英语写作手册part1manuscriptform
丁往道英语写作手册
2. interrogative 疑问句 Who is your favourite author?
3. imperative sentence 祈使句 Don't touch me.
4. exclamatory sentence 感叹句 How well you look! What a mess!
About titles关于题目 4）except articles, coornidating conjunctions, short prepositions, and the to in infinitives. 但冠词、并 列连词、介词和不定时的to除外 5）No period is used at the end of a title. 题目后不加句号
The passengers :
1 a cleaner 2 a doctor 3 a farmer 4 a singer
5 a teacher 6 a pregnant woman 7 a policewoman 8 a college student
Part1 Manuscript Form 文稿格式
P 46 3. Conciseness 简洁性
A sentence should contain no unnecessary words.
If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better.
Wordiness only obscures the idea.
compound sentence 并列句
It consists of 2 or more simple sentences and linked by and, but, or,etc. Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.
丁往道 英语写作手册 Part One Manuscript Form
Part One Manuscript FormAs you are learning to write, you should have a clear idea of what is good manuscript form. You should do everything —writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and dividing words—according to generally accepted rules. Whenever you write something, work carefully, write neatly and clearly, and try to make as few mistakes as possible. Before handing in your essay or exercise, proofread it once or twice, because you may need to make some final corrections and changes. If you always work in this way, you are sure to make progress.I. ArrangementEither lined exercise books or regular office paper (size 19×27 centimeters) may be used. To make your handwriting easy to read and provide room for corrections, you had better write on every other line, and write on only one side of the paper if it is thin.Leave a margin on each side of the paper—about two centimeters at the top and a centimeter and a half at the left, the right and the bottom. In an exercise book the top and bottom margins are already there, so you need only to draw a vertical line to mark the left margin.You cannot make the right margin very straight, but you must not write to the edge of the paper. When there is not enough space left for a word, write it on the next line if it cannot be divided. In other words, there must be some blank space on the right side of the paper.Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives.My First Visit to the Palace MuseumThe People without a CountryRules to Abide ByDickens and David CopperfieldWhat Can the Artist Do in the World of Today?What Reform Means to ChinaThe Myth of a “Negro Literature”The English-Speaking People in QuebecNo period is used at the end of a title. Use a question mark if the title is direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect question. Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles; and underline (or italicize if you use a computer) names of books.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.For paging use Arabic numerals without parentheses or periods in the upper right-hand corner of all pages. The first page need not be marked.Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, aquestion mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning of a line.II. CapitalizationCapitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence, should begin with a capital letter.The first word of quoted speech (words put between quotation marks) is capitalized. If a quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put in two pairs of quotation marks, the second part does not begin with a capital letter unless the first word is a proper noun or an adjective derived from a proper noun:He said, “My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.”“My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “was interesting but tiring.”I asked, “ When do you usually go home?”She answered, “At weekends.”Common nouns that are parts of proper names are capitalized:Common Nouns Proper Namesa famous university Peking Universitya broad street Chang’an Streeta large lake Lake Eriethe president of the university President Brownmiddle, age the Middle Ageslabor, day Labor Daypeople, republic the People’s Republic of China Words derived from proper names are usually capitalized:Marxist Darwinism HegelianConfucian Latinize VietnamizeBut proper names or their derivatives may become common nouns, verbs or adjectives:mackintosh (after Charles Mackintosh, a Scottish chemist)chauvinistic (derived from Nicolas Chauvin, a devoted adherent of Napoleon)quixotic(after Don Quixote, hero of the novel of the same name)anglicize(from the Latin word Anglicus, meaning English)III. Word DivisionWhen you write near the edge of the paper, take a look at the space left. If it is not enough for the word you are going to write, you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. Never squeeze a word into the margin.The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables and never put the hyphen at the beginning of a line. Pay attention to thefollowing:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided.Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a•line, trick•y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat•ed, cab•in.Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi•na, Aus•tin.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea•cock, re•ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re•state•ment, u n•relent•ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug•gle, shat•ter.Dividing words is not always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionary.IV. PunctuationHow to use different punctuation marks will be discussed in detail in Part Ten. The following are a few basic rules which all students learning to write should remember:Use a period (full stop) at the end of a complete sentence, however short it is.Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction, or a semicolon.Make your commas different from your periods. A comma has a little tail (,); a period is a dot (.), not a tiny circle (。
英语写作Chapter1 Manuscript Form and Punctuation
. Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, a question mark or an exclamation mark. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning of a line.
