What are the causes of domestic violence

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谈论家暴问题英语作文

谈论家暴问题英语作文Domestic violence is a serious social issue that has been present in every society throughout history. It is a violation of human rights and a tragic abuse of power within the home. Domestic violence not only affects the victims physically and emotionally, but it also has profound impacts on families, communities, and society at large.Domestic violence is defined as any behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm to the victim. This behavior can range from verbal abuse and threats to physical assault and even murder. The victim can be anyone within the family, including children, adolescents, women, and men.The causes of domestic violence are complex and multifaceted. They can include psychological issues, such as anger management problems and lack of impulse control. Social factors, such as poverty, unemployment, and lack ofeducation can also contribute to domestic violence. Additionally, cultural norms and expectations can play a role, as some cultures may condone violent behavior as away to discipline or control family members.The impacts of domestic violence are devastating. Victims often experience physical injuries, ranging from minor cuts and bruises to broken bones and even death. They may also suffer from emotional and psychological trauma, including feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and worthlessness. Long-term effects can include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.Children who witness domestic violence are also deeply affected. They may feel frightened, confused, and powerless. They may blame themselves for the violence or believe that they are responsible for keeping the family together. These children may develop emotional and behavioral problems, including aggression, anxiety, depression, and difficultyin school and social settings.Domestic violence also has significant impacts onfamilies and communities. It can destroy families, leading to divorce, separation, and broken homes. It can strain community resources, as victims and their children may need medical care, counseling, and shelter. Domestic violence can also create a sense of fear and instability within a community, affecting the overall well-being of its members.To address domestic violence, it is important to take a comprehensive approach that involves individuals, families, communities, and society at large. Prevention programs that focus on education and awareness can help to change attitudes and behaviors. These programs should target both potential perpetrators and the general population, promoting positive conflict resolution skills and challenging negative cultural norms.Intervention and support services are also crucial. Victims of domestic violence need access to safe shelters, medical care, counseling, and legal assistance. Services should be tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual and family, taking into account factors such as culture, language, and disabilities.Legislation and enforcement are also important in addressing domestic violence. Laws should prohibit all forms of domestic violence and provide appropriate penalties for perpetrators. Law enforcement agencies should be trained to respond effectively to domestic violencecalls and to work closely with community organizations to provide support and protection to victims.In conclusion, domestic violence is a serious and complex social issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. It is everyone's responsibility to speak out against domestic violence, support victims and survivors, and promote a culture of respect and equality within families and communities. By working together, we can create a society where domestic violence is no longer tolerated and all members of society are treated with dignity and respect.。

专题19 高考英语3500词汇语境化训练15-高考英语复习易混易错点分类训练教师版

专题19 高考英语3500词汇语境化训练15 教师版第一组（动词时态、语态和主谓一致）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1.That is the fourth time that Mr Smith ____________ (visit) the Summer Palace.2.Rice noodles __________ (be )noodles made from rice and they are the most delicious thing that I _____________ (eat).3.I______________ ( live) in Beijing since I _____________ (graduate) from the university.4.They had been working on the program for one week before I ___________ (join) them, and now we are still working on it because no good results ______________(come out) so far.5.In the last few years, China___________ ( make) great achievements in environmental protection.6.I __________ (read) half of the English novel ,and I will try tofinish it at the weekend.7.My cousin went to Canada two years ago.He ________ (work) there for a few months and then went to American.8.Since Tom began his activities, she _____________ (receive) a lot of praise.9.I saw Jack yesterday morning and I_____________ ( see) him for twenty years.10.The Greens moved back to the countryside in 2008 and _____________ (lead) a happy life and peaceful life there ever since.11.This was the first time that the students______________ (go)to Hyde Park.12.Guilin is the most attractive city I __________ (visit).13.The number of road accidents and the deaths resulting from those accidents_____________ (increase) over the past years.14.Dashan,who_______________ (learn) cross talk, the traditional Chinese comedy for decades, wants to mix it with the Western stand-up tradition.15.Marty __________________ (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he will have finished it by Friday.16.I was giving a talk to a group of people, the same talk I______________ (give) to half a dozen other groups.17.In the1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home and wireless phones_____________________(not invent) yet.18.Jane, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spend three thousand dollars more than she___________ (plan) for the wedding.19.Hardly ________ I ________ (go) to bed after a very hard day when the phone ran.20.The twins, who_________________(finish) their homework were allowed to play games on the playground.21.I ________________ (mean) to set off on Monday, but a traffic accident changed my plan.22.The crazy fans__________________ (wait) patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie start arrived.23.She_______________ (read) an English novel from seven to eight clocks last night.24.By the time he returned home from England, his son _______________ (graduate) from college.25.The professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project _________________ (complete) by the students independently.第二组阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

