商务英语翻译Unit13解答
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playing an unequal role in a sentence. Subordination in a complex sentence.
意合(parataxis)语言:以语义为衔接手段 ( para=beside ; taxis="arrangement) . It favors short, simple sentences, with the use of coordinating rather than subordinating conjunctions.
4.名词优势造成介词优势。 The machine is in operation. 机器正在运行。 With these words, she went away. 说完这些话,她就走了。
弱式短语: Give rise to (arouBiblioteka Baidue) / make contact with (meet) / arrive at a decision (decide) / bring to a conclusion (finish) / take into consideration (consider) / conduct an investigation into (investigate)
英语常用非人称主语,汉语常用人称主语。
What has happened to you? - 你出什么事啦? An idea suddenly struck me. - 我突然想到了一个好主意。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. - 我从来也没有想到她这么不老实。
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. - 门口放着一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把,五颜六色,大小不一。
汉语译成英语时,常常要化简为繁,组合成复合句或长句。
• 我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边,桥下很 深的地方,汹涌的河水滚滚流过。
繁复与简短
•
从属结构是现代英语最重要的特点之一。现代英语中包孕
式复合句很常见。专业作者写的句子平均长度为20个词。受
过教育的人写的句子平均长度为25个词。总的来看英语句子
比汉语句子长很多。
• 汉语常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式 的复句,以中短句居多,最佳长度为7至12字。
英译汉时要破句重组,化繁为简:
过分使用名词化会使语言抽象、冗长、含糊、缺乏活力。
2.用名词表示施事者,以代替动词。 He is a good eater and a good sleeper. - 他能吃能睡。
3.名次代替形容词(名词连用),构成标题式短语。 Space shuttle flight test program - 航天飞机试飞计划
2.介词。英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词。 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. - 彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。
3. 其它连接手段 There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.
4. 四字格 不进则退 He who does not advance falls backward.
英译汉时,往往先分析句子的结构、形式,才能确定句子的 功能、意义;汉译英时要先分析句子的功能、意义,才能确定句 子的结构、形式。
(三)意合、形合与文体
一般来说英语形合多,汉语意合多,但其多少受文体的影响。书面语 形合句多,口语意合句多。
- Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.
繁或简,与文体很有关系,英汉互译时应注意繁简句式与文体 的这种关系。
物称与人称
英语常用非人称表达法,显得客观、公正,结构趋于严密、 紧凑、语气较为委婉、间接。 汉语则较注重主体思维,这种思维 模式往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人及其行为 或状态,因而常用人称。当人称不言而喻时,又常常隐含人称或 省略人称。
静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态;汉语倾向多用动词,因而叙述呈 动态。 英语静态倾向表现为:
1.名词化(Nominalization): 使表达比较简洁,造句比较灵活,行文比较自 然,也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。 The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily. The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. - 医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,一次病人很快就康复了。
“译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。故信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。 则达尚焉。” (意合)
“Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tantamount(同等的) to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too. ……” (变形合)
汉语几乎不用。
All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. - 过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确 实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。
1.语序 她不老实,我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her.
2. 反复、排比、对偶、对照等。 他不来,我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there.
3. 紧缩句 有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if there is any.
• 汉语倾向于多用动词。
他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) - He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) - We asked her to sing. 我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算帐吧。 (兼语+连动) - Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help
you with your accounts.
• 汉语中动词可以充当句子的各种成分。
实现理想要靠辛勤劳动。(主、宾) - To translate ideals into reality needs hard work. 革命不是请客吃饭。(表) - Revolution is not a dinner party.
Unit 13
Flexible Work Time Brings
形合与意合(II)
形合与意合(II)
衔接手段: 句法手段、词汇手段和语义手段。
形合(hypotaxis)语言: 以句法、词法为衔接手段 (from Greek : hypo="beneath", taxis="arrangement"). constructs
- 最令女主人失望的是,她花了许多心神或费用来招待客 人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈 生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,松软的糕点,或房间内 讲究的陈设,而这些却可能是她感到有兴趣并引以自豪的 主要所在。
(二)汉语的意合法
汉语注重隐性连贯(covert coherence), 注重逻辑事理顺 序,意义,以神统形。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段。
5. 动词的弱化与虚化:be 动词和have, become, grow等系动词。 There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida. - 弗罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。 A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida. - 一场热带风暴袭击了弗罗里达东海岸。
• 汉语动词常常重复或重叠,可以加强汉语动态感的表现力。
说说笑笑,跑跑跳跳,孩子们十分愉快。 - Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a
good time.)
英汉互译过程是静态和动态相互转换的过程。
Ford’s first pledge was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.” - 福特一开始就保证说:“总统先生,我支持您,并效忠于您。”(静-动)
他深信,只有对历史透彻研究,才能真正学到知识。 - He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history.
总之,英语重形合,注重形式接应(formal cohesion),结构 完整,严密规范,是焦点句法;汉语重意合,重意念连贯 (semantic coherence),句子以意统法,流泻铺排,是散点句法。 王力:“就结构而言,西洋句法是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”英 语有综合特征,受形态的约束,因而“语法是硬的,没有弹性”;汉 语是分析语,不受形态的约束,因而“语法是软的,富于弹性。”
形合(Hypotaxis ):指句中的词语或分句间用语言形式手 段连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。
意合(Parataxis) :指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连 接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
(一)英语的形合句法 1.关系词和连接词who, whom, whose, that, which, what 等,
6.形容词或副词表达动词的意义。 I am doubtful whether he is still alive. - 我怀疑他是否还活着。 Down with the old and up with the new. - 破旧立新。
总之英语常通过动词的派生、转化、弱化、和虚化等手 段,采用非动词的形式(名、介、形、副)表达动词的意 义,因而呈静态。
意合(parataxis)语言:以语义为衔接手段 ( para=beside ; taxis="arrangement) . It favors short, simple sentences, with the use of coordinating rather than subordinating conjunctions.