bingleymightlikeyou?????????????prideandprejudice?itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawifehoweverlittleknownthefeelingsorviewsofsuchamanmaybeonhisfirstenteringaneighbourhoodthistruthissowellfixedinthemindsofthesurroundingfamiliesthatheisconsideredastherightfulpropertyofsomeoneorotheroftheirdaughters
Since consumer behavior does not abruptly change when national borders are crossed (Farley and Lehmann 1994).and segments of consumers across national boundaries might be more similar than those within the same country(Hassan and Kaynak 1994; Hassan and Katsanis 1994)......, Against this background, considering the limited empirical attention within the marketing-related literature regarding the measurement of the perceived luxury value of a product or a brand, the first step is to develop a scale that measures the sub-dimensions of luxury value perception....
英语写作手册part 1 manuscript form
Indentation
1.5 cm 1.5 cm
1. Arrangement (Exercise)
Title
1. where i lived, and what i lived for
2. are transgenic crops safe ?
3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty
Never end a page with a hyphen (7);
There is natural gap between affixes and double consonants (8,9);
If not sure, consult a dictionary or write the whole
Vietnam
2. Proper Names (Exercise 2)
Capitalize the personal pronoun:
Are the following correct? 1. 2. I went to visit uncle Ted and aunt Margaret. Grandma and grandpa live with Dad and Mom now.
1. I went to visit my Uncle Ted and Aunt Margaret. 2. Grandma and Grandpa live with Dad and Mom now.
3. I went with my mom and dad to visit my aunt and uncle.
2. Capitalization
Three Conditions:
Chapter文稿格式和标点ManuscriptForm文稿格式
3. sister-in-law
11. dictatorship
4. handy
12. far-reaching
5. correctness
6. gratitude
7. bonus
8. permission
⑧专有名词避免分开 ⑨一页的最后一个词不移行，将整个词写在下一页 ⑩连续几行的行末移行应避免
2 Punctuation 标点 1. The Comma逗号 ⑴ 在并列句中，连词前用
并列句中需用并列连词与逗号连接，也可用分号、 破折号或冒号（不需连接词）
⑵状语从句或短语（介词短语和分词短语）若放在 句子主语前面，或放在句子中间时，后应用逗号
现在的趋势是不加，尤其是团体、通讯社和广播电台 后
⑶稍稍分开的三个句号就成了省略号，表示在引语中 省略了一个或更多的词 也可表示说话停顿或迟疑 如在一句末用省略号，后还要加句号
3 The Semicolon分号 ⑴两个并列从句之间不用连词，则用分号
⑵起联系作用的副词，如however,、、、等，不应用 作连词来连接并列从句，之间用分号而不用逗号
主句在前，状语从句在后，一般省去逗号
⑶一系列起同样作用的词或短语要用逗号隔开
⑷非限定性从句或短语（限定性从句或短语不用分 开）
⑸插入语的前后
⑹日期，如次序是月-日-年，则在日与年之间加； 如次序是日-月-年，则不加
⑺千以上的数字用逗号，按千数分开，从右往左每三 个数字后加逗号
2 The Period句号 ⑴用在陈述句、语气舒缓的祈使句和间接引语问句后 ⑵省略句
a)句号和逗号放在引号之内（美式）或外 b)冒号和分号放在引号之外 c)破折号、问号和感叹号，如只与引语有关，放在引 号之内；如与整个句子有关，则放在引号之外
丁往道英语写作手册
Part1 Manuscript Form 文稿格式
1 Arrangement 安排 2 Capitalization 大写 3 Word Division 移行 4 Punctuation 标点 5 Handwriting 书法
What is a good manuscript form?
writing the title 写标题 leaving margins 纸边留空 indenting 段落开端缩进 capitalizing 大写 dividing words 词的移行
1 Arrangement 安排
About titles关于题目
P 35 Ⅱ. Type of Sentences 句子类型
(use)
1. Declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
1. declarative sentence 陈述句 She is my fiance.