2006年6月大学英语六级CET6真题及答案

2006年6月大学英语六级CET6真题及答案本文是关于2006年6月大学英语六级CET6真题及答案，仅供参考，希望对您有所帮助，感谢阅读。

part i listening comprehension (20 minutes)section adirections: in this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. at the end of eachconversation, a question will be asked about what was said. both the conversationand the question will be spoken only once. after each question there will be a pause.during the pause, you must read the four choices marked a), b), c) and d), anddecide which is the best answer. then mark the corresponding letter on the answersheet with a single line through the center.example: you will hear:you will read:a) 2 hours.b) 3 hours.c) 4 hours.d) 5 hours.from the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they will start at 9o’clock in the morning and have to finish at 2 in the afternoon. therefore, d) “5 hours” is thecorrect answer. you should choose [d] on the answer sheet and mark itwith a single line throughthe center.sample answer [a] [b] [c] [d]1. a) she met with thomas just a few days ago.b) she can help with the orientation program.c) she is not sure she can pass on the message.d) she will certainly try to contact thomas.2. a) set the dinner table.b) change the light bulbc) clean the dining room.d) hold the ladder for him.3. a) he’d like a piece of pie.b) he’d like some coffeec) he’d rather stay in the warm room.d) he’s just had dinner with his friends.4. a) he has managed to sell a number of cars.b) he is contented with his current position.c) he might get fired.d) he has lost his job.5. a) tony’s secretary.b) paul’s girlfriend.c) paul’s colleague.d) tony’s wife.6. a) he was fined for running a red light.b) he was caught speeding on a fast lane.c) he had to run quickly to get the ticket.d) he made a wrong turn at the intersection.7. a) he has learned a lot from his own mistakes.b) he is quite experienced in taming wild dogs.c) he finds reward more effective than punishment.d) he thinks it important to master basic training skills.8. a) at a bookstore.b) at the dentist’s.c) in a restaurant.d) in the library.9. a) he doesn’t want jenny to get into trouble.b) he doesn’t agree with the woman’s remark.c) he thinks jenny’s workload too heavy at college.d) he believes most college students are running wild.10. a) it was applaudable.b) it was just terrible.c) the actors were enthusiastic.d) the plot was funny enough.section bdirections: in this section, you will hear 3 short passages. at the end of each passage, you willhear some questions. both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.after you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked a), b), c) and d). then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheetwith a single line through the centre.passage onequestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. a) social work.b) medical carec) applied physicsd) special education.12. a) the timely advice from her friends and relatives.b) the two-year professional training she received.c) her determination to fulfill her dream.d) her parents’ consistent moral support.13. a) to get the funding for the hospitals.b) to help the disabled children there.c) to train therapists for the children there.d) to set up an institution for the handicapped.passage twoquestions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. a) at a country school in mexico.b) in a mountain valley of spain.c) at a small american college.[page]d) in a small village in chile.15. a) by expanding their minds and horizons.b) by financing their elementary education.c) by setting up a small primary school.d) by setting them an inspiring example.16. a) she wrote poetry that broke through national barriers.b) she was a talented designer of original school curriculums.c) she proved herself to be an active and capable stateswoman.d) she made outstanding contributions to children’s education.17. a) she won the 1945 nobel prize in literature.b) she was the first woman to win a nobel prize.c) she translated her books into many languages.d) she advised many statesmen on international affairs.passage threequestion 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.18. a) how animals survive harsh conditions in the wild.b) how animals alter colors to match their surroundings.c) how animals protect themselves against predators.d) how animals learn to disguise themselves effectively.19. a) its enormous size.b) its plant-like appearance.c) its instantaneous response.d) its offensive smell.20. a) it helps improve their safety.b) it allows them to swim faster.c) it helps them fight their predators.d) it allows them to avoid twists and turns.part ii reading comprehension (35 minutes)directions: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) andd). you should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theanswer sheet with a single line through the centre.passage onequestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.there are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreadsthroughout the media.movies. television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonablyask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. mostresearchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex.a 1993 study by the u.s.national academy of sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and communityfactors” as all playing their parts.viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contributeto violent behavior in certain individuals.the trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate thecase for causality (因果关系). skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group ofsocieties including theamerican medical association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “at thistime, well over 1,000 studies… point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between mediaviolence and aggressive behavior in some children.”freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and evendisputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). when jonathanfreedman, a social psychologist at the university of toronto, reviewedthe literature, he foundonly 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. and when he weeded out “the mostdoubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.the critical point here is causality. the alarmists say they have proved that violent mediacause aggression. but the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. whenlabeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as aviolent event? and when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read ‘aggressive’or ‘non-aggressive’ words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? the intentof the new harvard center on media and child health to collect and standardize studies of mediaviolence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important [page]step in the right direction.another appropriate ster would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. severalresearchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. that is,of course, their privilege. but when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matterhas now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. in response, the alarmists accuse criticsand news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry.such clashes help neitherscience nor society.21. why is there so much violence shown in movies, tv and video games?a) there is a lot of violence in the real world today.b) something has gone wrong with today’s society.c) many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.d) showing violence is thought to be entertaining.22. what is the skeptics (line 3. para.3) view of media violence?a) violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.b) most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.c) a causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.d) the influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.23. the author uses the term “alarmists” (line 1. para.5) to refer to those who ______.a) use standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceb) initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityc) assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviord) use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior24. in refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging____.a) the source and amount of their datab) the targets of their observationc) their system of measurementd) their definition of violence25. what does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media andviolence?a) more studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.b) it should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.c) the past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.d) he more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.passage twoquestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.you’re in trouble if you have to buy your own brand-name prescription drugs. over the pastdecade, prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate. treatments for chronic conditions caneasily top ＄2,000 a month-no wonder that one in four americans can’s afford to fill theirprescriptions. the solution? a hearty chorus of “o canada.” north of the border, where pricecontrols reign, those same brand-name drugs cost 50% to 80% less.the canadian option is fast becoming a political wake-up call, “if our neighbors can buydrugs at reasonable prices, why can’t we?” even to whisper that thought provokes anger.“un-american!” and-the propagandists’ trump card (王牌)—“wreck our brilliant health-caresystem.” super-size drug prices, they claim, fund the research that sparks the next generation ofwonder drugs. no sky-high drug price today, no cure for cancer tomorrow. so shut up and pay up.common sense tells you that’s a false alternative. the reward for finding. say, a cancer cure is sohuge that no one’s going to hang it up. nevertheless, if canada-levelpricing came to the unitedstates, the industry’s profit margins would drop and the pace of new-drug development wouldslow. here lies the american dilemma. who is all this splendid medicine for? should ourhealth-care system continue its drive toward the best of the best, even though rising numbers ofpatients can’t afford it? or should we direct our wealth toward letting everyone in on today’s levelof care? measured by saved lives, the latter is almost certainly the better course.to defend their profits, the drug companies have warned canadian wholesalers andpharmacies(药房) not to sell to americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those whodare.meanwhile, the administration is playing the fear card. officials from the food and drug [page]administration will argue that canadian drugs might be fake, mishandled, or even a potentialthreat to life.do bad drugs fly around the internet? sure-and the more we look, the more we’ll find, but ihaven’t heard of any raging epidemics among the hundreds of thousands of people buyingcross-border.most users of prescription drugs don’s worry about costs a lot.they’re sheltered by employee insurance, owing just a $20 co-pay.the financial blows rain, instead, on the uninsured, especially the chronically ill who needexpensive drugs to live, this group will still include middle-income seniors on medicare, who’llhave to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit that starts in2006.26. what is said about the consequence of the rocketing drug prices in the u.s.?a) a quarter of americans can’t afford their prescription drugs.b) many americans can’t afford to see a doctor when they fall ill.c) many americans have to go to canada to get medical treatment.d) the inflation rate has been more than doubled over the years.27. it can be inferred that america can follow the canadian model and curb its soaring drugprices by _____.a) encouraging people to buy prescription drugs onlineb) extending medical insurance to all its citizensc) importing low-price prescription drugs from canadad) exercising price control on brand-name drugs28. how do propagandists argue for the u.s. drug pricing policy?a) low prices will affect the quality of medicines in america.b) high prices are essential to funding research on new drugs.c) low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers.d) high-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases.29. what should be the priority of america’s health-care system according to the author?a) to resolve the dilemma in the health-care system.b) to maintain america’s lead in the drug industry.c) to allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits.d) to quicken the pace of new drug development.30. what are american drug companies doing to protect their high profits?a) labeling drugs bought from canada as being fakes.b) threatening to cut back funding for new drug research.c) reducing supplies to uncooperative canadian pharmacies.d) attributing the raging epidemics to the ineffectiveness of canadian drugs.passage threequestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.age has its privileges in america. and one of the more prominent of them is the seniorcitizen discount. anyone who has reached a certain age-in some cases as low as 55-isautomatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commerciallife. eligibility is determined not by one’s need but by the date on one’s birth certificate.practically unheard of a generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of manybusinesses-as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.people with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them；yet，millions of americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent (有支付能力的). businesses thatwould never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under30 freely offer them to olderamericans. the practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that “elderly” and “needy”are synonymous (同义的).perhaps that once was true, but today elderly americans as a group have a lower poverty ratethan the rest of the population. to be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and manyolder americans are poor, but most of them aren’t. it is impossible to determine the impact of thediscounts on individual companies. for many firms, they are a stimulus to revenue. but in othercases the discounts are given at the expense.directly or indirectly, of younger americans. moreover, they are a direct irritant in whatsome politicians and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations.generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over social security benefits，[page]which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old. employment is anothersore point, buoyed (支持) by laws and court decisions, more and more older americans aredeclining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job-thereby lessening employment andpromotion opportunities for younger workers.far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidableeconomic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them.it no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deservepriority over those of others. senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older peoplecan’t take care of themselves and need special treatment； and they threaten the creation of a newmyth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and otherage groups. senior citizen discounts are the essence of the very thing older americans are fightingagainst-discrimination by age.31. we learn from the first paragraph that____.a) offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practiceb) senior citizen discounts have enabled many old people to live a decent lifec) giving senior citizens discounts has boosted the market for the elderlyd) senior citizens have to show their birth certificates to get a discount32. what assumption lies behind the practice of senior citizen discounts?a) businesses, having made a lot of profits, should do something for society in return.b) old people are entitled to special treatment for the contribution they made to society.c) the elderly, being financially underprivileged，need humane help from society.d) senior citizen discounts can make up for the inadequacy of the social security system.33. according to some politicians and scholars, senior citizen discounts will___.a) make old people even more dependent on societyb) intensify conflicts between the young and the oldc) have adverse financial impact on business companiesd) bring a marked increase in the companies revenues34. how does the author view the social security system?a) it encourages elderly people to retire in time.b) it opens up broad career prospects for young people.c) it benefits the old at the expense of the youngd) it should be reinforced by laws and court decisions35. which of the following best summarizes the author’s main argument?a) senior citizens should fight hard against age discrimination.b) the elderly are selfish and taking senior discounts for granted.c) priority should be given to the economic needs of senior citizens.d) senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age discrimination.passage fourquestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.in 1854 my great-grandfather, morris marable, was sold on an auction block in georgia for＄500. for his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual.”but to morris marableand his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. this pattern of human rights violationsagainst enslaved african-americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century.the fundamental problem of american democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structuralracism” the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that arecoded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and whiteindifference. do americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers thatdeny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens?this country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multiculturaldemocracy.the first reconstruction (1865-1877) ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights,but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. the promise of “40 acresand a mule (骡子)”was for most blacks a dream deferred (尚未实现的).the second reconstruction (1954-1968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal [page]segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights . but these successesparadoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage thatremain central to black americans’ lives.the disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was firstconstructed fromcenturies of unpaid black labor. many white institutions, including some leading universities,insurance companies and banks, profited from slavery. this pattern of white privilege and blackinequality continues today.demanding reparations (赔偿) is not just about compensation for slavery and segregation. itis, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racialdeficits” of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. structuralracism’s barriers include “equity inequity.” the absence of black capital formation that is a directconsequence of america’s history. one third of all black households actually have negative netwealth. in 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was ＄16,400, less than one fifth that ofwhite families.black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites.blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions.during the 1990-91 recession. african-americans suffered disproportionately. at coca-cola,42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. at sears, 54 percent were black, blackshave significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. blacks arestatistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidneytransplants or early-stage cancersurgery.36. to the author, the auction of his great-grandfather is a typical example of____.a) crime against humanityb) unfair business transactionc) racial conflicts in georgiad) racial segregation in america37. the barrier to democracy in 21st century america is____.a) widespread use of racist stereotypesb) prejudice against minority groupsc) deep-rooted socio-economic inequalityd) denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks38. what problem remains unsolved in the two reconstructions?a) differences between races are deliberately obscured.b) the blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor.c) there is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights.d) the interests of blacks are not protected by law.39. it is clear that the wealth enjoyed by most whites____.a) has resulted from business successes over the yearsb) has been accompanied by black capital formationc) has derived from sizable investments in educationd) has been accumulated from generations of slavery40. what does the author think of the current situation regarding racial discrimination?a) racism is not a major obstacle to blacks’ employment.b) inequality of many kinds remains virtually untouchedc) a major step has been taken towards reparations.d) little has been done to ensure blacks’ civil rights.part iii vocabulary (20 minutes)direction: there are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. for each sentence thereare four choices marked a), b), c) and d). choose the one answer that bestcompletes the sentence. then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet witha single line through the centre.41. because of the of its ideas, the book was in wide circulation both at home andabroad.a)originality b) subjectivityc) generality d) ambiguity42. with its own parliament and currency and a common ___ for peace, the europeanunion declared itself—in 11 official languages—open for business.a) inspiration b) assimilationc) intuition d) aspiration43. america has now adopted more _________ european-style inspection systems, and theincidence of food poisoning is falling.[page]a) discrete b) solemnc) rigorous d) autonomous44. mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an ___ spur toefficiency and innovation.a) extravagant b) exquisitec) intermittent d) indispensable45. in the late 19th century, jules verne, the master of science fiction, foresaw many of thetechnological wonders that are ___ today.a) transient b) commonplacec) implicit d) elementary46. i was so ___ when i used the automatic checkout lane in the supermarket for the firsttime.a) immersed b) assaultedc) thrilled d) dedicated47. his arm was ___ from the shark’s mouth and reattached, but the boy, who alreadydied, remained in a delicate condition.a)retrieved b) retainedc) repelled d) restored48. bill gates and walt disney are two people america has ___ to be the greatestamerican.a) appointed b) appeasedc) nicknamed d) dominated49. the ___ majority of citizens tend to believe that the death penalty will help decreasethe crime rate.a) overflowing b) overwhelmingc) prevalent d) premium50. we will also see a ___ increase in the number of televisions per household, as smalltv displays are added to clocks, coffee makers and smoke detectors.a) startling b) surpassingc) suppressing d) stacking51. the advance of globalization is challenging some of our most ___ values and ideas,including our idea of what constitutes “home”.a) enriched b) enlightenedc) cherished d) chartered52. researchers have discovered that ___ with animals in an active way may lower aperson’s blood pressure.a) interacting b) integratingc) migrating d) merging53. the beatles, the most famous british band of the 196.s, traveled worldwide for many years,_________ cultural barriers.a) transporting b) transplantingc) transferring d) transcending54. in his last years, henry suffered from a disease that slowly ___ him of much of hissight.a) relieved b) jeopardizedc) deprived d) eliminated55. weight lifting, or any other sport that builds up your muscles, can make bones become denserand less ___ to injury.a) attached b) pronec) immune d) reconciled56. he has ___ to museums hundreds of his paintings as well as his entire personalcollection of modern art.a) ascribed b) attributedc) designated d) donated57. erik’s website contains ___ photographs and hundreds of articles and short videosfrom his trip around the globe.[page]a) prosperous b) gorgeousc) spacious d) simultaneous58. optimism is a ___ shown to be associated with good physical health, less depressionand longer life.a) trail b) traitc) trace d) track59. the institution has a highly effective program which helps first-year students make asuccessful ___ into college life.a) transformation b) transmissionc) transition d) transaction60. philosophers believe that desire, hatred and envy are “negative emotions” which ___the mind and lead it into a pursuit of power and possessions.a) distort b) reinforcec) exert d) scramble61. the term “glass ceiling” was first used by the wall street journal to describe the apparentbarriers that prevent women from reaching the top of the corporate ___.a) seniority b) superiorityc) height d) hierarchy62. various efforts have been made over the centuries to predict earthquakes, including observinglights in the sky and ___ animal behavior.a) abnormal b) exoticc) absurd d) erroneous63. around 80 percent of the ___ characteristics of most white britons have beenpassed down from a few thousand ice age hunters.a) intelligible b) randomc) spontaneous d) genetic64. picasso gained popularity in the mid-20th century, which was ___ of a new attitudetowards modern art.a) informative b) indicativec) exclusive d) expressive65. the country was an island that enjoyed civilized living for a thousand years or more withlittle ___ from the outside world.a) disturbance b) discriminationc) irritation d) irregularity66. fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and ________ .a) stability b) capabilityc) durability d) availability67. back in the days when people traveled by horse and carriage, karl benz ___ the。

