或以上)”如：They lived among the mountains in the past.
6. 介词besides与except的用法辨析
A.介词besides表示“除…之外(全部计算在内)”如：We have seen the crocodile besides Li Fang.
B.介词except表示“除…之外(不计算在内)”如：We are all Chinese except Tomin our class.
（四）考点聚焦
1、介词搭配
1).for 与to 表示后置的间接宾语。

(1) buy/d o/cook/fetch/find/get/make/order/save/sing…+sth+for+sb
(2).bring/give/leave/lend/offer/pay/pass/read/refuse/return/promise/send/show/teach/tell/throw/write+sth +to +sb 2）.与情感名词连用。

to与情感名词连用，表示某种行动产生的感觉。

To one`s delight/surprise/horrow/joy/regret=
to the delight/surprise/borrow/joy/regret of sb 表示状语，位于句前，中，后皆可。

可在前面加much 意为“使某人……的是”。

3）.形容词与介词固定搭配。

（1）要求用at 的形容词；afraid angry good bad clever.surprise.excited puzzled frightened.
(2)用of 的形容词；afraid sure certain full. Tired fond proud worthy
(3)用with 的形容词有；angry strict careful busy popular patient
(4)用in 的形容词有；weak strict rich interested successful slow
(5)用to 的形容词；next good polite kind cruel rude known married close similar due
(6) 用for 的形容词;sorry famous fit unfit eager anxoius hungry
(7) 用from 的形容词far different free safe abent tired.
(9)用about 的形容词；sorry worried curious anxious careful sure certain
2、of + 抽象的名词=形容词
Of + great /much +抽象的名词= very +形容词
Of +no+抽象的名词= not +形容词如：It is of great /much value=It is very valuable
3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析
（1）表示时间的介词in的用法如: 表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。

（2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。

（3）表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。

注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。

如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years、one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day one day、yesterday / afternoon, the night before
(4)till、until、to的用法。

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。

但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。

②to表“终结”时常用和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意义。

（5）in、after、later
①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于
各种时态。

②一段时间+ later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

③after + 一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点
时间，用于各种时态。

另外，in + 一段时间+ ’s + time 与within + 一段时间的用法如下：
in a week’s time = in a week
They will arrive in three days’time.(与将来时连用)
My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’time.（作表语）
I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出，在……之内)
（6）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

（7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。

(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。

②表泛指的方式、手段。

如：by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器
材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop
③交通工具类。

另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help
(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permission)。

（8）表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。

①besides 除……以外，（还有）。

作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。

②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。

③except for除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except
that + 句子意思相同。

④except that …除了……一点以外。

⑤but与except。

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：
A.前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

B. 后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。

C. but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不, can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for …如不是……
（9）between与among.
（10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。

(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。

（12）兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。

②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。

③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

（13）介词的省略。

①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。

（A）以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。

如：I stayed with her all the morning.
②介词for表示时间的省略要求。

（B）表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。

如：I have been waiting here (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。

如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years. (D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。

如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.
③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。

（14）某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。

②要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。

(15)一些词组中的介词
be composed of =consist of…由…组成in comparison with…和…相比较be very appreciative at…对…
深表感谢be particular over…对…太挑剔base…on…把…建立…上；on the basis of…根据protect…
from(against)…保护…免遭…remind sb. of…使某人想起…be responsiblie for sth. 对某事负有责任；
be superior to 优于…in favor of 支持；赞同in relation to 关于in contrast to 与…截然不同in excess of 超过etc.
第三部分：完形、七选五
（一）完形填空
A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—all these were important 1 in
helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. 2 they were not enough. Something 3 was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men—4 individuals who could invent
machines, find new 5 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.
The men who 6 the machines of the Industrial Revolution 7 from many backgrounds and many occupations.
Many of them were 8 inventors than scientists. A man who is a 9 scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 10 .He is not necessarily working 11 that his findings can be used.
An inventor or one interested in applied science is 12 trying to make something that has a concrete use. He may try to solve a problem by 13 the theories 14 science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a 15 result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of 16 other objectives.
Most of the people who 17 the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had 18 or no training in science might not have made their inventions 19 a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years 20 .
1. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations
2. A .But B. And C. Besides D. Even
3. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar
4. A. generating B. effective C. motivating D. creative
5. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries
6. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
7. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
8. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
9. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
10.A.happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
11.A .now B. and C. all D.so
12.A.seldom B. sometimes C. all D. never
13.A.planning B. using C. idea D. means
14.A.of B. with C.to D.as
15.A.single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
16.A.few B. those C .many D. all
17.A.proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
18.A. little B .much C. some D. any
19.A.as B. if C .because D. while
20.A.ago B. past C. ahead D. before
（二）七选五
(1) __You probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily so, however. Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to. Here’s how:
Plan your time carefully. When planning your work, you should make a list of things that you have to do. After making this list, you should make a schedule of your time. First your time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc. Then decide a good, regular time for studying. (2)__ A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will force you realize what is happening to your time.
Find a good place to study. Look around the house for a good study area. Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials. No games, radios, or television. When you sit down to study, concentrate on the subject.
Make good use of your time in class. (3)__ Listening carefully in class means less work later. Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says.
Study regularly. When you get home from school, go over your notes, review the important points that your teacher is going to discuss the next day, read that material. (4)__ If you do these things regularly, the material wi ll become more meaningful, and you’ll remember it longer.
Develop a good attitude towards tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. They help you remember your new knowledge. The world won’t end if you don’t pass a test, so don’t be over worried.
(5)__ You will probably discover them after you have tried these.
A. There are other methods that might help you with your studying.
B. Don’t forget to set aside enough time for entertainment.
C. Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teacher says.
D. No one can become a top student unless he or she works hard.
E. Maybe you are an average student.
F. Make full use of class time to take notes of what the teacher says in class.
G. This will help you understand the next class.。