P35 Ⅱ. Type of Sentences 句子类型
(structure)
2 .simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences 简单句、并列句、复合句或并列复 合句
simple sentence 简单句
It has one subject and one predicate verb. To see is to believe.
Manuscript Form
4
Indenting
• indent the first line of every paragraph
• leave a space of about four or five letters
other marks of punctuation
13
Focus 5
中英文区别
5.1
• He said__ “I like it very much”.
14
英语没有
5.2
• 顿号 、 • 书名 《》 • 间隔号 · 奥黛丽·赫本 • 着重号 ●●●
15
汉语没有
5.3
• ⑴ 撇号 Apostrophe（’） • ⑵ 连字号 Hyphen（-） • ⑶ 斜线号 Slash（/）
6
Punctuation
• Period • Comma • Question mark • Exclamation mark • Quotation marks • Semicolon • Colon • Dash • Parentheses • Hyphen
7
Focus 1
Comma & Semicolon
9
• but • so • and
however, nonetheless hence, therefore besides, moreover
10
Focus 2
表示句子结束的标点
Period . Question Mark ? Exclamation Mark !
Emotion
11
Focus 3
Manuscript Form
• 4) Put commas (,) and other punctuation outside of parentheses; • 5) Put a comma & a space before and, but, or, nor when they join 2 dependent clauses within a sentence; • 6) If you use an adj.-plus-noun/adv.-adj./… phrase to modify another noon, this kind of phrase should be joined with hyphen (-), (e.g.: two-part solution; ) • 7) Names of newspapers, books, movies, ships, magazines, journals, and poems are usually italicized or underlined; • 8) Ellipsis(…) is used to show that something has been omitted (three dots only); • 9) The semicolon (;) is not used widely in English and probably should be avoided by non-native speakers/writers’
• • • • • How to Write the Title of a Composition Capitalization Word Division Punctuation Correction symbols
How to Write the Title of a Composition
Manuscript Form
Capitalize the names of family relations when they are used as substitutes for names: I went to visit my Uncle Ted and Aunt Margaret. Grandma and Grandpa live with Dad and Mom now.
How to correct the following? The battle of the Bulge was an important event in world war II. The Reformation took place in the sixteenth Century She decided to convert from judaism.
3.Key words in titles
The first words of sentences ( including sentence fragments treated as sentences and sentences put between quotation marks) should be capitalized. ◆I asked, “When do you usually go home?” ◆She answered, “At weekends.”
How to correct the following? Valentines day, which is always on february 14, falls on Tuesday this year. Next Fall, before the winter storms begin, we’re heading South.