2008年英语试题

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner."Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by,unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating."Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck."Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck." (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restrictingaccess to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go," says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height - 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women - hasn't really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism," says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery playedin the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, suchan act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elementsin your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote "The A & P as a State of Mind" wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topicinto a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P "policy" he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in "A & P," the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling himto detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the "Origin of Species" is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that "I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree." (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: "Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music." (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

家庭暴力的英语作文

家庭暴力的英语作文Title: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Families。

Domestic violence is a serious issue that affects many families around the world. It can have a devastating impact on the victims, as well as the entire family unit. In this essay, we will explore the effects of domestic violence on families and discuss the importance of seeking help and support.First and foremost, domestic violence can have a profound impact on the physical and emotional well-being of the victims. The victims may suffer from physical injuries, such as bruises, broken bones, and even internal injuries. In addition to the physical harm, victims of domestic violence often experience emotional trauma, including anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. These effects can be long-lasting and can have a detrimental impact on the overall health and well-being of the victims.Furthermore, domestic violence can also have a significant impact on the children in the family. Witnessing violence between their parents can be extremely traumatic for children and can lead to a range of emotional and behavioral problems. Children who grow up in homes where domestic violence occurs are more likely to experience difficulties in school, have trouble forming healthy relationships, and may even become involved in violent behavior themselves. The impact of domestic violence on children can be far-reaching and can have long-term consequences for their development and well-being.In addition to the immediate effects on the victims and children, domestic violence can also have a lasting impact on the family unit as a whole. The presence of violence in the home can create a toxic and unstable environment, leading to increased conflict, stress, and dysfunction within the family. This can make it difficult for family members to communicate effectively, trust one another, and form healthy, supportive relationships. As a result, the family unit may become strained and may struggle to maintain a sense of cohesion and stability.It is important for families affected by domestic violence to seek help and support in order to address the impact of the violence and work towards healing and recovery. This may involve seeking assistance from law enforcement, domestic violence shelters, and counseling services. By seeking help, families can begin to address the trauma and damage caused by domestic violence and take steps towards rebuilding a safe and healthy environment for all members.In conclusion, domestic violence can have a profound impact on families, affecting the victims, children, and the family unit as a whole. It is crucial for families affected by domestic violence to seek help and support in order to address the impact of the violence and work towards healing and recovery. By doing so, families can begin to rebuild their lives and create a safe and healthy environment for all members.。

家暴的影响英语作文

家暴的影响英语作文Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse or family violence, is a pattern of behaviors used by one partneragainst another in an intimate relationship to gain ormaintain power and control. It is a significant and pervasive social issue that affects people in all walks of life, regardless of gender, age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, or cultural background. This essay aims toexplore the multifaceted impact of domestic violence on individuals, families, and society as a whole.Individual ImpactVictims of domestic violence often suffer profound psychological and physical consequences. The physicalinjuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe fractures and even life-threatening injuries. Thepsychological effects, however, can be even more debilitating, leading to long-term issues such as depression, anxiety,post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal tendencies. The trauma of abuse can also result in victims experiencing difficulties in forming and maintaining healthy relationships in the future.Effects on ChildrenChildren who witness or are exposed to domestic violence are at a higher risk of experiencing negative outcomes. Theymay develop behavioral problems, perform poorly in school, and exhibit aggressive or withdrawn behaviors. The exposure to violence in the home can also lead to emotional disturbances and attachment issues. In the long term, these children may be more likely to engage in violent behavior themselves or become victims of domestic violence later in life.Family DynamicsDomestic violence disrupts the harmony and stability of family life. It can lead to a breakdown in communication, eroding trust and mutual respect among family members. The cycle of violence can perpetuate across generations if not addressed, as children who grow up in violent homes may adopt similar behaviors in their adult relationships. This cycle can be broken through intervention and education, but it requires a concerted effort from the family and support services.Societal CostsThe societal costs of domestic violence are substantial, both in economic terms and in terms of the collective well-being. The financial burden includes direct costs such as medical expenses, legal fees, and lost wages for victims, as well as indirect costs like reduced productivity and increased reliance on social services. Moreover, the emotional toll on communities and the erosion of social trust contribute to a less cohesive and more fragmented society.Legal and Ethical ConsiderationsDomestic violence raises critical legal and ethical concerns. It challenges the fundamental principles of human rights and dignity, as it often involves the violation of an individual's right to personal safety and freedom from harm. Legal systems around the world have responded by enacting laws to protect victims and punish abusers. However, the effectiveness of these laws can be undermined by social attitudes that stigmatize victims or excuse the behavior of abusers.The Role of Support ServicesSupport services play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of domestic violence. Organizations that provide shelter, counseling, and legal assistance to victims are essential in helping them escape abusive situations and rebuild their lives. These services also work to raise awareness about domestic violence and advocate for policy changes to better protect victims.Prevention and InterventionPrevention and intervention strategies are key to reducing the prevalence of domestic violence. Education programs that teach about healthy relationship dynamics and respectful communication can help prevent abusive behaviors from developing. Early intervention is also vital; identifying and addressing the first signs of domestic violence can prevent situations from escalating.ConclusionIn conclusion, domestic violence is a complex issue with far-reaching effects that extend beyond the individuals directly involved. It impacts the mental and physical health of victims, disrupts family life, imposes significantsocietal costs, and challenges our ethical and legal norms. Addressing domestic violence requires a multifaceted approach that includes support for victims, prevention education, and legal reforms. By understanding the impact of domestic violence, we can work together to create a safer and more compassionate society for all.。

家暴英语作文翻译

家暴英语作文翻译Title: Domestic Violence。

Introduction:Domestic violence is a serious issue that affects individuals and families worldwide. It refers to any form of abusive behavior, be it physical, emotional, or psychological, within a domestic setting. This essay aims to shed light on the causes, consequences, and possible solutions to this pervasive problem.Body:1. Causes of Domestic Violence:Domestic violence can be attributed to various factors, including:Unhealthy power dynamics: When one partner seeks toexert control and dominance over the other, it can lead to abusive behavior.Learned behavior: Growing up in a violent household can normalize violence and perpetuate the cycle.Substance abuse: Alcohol or drug addiction can exacerbate violent tendencies and impair judgment.Societal norms: Traditional gender roles and societal expectations can contribute to power imbalances and violence within relationships.2. Consequences of Domestic Violence:The consequences of domestic violence are far-reaching and can affect victims physically, emotionally, and socially:Physical injuries: Victims may suffer from bruises, broken bones, or even life-threatening injuries.Emotional trauma: Survivors often experience anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Social isolation: The fear of judgment and stigma can lead victims to withdraw from friends, family, and social activities.Inter-generational impact: Children who witness domestic violence are more likely to become either victims or perpetrators themselves in the future.3. Solutions to Domestic Violence:Addressing domestic violence requires a multi-faceted approach involving individuals, communities, and governments:Education and awareness: Promoting awareness campaigns on the signs of domestic violence, its consequences, and available resources can help victims seek help.Legal protection: Governments should enforce strictlaws against domestic violence and ensure that victims have access to legal protection.Support systems: Establishing shelters, helplines, and counseling services can provide a safe space for victimsand help them rebuild their lives.Rehabilitation programs: Perpetrators of domestic violence should be provided with rehabilitation programs aimed at addressing their abusive behavior and preventing recidivism.Empowering survivors: Providing survivors withfinancial assistance, job training, and emotional support can help them regain control over their lives.Conclusion:Domestic violence is a deeply concerning issue that requires collective efforts from individuals, communities, and governments to eradicate. By addressing the root causes,raising awareness, and providing support to victims, we can create a society that is free from the shackles of domestic violence. It is our responsibility to stand up against this injustice and work towards a safer and more compassionate world for all.。