4.名词优势造成介词优势。 The machine is in operation. 机器正在运行。 With these words, she went away. 说完这些话,她就走了。
弱式短语: Give rise to (arouBiblioteka Baidue) / make contact with (meet) / arrive at a decision (decide) / bring to a conclusion (finish) / take into consideration (consider) / conduct an investigation into (investigate)
英语常用非人称主语,汉语常用人称主语。
What has happened to you? - 你出什么事啦? An idea suddenly struck me. - 我突然想到了一个好主意。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. - 我从来也没有想到她这么不老实。
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. - 门口放着一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把,五颜六色,大小不一。
汉语译成英语时,常常要化简为繁,组合成复合句或长句。
• 我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边,桥下很 深的地方,汹涌的河水滚滚流过。
繁复与简短
•
从属结构是现代英语最重要的特点之一。现代英语中包孕
式复合句很常见。专业作者写的句子平均长度为20个词。受
过教育的人写的句子平均长度为25个词。总的来看英语句子
比汉语句子长很多。
• 汉语常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式 的复句,以中短句居多,最佳长度为7至12字。
英译汉时要破句重组,化繁为简:
过分使用名词化会使语言抽象、冗长、含糊、缺乏活力。
2.用名词表示施事者,以代替动词。 He is a good eater and a good sleeper. - 他能吃能睡。
3.名次代替形容词(名词连用),构成标题式短语。 Space shuttle flight test program - 航天飞机试飞计划
2.介词。英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词。 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. - 彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。
3. 其它连接手段 There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.
4. 四字格 不进则退 He who does not advance falls backward.
英译汉时,往往先分析句子的结构、形式,才能确定句子的 功能、意义;汉译英时要先分析句子的功能、意义,才能确定句 子的结构、形式。
(三)意合、形合与文体
一般来说英语形合多,汉语意合多,但其多少受文体的影响。书面语 形合句多,口语意合句多。
- Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.
繁或简,与文体很有关系,英汉互译时应注意繁简句式与文体 的这种关系。
物称与人称
英语常用非人称表达法,显得客观、公正,结构趋于严密、 紧凑、语气较为委婉、间接。 汉语则较注重主体思维,这种思维 模式往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人及其行为 或状态,因而常用人称。当人称不言而喻时,又常常隐含人称或 省略人称。
静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态;汉语倾向多用动词,因而叙述呈 动态。 英语静态倾向表现为:
1.名词化(Nominalization): 使表达比较简洁,造句比较灵活,行文比较自 然,也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。 The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily. The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. - 医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,一次病人很快就康复了。
“译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。故信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。 则达尚焉。” (意合)
“Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tantamount(同等的) to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too. ……” (变形合)
汉语几乎不用。
All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. - 过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确 实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。
1.语序 她不老实,我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her.
2. 反复、排比、对偶、对照等。 他不来,我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there.
3. 紧缩句 有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if there is any.
• 汉语倾向于多用动词。
他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) - He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) - We asked her to sing. 我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算帐吧。 (兼语+连动) - Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help
you with your accounts.
• 汉语中动词可以充当句子的各种成分。
实现理想要靠辛勤劳动。(主、宾) - To translate ideals into reality needs hard work. 革命不是请客吃饭。(表) - Revolution is not a dinner party.
Unit 13
Flexible Work Time Brings
形合与意合(II)
形合与意合(II)
衔接手段: 句法手段、词汇手段和语义手段。
形合(hypotaxis)语言: 以句法、词法为衔接手段 (from Greek : hypo="beneath", taxis="arrangement"). constructs
- 最令女主人失望的是,她花了许多心神或费用来招待客 人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈 生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,松软的糕点,或房间内 讲究的陈设,而这些却可能是她感到有兴趣并引以自豪的 主要所在。
(二)汉语的意合法
汉语注重隐性连贯(covert coherence), 注重逻辑事理顺 序,意义,以神统形。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段。
5. 动词的弱化与虚化:be 动词和have, become, grow等系动词。 There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida. - 弗罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。 A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida. - 一场热带风暴袭击了弗罗里达东海岸。
• 汉语动词常常重复或重叠,可以加强汉语动态感的表现力。
说说笑笑,跑跑跳跳,孩子们十分愉快。 - Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a
good time.)
英汉互译过程是静态和动态相互转换的过程。
Ford’s first pledge was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.” - 福特一开始就保证说:“总统先生,我支持您,并效忠于您。”(静-动)
他深信,只有对历史透彻研究,才能真正学到知识。 - He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history.
总之,英语重形合,注重形式接应(formal cohesion),结构 完整,严密规范,是焦点句法;汉语重意合,重意念连贯 (semantic coherence),句子以意统法,流泻铺排,是散点句法。 王力:“就结构而言,西洋句法是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”英 语有综合特征,受形态的约束,因而“语法是硬的,没有弹性”;汉 语是分析语,不受形态的约束,因而“语法是软的,富于弹性。”
形合(Hypotaxis ):指句中的词语或分句间用语言形式手 段连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。
意合(Parataxis) :指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连 接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
(一)英语的形合句法 1.关系词和连接词who, whom, whose, that, which, what 等,
6.形容词或副词表达动词的意义。 I am doubtful whether he is still alive. - 我怀疑他是否还活着。 Down with the old and up with the new. - 破旧立新。
总之英语常通过动词的派生、转化、弱化、和虚化等手 段,采用非动词的形式(名、介、形、副)表达动词的意 义,因而呈静态。