domestic violence

Domestic violenceDomestic violence (also known as family violence or domestic abuse) is a pattern of behavior which involves violence or other abuse by one person against another in a home or family setting. Domestic violence can take place in heterosexual and same-sex family relationships, and can involve violence against children in the family. It also includes violence committed by children toward either parent and other siblings. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is violence by a spouse or partner in an intimate relationship against the other spouse or partner. Intimate violence can take a number of forms including physical, verbal, emotional, economic and sexual abuse, which can range from subtle, coercive forms, to marital rape and to violent physical abuse such as female genital mutilation and acid throwing that results in disfigurement, maiming or death. Domestic murders include stoning, bride burning, honor killings and dowry deaths. Domestic violence affects men, women and children. Globally, however, a wife or female partner is more commonly the victim of such violence In some countries, particularly where there has been actual, or suspected infidelity by female partners, wife-beating is seen as justified by the majority of the population, and may be codified into law. Recent research has also shown there to be a direct and significant correlation between a country's level of gender equality, and actual rates of domestic violence.Both partners may also engage in abusive or violent behavior, or the victim may act in self-defense or retaliation. Whereas women who experience domestic violence, at least in the developed world, are often openly encouraged to report it to the authorities, it has been argued that domestic violence against men is most often unreported because of social norms and pressure against such reporting; those that do often face social stigma regarding their perceived lack of machismo and other denigrations of their masculinity.Domestic violence often occurs when the abuser believes that abuse is acceptable, justified, or unlikely to be reported. It may produce intergenerational cycles of abuse in children and other family members, who may feel that such violence is acceptable or condoned. Awareness, perception, definition and documentation of domestic violence differs widely from country to country. In abusive relationships, there may be a cycle of abuse during which tensions rise and an act of violence is committed, followed by a period of reconciliation and calm. Victims of domestic violence may be trapped in domestic violent situations through isolation, power and control, cultural acceptance, lack of financial resources, fear, shame or to protect children. As a result of abuse, victims may experience physical disabilities, chronic health problems, mental illness, limited finances, and poor ability to create healthy relationships. Victims may experience psychological problems, such as post-traumaticstress disorder. Children who live in a household with violence often show psychological problems from an early age, such as dysregulated aggression which may later contribute to continuing the legacy of abuse when they reach adulthood.[8] Domestic violence often happens in the context of forced or child marriage.[9Violence against womenCampaign against domestic violence in Uganda Main article: Violence against womenOne of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world is violence against women and girls. The United Nations Population Fund says that, "Worldwide one in three women will experience physical or sexual abuse in her lifetime."Wife beating was made illegal in all states of the United States by 1920. Although the exact rates are widely disputed, especially within the United States, there is a large body of cross-cultural evidence that women are subjected to domestic violence significantly more often than men. In addition, there is broad consensus that women are more often subjected to severe forms of abuse and are more likely to be injured by an abusive partner. The situation can be exacerbated if the woman is economically or socially dependent on the offender.The effects and causesThe social views on domestic violence vary from person to person, and from region to region, but in many places outside the West, the concept is very poorly understood. This is because in most of these countries the relation between the husband and wife is not considered one of equals, but instead one in which the wife must submit herself to the husband. This is codified in the laws of some countries – for example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.In conservative cultures, a wife dressing in attire deemed insufficiently modest can suffer serious violence at the hands of her husband or relatives, with such violent responses seen as appropriate by most of the society: in a survey, 62.8% of women in Afghanistan said that a husband is justified in beating his wife if she wears inappropriate clothes. According to Antonia Parvanova, one of the difficulties of dealing legally with the issue of DV is that men in many male dominatedsocieties do not understand that inflicting violence against their wives is against the law. She said, referring to a case that occurred in Bulgaria, "A husband was tried for severely beating his wife and when the judge asked him if he understood what he did and if he's sorry, the husband said “Butshe's my wife”. He doesn't even understand that he has no right to beat her."The causes of domestic violence are not made clear through research, but there are several factors that can result in violence. One of the most important is a belief that abuse, whether physical or verbal, is acceptable. Related to that, growing up in a violent home or living within a culture that accepts domestic violence are factors. Other factors are substance abuse, unemployment, psychological problems, poor coping skills, isolation, and excessive dependence on the abuser.Biological and psychological[edit]These factors include genetics and brain dysfunction and are studied by neuroscience.[242] Psychological theories focus on personality traits and mental characteristics of the offender. Personality traits include sudden bursts of anger, poor impulse control, and poor self-esteem. Various theories suggest that psychopathology and other personality disorders are factors, and that abuse experienced as a child leads some people to be more violent as adults. Correlation has been found between juvenile delinquency and domestic violence in adulthood.[243] Studies have found high incidence of psychopathy among abusers.[244][245][246] For instance, some research suggests that about 80% of both court-referred andself-referred men in these domestic violence studies exhibiteddiagnosable psychopathology, typically personality disorders. "The estimate of personality disorders in the general population would be more in the 15–20% range [...] As violence becomes more severe and chronic in the relationship, the likelihood of psychopathology in these men approaches 100%."[234] Dutton has suggested a psychological profile of men who abuse their wives, arguing that they have borderline personalities that are developed early in life.[247][248]However, these psychological theories are disputed: Gelles suggests that psychological theories are limited, and points out that other researchers have found that only 10% (or less) fit this psychological profile. He argues that social factors are important, while personality traits, mental illness, or psychopathy are lesser factors.[249][250][251]Psychiatric disorders are sometimes associated with domestic violence, such as borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, drug abuse, and alcoholism.[27] It is estimated that at least one-third of all abusers have some type of mental illness.[252]Many cases of domestic violence arise from the jealousy felt by one partner that they suspect their partner of being unfaithful or is planning to leave the relationship. Besides jealousy, the other partner may feel insulted by the rejection, which impacts on their self-esteem. Anevolutionary psychological explanation of such cases of domestic violence against a woman is that they represent male attempts to control female reproduction and ensure sexual exclusivity through violence or the threat of violence.[253][254] Though often jealousy is used as an excuse for the abusers behavior, most often it is just an excuse in order to exert more control over their partner and a blaming technique in order to isolate the victim further from friends and family. Violence related to extramarital relations is seen as justified in certain parts of the world. For instance, a survey in Diyarbakir, Turkey, found that, when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery, 37% of respondents said she should be killed, while 21% said her nose or ears should be cut off.[255]Similar feelings may at times be generated in a situation where one partner is doing better than the other, for example, when the woman is more successful than the husband.[253][254]On children[edit]Main article: Effects of domestic violence on children3.3 million children witness domestic violence each year in the US. There has been an increase in acknowledgment that a child who is exposed to domestic abuse during their upbringing will suffer developmental andpsychological damage During the mid 1990s, the Adverse Childhood Experiences study (ACE) found that children who were exposed to domestic violence and other forms of abuse had a higher risk of developing mental and physical health problems. Because of the awareness of domestic violence that some children have to face, it also generally impacts how the child develops emotionally, socially, behaviorally as well as cognitively.Some emotional and behavioral problems that can result due to domestic violence include increased aggressiveness, anxiety, and changes in how a child socializes with friends, family, and authorities. Depression, emotional insecurity, and mental health disorders can follow due to traumatic experiences. Problems with attitude and cognition in schools can start developing, along with a lack of skills such as problem-solving Correlation has been found between the experience of abuse and neglect in childhood and perpetrating domestic violence and sexual abuse in adulthood. Additionally, in some cases the abuser will purposely abuse the mother or father in front of the child to cause a ripple effect, hurting two victims simultaneously. Children may intervene when they witness severe violence against a parent, which can place a child at greater risk for injury or death. It has been found that children who witnessmother-assault are more likely to exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Consequences to these children are likely to bemore severe if their assaulted mother develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and does not seek treatment due to her difficulty in assisting her child with processing his or her own experience of witnessing the domestic violence.Family violence prevention in Australia and other countries has begun to focus on breaking intergenerational cycles; exposing children to family violence is child abuse. Some of the effects of Family Violence on children are highlighted in the Queensland Government and SunnyKids awareness raising campaign. PhysicalBruises, broken bones, head injuries, lacerations, and internal bleeding are some of the acute effects of a domestic violence incident that require medical attention and hospitalization. Some chronic health conditions that have been linked to victims of domestic violence are arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pain, pelvic pain, ulcers, and migraines. Victims who are pregnant during a domestic violence relationship experience greater risk of miscarriage, pre-term labor, and injury to or death of the fetus.Psychological[edit]Among victims who are still living with their perpetrators high amounts of stress, fear, and anxiety are commonly reported. Depression is alsocommon, as victims are made to feel guilty for …provoking‟ the abuse and are frequently subjected to intense criticism. It is reported that 60% of victims meet the diagnostic criteria for depression, either during or after termination of the relationship, and have a greatly increased risk of suicide. Women who are battered either emotionally or physically often are also depressed because of a feeling of worthlessness. These feelings often persist long-term and it is suggested that many receive therapy for it because of the heightened risk of suicide and other traumatic symptoms. In addition to depression, victims of domestic violence also commonly experience long-term anxiety and panic, and are likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder. The most commonly referenced psychological effect of domestic violence is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD (as experienced by victims) is characterized by flashbacks, intrusive images, exaggerated startle response, nightmares, and avoidance of triggers that are associated with the abuse These symptoms are generally experienced for a long span of time after the victim has left the dangerous situation. Many researchers state that PTSD is possibly the best diagnosis for those suffering from psychological effects of domestic violence, as it accounts for the variety of symptoms commonly experienced by victims of trauma.Daily activitiesWomen and children experiencing domestic violence undergo occupational apartheid; they are typically denied access to desired occupations. Abusive partners may limit occupations and create an occupationally-void environment which reinforces feelings of lowself-worth and poor self-efficacy in ability to satisfactorily perform everyday tasks. Survivors of domestic violence may experience a decline in the skills needed to carry out routine daily activities necessary to live independently in the community. This population often demonstrates difficulties in the areas of home maintenance, education, caregiving, and leisure participation. In addition, work is impacted by functional losses, ability to maintain necessary employment skills, and ability to function within the work place. Oftentimes the victims are very isolated from other relationships as well such as having few to no friends, this is another method of control for the abuserUntil quite recently, children had very few rights in regard to protection from violence by their parents, and still continue to do so in many parts of the world. Historically, fathers had virtually unlimited rights in regard to their children and how they chose to discipline them. In many cultures, such as in Ancient Rome, a father could legally kill his children; many cultures have also allowed fathers to sell their children into slavery. Childsacrifice was also a common practice.[357] Today, corporal punishment of children by their parents remains legal in most countries, but in Western countries that still allow the practice there are strict limits on what is permitted. The first country to outlaw parental corporal punishment was Sweden (parents' right to spank their own children was first removed in 1966,[358] and it was explicitly prohibited by law from July 1979. As of 2015, parental corporal punishment is banned in 46 countries.[337]。

家庭暴力 Domestic Violence 英语作文

Domestic Violence>Domestic Violence Essay:Domestic violence is the violence or abuse that is practised in a domestic setting –such as cohabitation or marriage. Domestic violence is not only physical. Domestic violence includes any behaviour that is practised to gain power and control over the victim.Domestic violence can be affecting people from all walks of life. It can be subjected towards a partner, spouse or intimate family member. Domestic violence is a learned behaviour and isnot practised due to any common excuses such as drugs or alcohol, anger or mental problem.Long and Short Essays on Domestic Violence for Students and Kids in EnglishWe are providing students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic Domestic Violence for reference.Long Essay on Domestic Violence 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on Domestic Violence is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.Domestic violence also referred to as or intimate partner violence or domestic abuse –takes place in an intimate relationship. Domestic violence can happen in both heterosexual relationships as well as same-sex relationships. Threatening a person is also a type of domestic abuse affecting the person mentally and emotionally. Any abusive relationship involves an imbalance of power and control being practised on the victim. An abuser to exercisecontrol over his or her partner uses harsh and hurtful words and behaviours.While some relationships are abusive from the outside, it might not be easy to identify domestic violence at first. While some relationships are abusive from the very beginning, abuse often starts subtly, and with time it gets worse. Domestic violence can be taking several forms –such as physical, economic, verbal, religious, emotional sexual and even reproductive.Acts of domestic violence may include persistent forms of marital rape. Also, violent physical abuse such as beating, choking, femalegenital mutilation and acid throwing that can lead to disfigurement and in extreme cases, death. Apart from these, calling the victim names to insult or put them down and preventing or discouraging the victim from going to work or school or even stopping them from seeing family members or friends.They are trying to control how one should spend their money or controlling what one wears. Acting jealous or possessive or even constantly accusing the victim of being unfaithful. These are also a few ways in which domestic violence is practised. On a worldwide basis, women areoverwhelmingly the victims of domestic violence. Also, women tend to be experiencing severe forms of violence. In some countries, cases of domestic violence are often seen as justified –especially in cases of suspected or actual disloyalty on the women’s part and are also legally permitted.Research has shown that there exists a significant and direct correlation between a country’s level of gender equality and domestic violence rates. Countries that experience higher rates of domestic violence have less gender equality. Domestic violence on a worldwidebasis is among the most underreported crimes globally for both women and men. Due to the presence of the social stigmas regarding victimization of male, men who are domestic violence victims face an increased likelihood of being overlooked by healthcare providers.Domestic violence often takes place when the abuser believes that the victim is subordinate to them, and it is the abuser’s entitlement, justified and acceptable. Domestic violence may produce a cycle of intergenerational abuse in children and other members of the family – as they feelthat this kind of behaviour is normal and acceptable.In an abusive relationship, there is a cycle of violence and abuse, which is committed by the abuser when there is a rise in tension or an act of violence is committed. It is then followed by a period of calm and reconciliation. Victims of domestic violence are stuck in domestic relationships or situations through the lack of financial resources, power and control, isolation, to protect a child, fear of cultural acceptance, traumatic bonding with the abuser or fear of shame.Short Essay on Domestic Violence 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on Domestic Violence is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.Domestic violence is a part of a relationship between two partners in which the abuser seeks to assert control and power over the victim. The abuser may use different forms of abuse to assert their power. Many individuals fail to identify themselves as abusers or victims as they may consider their abusive and traumatic experiences as a part of family conflicts that got out of control. Definition, perception, awarenessand documentation of domestic violence widely differ from country to country.Traditionally domestic violence was only associated with physical violence. Domestic violence involves not only physical but also emotional, psychological and sexual abuse. Manipulating the victim with the help of his or her children is also a type of domestic violence. The abuser may be isolating the victim from other people who may be assisting. Victims of abuse may experience mental illness, physical disabilities, dysregulated aggression, psychological disorders such as Post TraumaticStress Disorder, chronic health issues and poor ability at creating healthy relationships.10 Lines on Domestic Violence in EnglishDomestic violence can be practised in many forms including physical, emotional and sexual abuse.A purple ribbon symbolizes and promotes the awareness of domestic violence.Domestic violence, in its broadest sense, also includes violence against parents or the elderly and children.Domestic violence –more than car accidents, rape and mugging combined –is the leading cause of injury of women.Domestic violence often happens in cases of child or forced marriages.Children who grow up in a household with violence often show psychological issues from an early age.An intimate partner or family member may commit domestic violence.The abuser may seek to isolate the victim from near and dear ones.Before the mid-1800s wife-beating valid considered as a reasonable practice, for the husband to exercise control over his wife.85% of victims of domestic violence are women.FAQ’s on Domestic Violence EssayQuestion 1.What are the different forms of domestic violence?Answer:Physical, emotional, verbal, economical, religious, sexual or reproductive.Question 2.How to come out of an abusive relationship?Answer:The first step of getting out of an abusive relationship is identifying the relationship as abusive.Question 3.Which country has the highest rate of domestic violence?Answer:New Zealand has the highest rate of reported domestic violence cases.。

关于家庭暴力的影响和原因英语作文

关于家庭暴力的影响和原因英语作文The Impact and Causes of Domestic ViolenceDomestic violence is a serious issue that affects millions of people around the world. It refers to any form of abuse or violence that occurs within a domestic or family setting. This includes physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse. The impact of domestic violence can be devastating, not only for the victims but also for their families and communities. In this essay, we will discuss the impact and causes of domestic violence.One of the most significant impacts of domestic violence is the physical harm that it inflicts on the victims. Physical abuse can result in injuries ranging from bruises and cuts to broken bones and internal organ damage. In severe cases, domestic violence can even lead to death. The psychological impact of domestic violence is also profound. Victims often experience feelings of fear, shame, guilt, and helplessness. They may suffer from depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other mental health issues.Domestic violence can have long-lasting effects on individuals and families. Children who witness domestic violenceare more likely to develop behavioral problems, cognitive difficulties, and emotional disturbances. They may also be at higher risk of becoming victims or perpetrators of domestic violence in the future. Victims of domestic violence may struggle with trust issues, low self-esteem, and difficulties forming healthy relationships. They may also face barriers to seeking help and support due to feelings of shame and stigma.There are numerous factors that contribute to the prevalence of domestic violence. One of the main causes is gender inequality. In many societies, women are still often seen as inferior to men and are subjected to discrimination and violence. This unequal power dynamic can lead to domestic violence, with the perpetrator using physical or emotional abuse to assert control over the victim. Cultural and societal norms that condone violence and aggression can also contribute to the perpetuation of domestic violence.Other factors that contribute to domestic violence include substance abuse, mental illness, and socioeconomic factors. Individuals who abuse drugs or alcohol may be more prone to engaging in violent behavior. Similarly, individuals with mental health issues may struggle to regulate their emotions and impulses, leading to outbursts of violence. Economic stress andinstability can also increase the likelihood of domestic violence, as financial difficulties can create tension and conflict within families.In order to address the impact and causes of domestic violence, it is essential to implement preventive measures and provide support services to victims. Education and awareness campaigns can help raise public awareness about the issue and challenge harmful attitudes and beliefs that contribute to domestic violence. Law enforcement and legal systems must take domestic violence seriously and hold perpetrators accountable for their actions. Support services such as counseling, shelters, and hotlines can provide victims with the help and resources they need to leave abusive situations and heal from the trauma of domestic violence.In conclusion, domestic violence has a profound impact on individuals, families, and communities. It is a complex issue with multiple causes, including gender inequality, cultural norms, substance abuse, mental illness, and socioeconomic factors. By addressing these causes and implementing preventive measures, we can work towards creating a society free from domestic violence, where everyone can live in safety and dignity.。

2006年6月英语六级真题(含答案)

2006年6月英语六级真题Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies. Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what‟s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, i ndividual, family, peer, school, and community factors” as all playing their parts.Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals.The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality (因果关系). Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including theAmerican Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies… point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connectio n.The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read …aggressive‟ or …non-aggressive‟ words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.Another appropriate ster would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is,of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.21. Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?A) There is a lot of violence in the real world today.B) Something has gone wrong with today‟s society.C) Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.D) Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.22. What is the skeptics (Line 3. Para.3) view of media violence?A) Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.B) Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.C) A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.D) The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.23. The author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1. Para.5) to refer to those who ______.A) use standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceB) initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityC) assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviorD) use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior24. In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging____.A) the source and amount of their dataB) the targets of their observationC) their system of measurementD) their definition of violence25. What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?A) More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.B) It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.C) The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.D) He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Y ou’re in trouble if you have to buy your own brand-name prescription drugs. Over the past decade, prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate. Treatments for chronic conditions can easily top ＄2,000 a month-no wonder that one in four Americans can’s afford to fill their prescriptions. The solution? A hearty chorus of “O Canada.” North of the border, where price controls reign, those same brand-name drugs cost 50% to 80% less.The Canadian option is fast becoming a political wake-up call, “If our neighbors can buy drugs at reasonable prices, why can‟t we?” Even to whisper that thought provokes anger.“Un-American!”And-the propagandists’trump card (王牌)—“Wreck our brilliant health-care system.” Super-size drug prices, they claim, fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs. No sky-high drug price today, no cure for cancer tomorrow. So shut up and pay up. Common sense tells you that‟s a false alternative. The reward for finding. Say, a cancer cure is so huge that no one‟s going to hang it up. Nevertheless, if Canada-level pricing came to the United States, the industry‟s profit margins would drop and the pace of new-drug development would slow. Here lies the American dilemma. Who is all this splendid medicine for? Should ourhealth-care system continue its drive toward the best of the best, even though rising numbers of patients can‟t afford it? Or should we direct our wealth toward letting everyone in on today‟s level of care? Measured by saved lives, the latter is almost certainly the better course.To defend their profits, the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies(药房) not to sell to Americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those who dare.Meanwhile, the administration is playing the fear card. Officials from the Food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake, mishandled, or even a potential threat to life.Do bad drugs fly around the Internet? Sure-and the more we look, the more we’ll find, But I haven‟t heard of any raging epid emics among the hundreds of thousands of people buyingcross-border.Most users of prescription drugs don’s worry about costs a lot.They’re sheltered by employee insurance, owing just a $20 co-pay.The financial blows rain, instead, on the uninsured, especially the chronically ill who need expensive drugs to live, This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare, who‟ll have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit that starts in 2006.26. What is said about the consequence of the rocketing drug prices in the U.S.?A) A quarter of Americans can‟t afford their prescription drugs.B) Many Americans can‟t afford to see a doctor when they fall ill.C) Many Americans have to go to Canada to get medical treatment.D) The inflation rate has been more than doubled over the years.27. It can be inferred that America can follow the Canadian model and curb its soaring drug prices by _____.A) encouraging people to buy prescription drugs onlineB) extending medical insurance to all its citizensC) importing low-price prescription drugs from CanadaD) exercising price control on brand-name drugs28. How do propagandists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy?A) Low prices will affect the quality of medicines in America.B) High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs.C) Low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers.D) High-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases.29. What should be the priority of America‟s hea lth-care system according to the author?A) To resolve the dilemma in the health-care system.B) To maintain America‟s lead in the drug industry.C) To allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits.D) To quicken the pace of new drug development.30. What are American drug companies doing to protect their high profits?A) Labeling drugs bought from Canada as being fakes.B) Threatening to cut back funding for new drug research.C) Reducing supplies to uncooperative Canadian pharmacies.D) Attributing the raging epidemics to the ineffectiveness of Canadian drugs.Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Age has its privileges in America. And one of the more prominent of them is the senior citizen discount. Anyone who has reached a certain age-in some cases as low as 55-is automatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Eligibility is determined not by one‟s need but by the date on one‟s birth certificate. Practically unheard of a generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses-as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them；yet，millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent (有支付能力的). Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that “elderly” and “needy” are synonymous (同义的).Perhaps that once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population. To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and manyolder Americans are poor, But most of them aren‟t. It is impossible to determine the impact of the discounts on individual companies. For many firms, they are a stimulus to revenue. But in other cases the discounts are given at the expense.Directly or indirectly, of younger Americans. Moreover, they are a direct irritant in what some politicians and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations.Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits，which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old. Employment is another sore point, Buoyed (支持) by laws and court decisions, more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job-thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers.Far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don‟t need them.It no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deserve priority over those of others. Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people can’t take care of themselves and need special treatment；and they threaten the creation of a new myth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other age groups. Senior citizen discounts are the essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting against-discrimination by age.31. We learn from the first paragraph that____.A) offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practiceB) senior citizen discounts have enabled many old people to live a decent lifeC) giving senior citizens discounts has boosted the market for the elderlyD) senior citizens have to show their birth certificates to get a discount32. What assumption lies behind the practice of senior citizen discounts?A) Businesses, having made a lot of profits, should do something for society in return.B) Old people are entitled to special treatment for the contribution they made to society.C) The elderly, being financially underprivileged，need humane help from society.D) Senior citizen discounts can make up for the inadequacy of the Social Security system.33. According to some politicians and scholars, senior citizen discounts will___.A) make old people even more dependent on societyB) intensify conflicts between the young and the oldC) have adverse financial impact on business companiesD) bring a marked increase in the companies revenues34. How does the author view the Social Security system?A) It encourages elderly people to retire in time.B) It opens up broad career prospects for young people.C) It benefits the old at the expense of the youngD) It should be reinforced by laws and court decisions35. Which of the following best summarizes the author‟s main argument?A) Senior citizens should fight hard against age discrimination.B) The elderly are selfish and taking senior discounts for granted.C) Priority should be given to the economic needs of senior citizens.D) Senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age discriminat ion.Passage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for ＄500. For his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual.”But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century. The fundamental problem of American democracy in t he 21st century is the problem of “structural racism” the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference. Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellowcitizens?This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy.The First Reconstruction (1865-1877) ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights,but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. The promise of “40 acres and a mule (骡子)”was for most blacks a dream deferred (尚未实现的).The Second Reconstruction (1954-1968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights . But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans‟ lives.The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor. Many white institutions, including some leading universities,insurance companies and banks, profited from slavery. This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today.Demanding reparations (赔偿) is not just about compensation for slavery and segregation. It is, more important, an educational campa ign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits” of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. Structural racism‟s barriers include “equity inequity.” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct c onsequence of America‟s history. One third of all black households actually have negative net wealth. In 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was ＄16,400, less than one fifth that of white families.Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites.Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions.During the 1990-91 recession. African-Americans suffered disproportionately. At Coca-Cola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. At Sears, 54 percent were black, Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or early-stage cancer surgery.36. To the author, the auction of his great-grandfather is a typical example of____.A) crime against humanityB) unfair business transactionC) racial conflicts in GeorgiaD) racial segregation in America37. The barrier to democracy in 21st century America is____.A) widespread use of racist stereotypesB) prejudice against minority groupsC) deep-rooted socio-economic inequalityD) denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks38. What problem remains unsolved in the two Reconstructions?A) Differences between races are deliberately obscured.B) The blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor.C) There is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights.D) The interests of blacks are not protected by law.39. It is clear that the wealth enjoyed by most whites____.A) has resulted from business successes over the yearsB) has been accompanied by black capital formationC) has derived from sizable investments in educationD) has been accumulated from generations of slavery40. What does the author think of the current situation regarding racial discrimination?A) Racism is not a major obstacle to blacks‟ employment.B) Inequality of many kinds remains virtually untouchedC) A major step has been taken towards reparations.D) Little has been done to ensure blacks‟ civil rights.21 D) Showing violence is thought to be entertaining22 B) Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.23 C) assert a direct line between violent media and aggressive behavior.24 D) their definition of violence25 A) More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.26 A) A quarter of Americans can't afford their prescription drubs.27 D) exercising price control on brand-name drugs.28 B) High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs.29 C) To allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits.30 C) Reducing supplies to uncooperative Canadian pharmacies.31 A) offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practice32 C) The elderly, being financ ially underprivileged, need human help from society.33 B) intensify conflicts between the young and the old34 C) It benefits the old at the expense of the young.35 D) Senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age36 A) crime against humanity37 C) deep-rooted socio-economic inequality38 B) The blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor39 D) has been accumulated from generations of slavery40 B) Inequality of many kinds remains virtually untouched.。

讨论家暴问题英语

讨论家暴问题英语Domestic Violence: A Discussion on a Lurking ProblemIntroductionDomestic violence is a pressing issue that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a form of abuse that occurs within relationships, usually involving intimate partners or family members. This article will explore the problem of domestic violence, its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.Understanding Domestic ViolenceDomestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), refers to a pattern of coercive behaviors employed by one person to gain power and control over another individual within an intimate relationship. It includes physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse, as well as psychological manipulation. This problem is not bound by societal factors such as race, religion, or socioeconomic status; it occurs across all demographics.Causes of Domestic ViolenceWhile the exact causes of domestic violence are complex and multifaceted, certain factors contribute to its occurrence. One major factor is a history of violence and abuse within the abuser's family or upbringing. Additionally, substance abuse, financial stress, and mental health issues can amplify the likelihood of engaging in violent behavior. However, it is essential to note that none of these factors justify or excuse domestic violence.Consequences of Domestic ViolenceThe consequences of domestic violence can be devastating for the victims and the wider society. Firstly, victims can experience physical injuries, ranging from bruises and fractures to severe trauma or even death. Moreover, the emotional and psychological impact can be long-lasting, leading to depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Furthermore, children who witness or experience domestic violence are more likely to develop behavioral problems, suffer from low self-esteem, and perpetuate the cycle of violence in their own relationships. The economic burden of domestic violence is also significant, with costs incurred due to healthcare, legal proceedings, and lost productivity.Addressing Domestic ViolenceTo combat domestic violence effectively, it requires a multifaceted approach involving individuals, communities, and policymakers. Firstly, raising awareness is crucial, as many victims remain silent due to fear, shame, or societal stigmatization. Educating the public on recognizing the signs of abuse and encouraging reporting is vital.Secondly, support systems and resources need to be readily available for victims. Shelters, helplines, counseling services, and legal aid should be easily accessible to ensure the safety and recovery of survivors.Legal measures play a significant role in combating domestic violence. Stricter laws and harsher penalties for abusers can act as a deterrent and provide justice to victims. Moreover, implementing restraining orders,ensuring swift prosecution, and improving coordination among law enforcement agencies are imperative for safeguarding the vulnerable.Prevention efforts are equally essential in breaking the cycle of violence. Education programs in schools should focus on teaching healthy relationships, conflict resolution, and gender equality. By challenging traditional gender roles and promoting respect, empathy, and non-violence, future generations can be equipped to reject abusive behavior.ConclusionDomestic violence is a grave issue that demands urgent attention. By understanding its causes, consequences, and implementing effective solutions, society can strive towards creating safe and supportive environments for all individuals. Combating domestic violence requires collective effort, compassion, and a commitment to fostering healthy relationships built on respect and equality. Together, we can work towards ending the cycle of abuse and creating a brighter future for generations to come.。

domestic_violence家庭暴力

Title: Is domestic violence a “purely ‘private’ problem” or a “national social problem”? Illustrate your answer with appropriate research.Domestic violence is no longer a ‘privateproblem’BSc (Hons) Criminology & Criminal JusticeName: Guo BinghuiIntroductionDomestic violence has a quite long history. Before the fourteenth century, there is a recorded case of a woman seeking escape from her abusive husband (Lorna and Smith, 1989). However, at that time, domestic violence was considered as part of the private sphere of family life, thus people believed that domestic violence against women was only a purely private problem that happened closed doors. However, domestic violence has been beginning to affect society and has become a pervasive social matter which has large influenced health of our community. Pryke and Thomas (1998) claim that domestic violence is related to the fact that women suffer structural disadvantages and discrimination in a society which is dominated by men. The problem exists in the whole world and in all social classes and it affects women's employment and their ability to implement their working duties fully. Most of the early study into domestic violence are often focussed on the individual causes, such as mental ill, alcohol and drugs, thus neglected social factors. In fact, according to studies for domestic violence currently, most scholars consider domestic violence belongs to a national social problem over private problem. The aim of this essay is to discuss the fact that domestic is a social problem. The discussion will be divided into three parts: firstly, we must understand what domestic violence is and its causes. Next, this essay states feminists’ view to explain that domestic violence is social problem. Finally, this essay argues relationship between crime, economy and employment and domestic violence.What is domestic violenceBefore arguing the problem, firstly, what domestic violence is should be considered. Sarantakos (2001) claims that it is a precondition of effective domestic violence research to have a clear and accurate definition. There are many different definitions of domestic violence. According to Women’s Aid:Domestic violence is physical, sexual, psychological or financial violencethat takes place within an intimate or family-type relationship and that formsa pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour. (Women’s Aid, 2005: 2)However, there is no agreed definition because there are different perspectives. For example, the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CFCASS) (2007) refers to:Patterns of behaviour characterised by the misuse of power and control byone person over another who are or have been in an intimate relationship. Itcan occur in mixed gender relationships and same gender relationships andhas profound consequences for the lives of children, individuals, families andcommunities. (CFCASS, 2007: 2)Although a few researchers consider that these definitions of domestic violence are narrow, not representative and discriminatory, there are similar features in the definitions. The first corresponding point is that perpetrator and victim have an intimate relationship, such as married partners, cohabitants, gay and lesbian couples. Secondly, there is an abuse of power and control, such as coercion, isolation, intimidation and threats.Causes of domestic violenceAbusers choose violence to gain or maintain power and control they want over the victim. Their behaviour is often linked to a lot of causes. There are many different theories which analyse the causes of domestic violence. They include social theories which consider external factors, such as family structure, stress and social learning and psychological theories which consider personality traits and mental characteristics of the offender (Women’s Aid, 2005). Some writers argue that the real cause of domestic violence should be psychological factor and its value should be higher than value of social, cultural and economic factors (Sarantakos, 2001). However, most of researchers believe that violence is caused by men and psychological factors are only a private matter, therefore, policies should be towards punishing men and protecting women (Sarantakos, 2001).However, other factors are concerned with domestic violence including religion, alcohol and drugs, mental illness and classism. First, in some countries, religion plays a significant role in society and there is a long history of religion affecting family,especially in the Arabian and European areas (Pryke and Thomas, 1998). Followers of certain faiths may believe that women are men’s subordination and only men’s can possess of power. For example, in Northern Ireland there is a great proportion of Catholic (17%) and Protestant (15%) respondents which claimed to have been victims of some of domestic violence at home at some time (Freel, R. and Robinson, E., 2005: 5). Second, many researchers argue whether alcohol and drug leads abusers to abuse their victims. According to Women’s Aid (2005), some people who drink heavily or take drugs do not abuse their partner or family members and they consider that using alcohol and drugs is only abuser’s excuse for behaviour ( Women’s Aid, 2005). They may say “I was drunk” or “I don’t remember”. However, other people claim that a small number of people do not still control own awareness and knowledge after drinking and taking drug. So the cause is still argued. Third, mental illness is also weak factor as it has to be judged whether there is an awareness and knowledge about the consequences of his actions. If the abuser is random and unpredictable, mental illness is possibility (Women’s Aid, 2005). Finally, Johnson et al. (2004) consider that poor families are more likely to experience domestic violence. Because of various causes such low-income, housing problem and unemployment, people in the pooper classes often have more violent behaviour around them, so Muncie and McLaughlin (2001) claim that domestic violence occur easier in the blue-collar class than in white-collar class.Feminist discourses on domestic violenceFeminism has played a significant role in tackling the real problem of domestic violence. Since the 1970s, feminists began a number of small and large types of campaign, which first focused on rape and domestic violence. The political campaigning movements successfully made government understand that domestic violence was not just private problem. In 1975, a report from a House of Commons Select Committee on Violence in Marriage established the abuse of women within their homes as social problem (Muncie and McLaughlin, 2001: 208), but not as crime. Dobash, R. and Dobash, E. (1999) claim that domestic violence is an intentionalbehaviour, which is chosen by men as an approach related to controlling and dominating women.Most feminists agree that all violence reflects unequal power relationship, so domestic violence is also a reflection of unequal power between men and women (Lorna and Smith, 1989). For example, liberal feminists consider that domestic violence is a product of sexual discrimination and focus on inequality between male and female. However, socialist feminist believe that it is a product of a patriarchal capitalist. Dobash, R. and Dobash, E. (1999) utilize patriarchy to explain why women do not leave when domestic takes place. Patriarchy is made up of two elements: the structural and the ideological. The former is a “social institution which defines and maintains women’s subordinate position and thus prevents them from influencing or changing the social order and the latter is the socialisation process which ensures acceptance of that order” (Lorna and Smith, 1989: 23). In contrast to liberal feminism, radical feminists emphasize man’s control and dominance over women and they focus more on the problem of men’s oppression of women rather than on the other social factors that lead to women’s subordination (Walklate, 2004). Other radical feminists presume that all men use the same way in violence towards women to express their masculinity (Walklate, 2004).Domestic violence is a ‘criminal behaviour’According to British Crime Survey (BCS) (1996), in the UK, since 1981 the largest rise in violent crimes has been in incidents of domestic violence and two females are killed by their partner or ex-partner for one week (cited in Walby, S. and Allen, J., 2004). In Northern Ireland, there are more than four times as many domestic related crimes as drug offences (Women’s aid, 2005). Based on the statistics we find that domestic violence has not only been a purely private problem, but has been a problem of crime. This reason is that in the behaviours of domestic violence there are lots of serious violence behaviour, such as murder, attempted murder, attempted rape and sex with rape. The statistics from Women’s Aid (2005) indicate that 20% of all attempted murders have a domestic motivation in Northern Ireland. Domestic violence has beenconcerned with criminal behaviour. Julian (1980) claim that “crime is widely seen as one of our most pressing social problem” (Julian, 1980: 162), so domestic violence should be a national social problem and need be intervened by some strong strategies of state. However, in the past, most of law can less consider female’s right and protection of female. During the nineteenth century, feminists raised movements, which changed laws for protecting women’ rights (Edwards, 1989). After that, government reform and constitute relational laws. For example, in 1853 the Aggravated Assault Act “devised for the better prevention and punishment of aggravated assaults upon women and children” (Edwards, 1989: 52). Next, government found the Governor’s Committee on Domestic Violence with responsibility for controlling violence behaviour(Pryke and Thomas, 1998). The method in the limited extent restricts appearance of behaviour of domestic violence.Social-economic and domestic violenceThere are a lot of forms of domestic violence which are related to lack of access to economic resources. Reverend Lke, New York City black minister, said that “The lack of money is the root of all evil” (McVeigh, F. and Shostak, A., 1978: 231). The abuser desires to obtain power by controlling victim’s financial resources. This is a typical type of domestic violence which takes place the low income households. Under these conditions, victims can not usually leave the family because women may ‘have not real access to the family income’ (Pryke and Thomas, 1998: 74) and cannot survive financially upon leaving the family. The result is that violent behaviour will continue to form a cycle. Johnson et al. (2004) believe that abusers create economic dependency by bereaving their partners of access to family and personal income. On the other hand, domestic violence also results in lower income households. For example, violent partners often have many physical abuses such as hitting, nipping, punching and starving, and as a result, victims have to disrupt employment or “escape the violence and rebuild a new household”(Walby, S. and Allen, J., 2004: 48).Impact on EmploymentDomestic violence also impacts on women’ employment and this violence often takes place in the workplace. According to Kury and Smartt (2006), in UK there were 1.7 million records which were reported to attack on women in the workplace between 1993 and 1997. In America, current or former husbands and boyfriends commit more than 13,000 non-fatal acts of aggression or harassment against women on the job (Manitoba Women’s Directorate, 2002). However, domestic violence has not been a private problem any more. The violent behaviour makes employees suffer anxiety, stress and trauma. They even fear other employees focus on their body. The result of stress will lead to reduce productivity and absenteeism. Seriously, they will lose their jobs and link to a low-income. Furthermore, security professionals consider that domestic violence is a high security problem for businesses, since it directly influences a company’s productivity, morale and profits (Kury and Smartt, 2006). Kury and Smartt (2006) believe that this is a hidden cost, such cost to employ because of employee absences and a high sickness rate. In USA, 7.9 million workdays are lost every year due to domestic violence and there is a loss more than $700 million annually (Manitoba Women’s Directorate, 2002). Domestic violence has badly affect development of business, but then companies have taken some effective measures. Firstly, they offer trainings and workshops about domestic violence, which help employers and employees understand domestic violence and prevent it. Secondly, companies develop a domestic violence prevention policy for assisting employees who report status that she deal with problem at home and this policy also help protect the victim and other employees.ConclusionAs has been discussed above, domestic violence from private sphere has come into public sphere. It has not been a purely private matter but has been a national social matter, as it has been concerned with relational social problems, such as crime, employment and economy. At the same time, Researchers also tend to focus more on social causes which lead to domestic violence, such as social stress, religion and classism, but not private causes which are doubted by many researchers, such asmental illness and alcohol and drugs. Therefore, domestic violence has gradually received adequate attention in the community, as violate victims’ right is not only violated but socio-economic development of country is also affected. The state has tried to reduce domestic violence by legislative changes and the local government and social institutions also respond to this problem and invest in protecting victims and prevention. This essay is only a limited discussion and relationship between domestic violence and social problems is not only several aspects, so domestic violence need be continued to explore and researchers should find some more effective strategies to respond to this problem.(2160 words)BibliographyCFCASS (2007), Domestic Violence Assessment Policy, Available from:/English/Publications/consultation/04DecDV%20Policy.pdf. [Accessed 21st Nov. 2007]Dobash, R. and Dobash, E. (1999) Changing Violent Men, London: Sage.Edwards (1989) Policing ‘Domestic’ violence, London: Sage.Freel, R. & Robinson, E. (2005) Experience of Domestic Violence in Northern Ireland: Finding from the 2003/04 Northern Ireland Crime Survey. NIO Research & Statistical Bulletin 5/2005. Belfast: NIO.Johnson et al. (2004) Consequences of Male Partner Violence for Low-Income Minority Women, Journal of Marriage and Family. 66, 472-490.Julian (1980) Social Problems 3rd edition. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Kury, H. and Smartt, U. (2006) Domestic Violence: Recent Developments in German and English Legislation and Law Enforcement, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 14(4), 382-407.Lorna and Smith (1989) Domestic Violence, London: HMSO.Manitoba Women’s Directorate (2002) Domestic Violence Prevention: A Workplace Initiative. Available from:http:// .mb.ca/wa/pdf_files/dvbook.pdf. [Accessed 21st Nov. 2007] McVeigh, F. and Shostak, A. (1978)Modern social problems, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Muncie and McLaughlin (2001) The problem of Crime 2nd edition, London: Sage. Pryke and Thomas (1998) Domestic Violence and Social Work, Aldershot: Ashgate. Sarantakos (2001)Domestic Violence Policies: Where Did We Go Wrong? Nuance, 26(3), 45-69.Walklate (2004) Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice 2nd edition, Devon: Willan Publishing.Walby, S. and Allen, J. (2004) Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British, London: Home Office.Women’s Aid (2005) Domestic Violence: Frequently Asked Questions Factsheet 2004/05.Available from: http:// /downloads/FAQs.pdf. [Accessed 21st Nov. 2007]。

大学四级英语段落翻译

大学四级英语段落翻译原文：家庭暴力domestic violence指的是在亲密关系intimatereiationship中一方对另一方的虐待。

通常来说，受害者是儿童和妇女。

在中国古代，人们认为男人有权利惩罚他的孩子和妻子。

广义上讲，家庭暴力不局限于明显的身体暴力，它也有许多其他的形式。

关于家庭暴力产生的原因，出现了许多不同的理论，比如犯罪者的性格和心理特征。

外部因素也有影响，比如犯罪者所处的环境。

然而，没有一种理论能涵盖所有情况。

参考译文：Domestic violence refers to the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate monly the victims are children and women.In ancient China, people believe that a man hasthe right to punish his children and wife.In a broad sense, domestic violence is not limited to obvious physical violence.There are many otherforms of violence.Many different theories arebrought up as to the causes of domestic violence,such as the the perpetrators'personality and mental characteristics.External factors also play a part,such as theperpetrators'surroundings.However, no theory seems to cover all cases.原文：大多数时候，留守儿童leftoverchildren的问题很大程度上源于缺乏父母的情感关怀。

家庭暴力原因英语作文

家庭暴力原因英语作文英文回答：Domestic violence is a prevalent and devastating problem that impacts countless families and individuals worldwide. The causes of domestic violence are complex and multifaceted, reflecting a combination of individual, societal, and cultural factors. Understanding these underlying causes is essential for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies.Individual Factors:Personality disorders: Individuals with certain personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder or borderline personality disorder, may be more likely to engage in violent behavior, including domestic violence.Childhood trauma: Exposure to childhood trauma,including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, canincrease the risk of perpetrating or experiencing domestic violence in adulthood.Substance abuse: Alcohol and drug abuse can impair judgment, reduce inhibitions, and increase aggression, increasing the likelihood of domestic violence.Mental health issues: Certain mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder, can contribute to domestic violence by exacerbating stress, triggering emotional outbursts, or impairing impulse control.Societal Factors:Gender inequalities: Gender inequality and power imbalances within society perpetuate a culture thattolerates violence against women. Traditional gender roles that promote male dominance and female subordination create an environment conducive to domestic violence.Poverty and economic hardship: Economic stress and financial insecurity can increase the risk of domestic violence by elevating levels of frustration, anger, and conflict within families.Social isolation: Lack of social support and isolation can limit an individual's ability to seek help or escape a violent situation.Cultural norms: Certain cultural norms that condone or minimize domestic violence perpetuate the problem within communities. Patriarchal societies, for example, may view violence against women as acceptable or even justified.Cultural Factors:Cultural beliefs and values: Cultural beliefs that emphasize the importance of family honor or obedience to authority figures can create a context in which domestic violence is rationalized or excused.Socialization practices: Gender socializationpractices that promote aggression in boys and passivity in girls perpetuate a cycle of violence that can manifest in domestic relationships.Historical trauma: Historical experiences of trauma, such as slavery or colonization, can contribute to intergenerational cycles of violence, including domestic violence.Addressing the causes of domestic violence requires a multi-faceted approach that involves individual counseling and treatment, community education and outreach programs, social and economic policies that promote gender equality and reduce poverty, and cultural shifts that challenge harmful norms and beliefs.中文回答：家庭暴力原因：个人因素：童年创伤。

英文反家暴作文素材

英文反家暴作文素材1. It's not okay to hurt someone you're supposed to love. It's not okay to use your power to control and manipulate someone else. It's not okay to make someone feel small and worthless. It's not okay to be violent and abusive.2. Domestic violence is a serious issue that affects millions of people around the world. It can happen to anyone, regardless of their age, gender, race, or socioeconomic status. It's a problem that is often hidden behind closed doors, but it's important to speak out and seek help.3. The effects of domestic violence can be long-lasting and devastating. It can cause physical injuries, emotional trauma, and psychological damage. It can also create a cycle of abuse that is passed down from generation to generation.4. It's important for victims of domestic violence to know that they are not alone. There are people and organizations out there that can help and support them.It's important to reach out for help and to create a safety plan to escape the abusive situation.5. It's also important for friends, family members, and bystanders to speak up and intervene if they suspect that someone is being abused. It's not enough to turn a blind eye and pretend that everything is okay. We all have a responsibility to protect and support each other.6. Education and awareness are key in preventing domestic violence. We need to teach young people about healthy relationships, consent, and respect. We need to challenge the attitudes and beliefs that perpetuate violence and inequality.7. It's time to break the silence and end the cycle of domestic violence. We need to create a society where everyone feels safe and valued. We need to stand up against abuse and work towards a future free from violence.。

暴力的例子英语作文

暴力的例子英语作文Title: Exploring Instances of Violence in Society。

Violence, in its various manifestations, permeates societies worldwide, leaving a profound impact onindividuals and communities. From physical aggression to psychological abuse, violence manifests in multifaceted ways, often causing significant harm and perpetuatingcycles of suffering. In this essay, we delve into diverse examples of violence prevalent in contemporary society, shedding light on its detrimental effects and theimperative for collective action to mitigate its prevalence.One prominent form of violence is physical aggression, which ranges from domestic abuse to public confrontations. Domestic violence, for instance, occurs within intimate relationships, wherein one partner exerts control and power over the other through physical force or intimidation. Victims of domestic violence endure not only bodily harmbut also psychological trauma, trapped in cycles of fearand insecurity. Similarly, public confrontations, such as brawls or riots, highlight the destructive potential of unchecked aggression, often fueled by underlying tensions and societal disparities.Beyond physical violence, verbal and emotional abuse represent insidious forms of aggression prevalent in various contexts. Cyberbullying, facilitated by digital platforms, subjects individuals to relentless harassment and humiliation, eroding their mental well-being and sense of security. Moreover, workplace harassment, characterized by demeaning remarks or discriminatory behavior, perpetuates hostile environments and underminesindividuals' dignity and professional aspirations. The pervasive nature of verbal and emotional abuse underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to foster respect and empathy in interpersonal interactions.Furthermore, structural violence, rooted in systemic inequalities and injustices, perpetuates marginalization and disenfranchisement among vulnerable populations. Economic disparities, for instance, perpetuate cycles ofpoverty and exclusion, depriving individuals of essential resources and opportunities for advancement. Similarly, institutional discrimination based on race, gender, or ethnicity perpetuates systemic injustices, limiting access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Addressing structural violence necessitates systemic reforms aimed at dismantling oppressive structures and fostering inclusive societies grounded in equity and justice.In addition to interpersonal and structural violence, societal attitudes and cultural norms often perpetuate harmful behaviors and ideologies. Gender-based violence, fueled by entrenched patriarchal norms, manifests in various forms, including sexual assault, harassment, and discrimination. Such violence not only violatesindividuals' rights but also reinforces harmful gender stereotypes, perpetuating cycles of oppression and inequality. Likewise, religious and ethnic tensions fuel conflicts and discrimination, exacerbating social divisions and hindering efforts toward peaceful coexistence.Moreover, the proliferation of violent media content, including movies, video games, and music, desensitizes individuals to real-life violence, perpetuating a cultureof aggression and conflict. Exposure to violent media has been linked to increased aggression and antisocial behavior, particularly among impressionable youth, highlighting the need for responsible media portrayal and critical media literacy initiatives.In conclusion, violence manifests in myriad formswithin contemporary society, inflicting profound harm on individuals and communities alike. Whether through physical aggression, verbal abuse, structural injustices, orcultural norms, violence undermines human dignity anderodes social cohesion. Addressing violence requires multifaceted approaches encompassing legislative reforms, community-based interventions, and cultural shifts toward empathy and respect. By fostering inclusive and compassionate societies, we can aspire to a future freefrom the scourge of violence, where all individuals can thrive in safety and dignity.。

violent的用法

violent的用法一、介绍在英语中，"violent"是一个常用的形容词，它可以用于描述各种与暴力相关的行为、事件或情感。

本文将详细探讨"violent"这个词的不同用法，包括其基本含义、衍生词汇以及例句。

二、基本含义1. 「暴力、激烈的」当我们使用"violent"来描述某个行为或事件时，通常表示该行为或事件带有强烈的暴力成分。

例如：- The protesters engaged in violent clashes with the police.（抗议者与警察发生了激烈的冲突。

）- The movie contains several violent scenes that may not be suitable for young audiences.（电影中包含了几个暴力场景，可能不适合年轻观众。

）2. 「剧烈、极端的」此外，"violent"还可用于描述某事物或情感状态的程度非常高或超出寻常范畴。

例如：- He had a violent reaction to the medication and experienced severe side effects.（他对药物有严重反应，并出现了严重的副作用。

）- The storm brought violent winds and heavy rain to the region.（风暴给该地区带来了猛烈的风和大雨。

）三、衍生词汇1. 「暴力的」 - violent"Violent"本身就是一个形容词，表示具有暴力特征的。

例如：- The gang members were known for their violent behavior.（这帮成员以其暴力行为而闻名。

）2. 「暴行、攻击」 - violence"Violence"是一个名词，指代任何形式的暴力行为或过程。

大学英语作文：我们应该反对家暴

【导语】阅读英语美⽂会给⼤家带来与众不同的感受，多读英语也有利于提升我们的英语能⼒，整理了“⼤学英语作⽂：我们应该反对家暴”，快来看看吧！希望能帮助到你~更多相关讯息请关注！【篇⼀】我们应该反对家暴 We Should Against Domestic ViolenceLi Yang, we know him as the founder of Crazy English, he was in the limelight few years ago, but now he is jump into the public eye again, for claiming himself as a spokesman of domestic violence. He make no secret of hitting his wife and said he would shot her if he had a gun in a speech. What was astonishing is, the listener applause after he said that. This behavior can be considered as a support for domestic violence, which I can’t agree with. 李阳，我们熟知他是疯狂英语的创始⼈，他在⼏年前⼤红⼤紫，现在他⼜跳⼊了公众的视线⾥，因为他声称⾃⼰是家暴代⾔⼈。

他毫⽆掩饰地说他打妻⼦，还在演讲中说如果他有枪的话，早就射杀她了。

令⼈震惊的是，他说完这些后竟然有听众⿎掌。

这种⾏为可以看成是家暴的⽀持，这个我⽆法赞同。

Firstly, as to the Li Yang’s statement, his wife had said something bad about China, which has ruin his ability of tolerance. Therefore, his use violence to stop this. In my point of view, people once get married, they should understand each other, especially for mixed marriage. If their opinions diverge from each other, they should work it out in a peaceful way, not in a violent way. The worst as well as the best way is divorce. 第⼀，就像李阳说的，他的妻⼦说了中国的坏话，且超出了他的容忍范围。

12月四级翻译练习及解析：家庭暴力

翻译原文：家庭暴力(domestic violence)指的是在亲密关系(intimate reiationship)中一方对另一方的虐待。

通常来说，受害者是儿童和妇女。

在中国古代，人们认为男人有权利惩罚他的孩子和妻子。

广义上讲，家庭暴力不局限于明显的身体暴力，它也有许多其他的形式。

关于家庭暴力产生的原因，出现了许多不同的理论，比如犯罪者的性格和心理特征。

外部因素也有影响，比如犯罪者所处的环境。

然而，没有一种理论能涵盖所有情况。

参考译文：Domestic violence refers to the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate monly the victims are children and women.In ancient China, people believe that a man has the right to punish his children and wife.In a broad sense, domestic violence is not limited to obvious physical violence.There are many other forms of violence.Many different theories are brought up as to the causes of domestic violence,such as the the perpetrators'personality and mental characteristics.External factors also play a part,such as the perpetrators'surroundings.However, no theory seems to cover all cases.(刘佰万)四六级作文万能句型1.Along with the advance of the society more and moreproblems are brought to our attention one of which is that…随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是……2.As to whether it isa blessing or a curse，however，peopletake different attitudes.然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。

What are the causes of domestic violence

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大学英语作文：我们应该反对家暴

12月四级翻译练习及解析：家庭暴力

专题19 高考英语3500词汇语境化训练15-高考英语复习易混易错点分类训练教师版