写作
Part Onea)Manuscript Form文稿格式1. Methods:writing the title, margins, indenting,capitalizing and dividing words.2. Requrement: carefully , neatly , clearly and proofreadb)Arrangement安排1.Write on every line only one side if it is thin (tomake sure the handwriting easy to read and provide roomfor corrections.)2.Leave a margin on each side of the paper (twocentimeters)3.There must have some blank place on the right side ofthe paper4.The title must write in the middle of the line,capitalize all the words, except some especial wordsappear on the end of the sentence .5.No marks behind the title ,underline (or italicize ifyou use a computer ) names of books.6.Indent the first line of every paragraph (leaving fouror five letters ),the paging in the upper right-handcorner of all pages and without parentheses（括号）,the hyphen that indicates a divided words is put atthe end ,not the beginning of a line .c)Capitalization1.capitals are used mainly at three places :the firstwords of sentences , key words in titles ,and propernames .2.Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragmenttreated as a sentence, should begin with a capitalletter.3.Words derived from proper names are usuallycapitalized.mon nouns that are parts of proper names arecapitalized.d)Word Division1.Never squeeze a word into the margin.2.One –syllable words cannot be divided.3.Don’t write one letter of a word at the end and at thebeginning4.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning ofa line.5.Avoid separating proper names of people or places .6.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen 连字符7.Do not divide words in way that may mislead the readerand do not divide the last word on page ,write on thenext page.8.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between theprefix or suffix.9.Divide two-syllable words with double consonantsbetween the consonants.e)Handwriting1.Leave a little space (about one letter)after a comma andslightly bigger space (about two letters)after a period.Part two1.Levels of Words 词的级别1)The words were divided into three types :formal, common,informal2)F ormal words may also be called learned words or literarywords.2.The Meaning of WordsA.The meaning of a word has two aspects : denotative andconnotative.3.General and Specific Words4.IdiomsA.The following types of idioms are most commoni.Phrasal verbsii.N.+ Prep+ Niii.Prep+ Niv.V+ Ｎv.ａｓ．．．ａｓvi.ｐａｉｒｓｏｆｗｏｒｄｓvii.ｓａｙｉｎｇ５．Ｆigures of Speech修辞格●Simile :like, as●Metaphor：similar with another thing●Personification: Dusk came stealthily●Metonymy: take place of●Euphemism: die pass away●Irony : civilized cultural●Overstatement and Understatement:●Transferred Epithet:●Oxymoron : tearful smile●Alliteration: slid to slide。
英文写作手册中文翻译
英文写作手册中文翻译英语写作讲义Part One Manuscript Form第一部分文稿格式As we are learning to write, we should have a clear idea of what is good manuscript form. We should do everything—writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and dividing words—according to generally accepted rules. Whenever we write something, we should work carefully, write neatly and clearly, and try to make as few mistakes as possible. Before handing in our essay or exercise, we should proofread it once or twice, because we may need to make some final corrections and changes. If we always work in this way, we are sure to make to progress.当我们学习写作的时候，应该清楚地知道什么是好的文稿格式。
我们应该做的每件事是——写标题，留页边距，缩进，首字母大写，并拆分单词——根据普遍接受的规则。
每当我们写东西时，应该仔细，字迹工整清楚，尽可能少犯错误。
在上交我们的文章或练习前，应该校对一或两次，因为我们可能需要一些最后的修正和变更。
如果我们总是用这种方式工作，肯定能取得进步。
Ⅰ. Arrangement一、排版Writing in correct manuscript form is very important, because it makes it easy to read what is written and prevents misunderstanding. We should follow the general practices in writing the title, leaving the margins, paragraphing, capitalizing, and dividing words.用正确的文稿格式书写是非常重要的，因为它使文章被写的易于阅读并防止误解。
manuscript form
Manuscript FormBy 陈烽1Writing the TitleLeaving MarginsIndentingCapitalizingPunctuationWriting the Title•in the middle of the first line •capitalize the first and last words and all other words except articles, coordinating conjunctions, short prepositions, and “to” in infinitives.Examples–my first visit to the palace museum–My First Visit to the Palace Museum –rules to abide by–Rules to Abide By–what reform means to china–What Reform Means to China–what can we do in the world of today?–What Can We Do in the World of Today?–a letter to a friendLeaving Margins •leave margins on each side of thepaper•about two centimeter at the top •a centimeter and a half at the left, the right and the bottom.SampleIndenting •indent the first line of everyparagraph•leave a space of about four or five lettersSampleWhat Is Good Writing?Different cultures may come up with very different answers to the question. Indeed, even different individuals may have different standards, tastes or expectations. However, as far as English is concerned, a set of basic characteristics, which is believed to be present in all good writing, has been promoted by educators in English-speaking countries.Capitalizing •Capitals are used mainly at three places:–key words in titles–the first words of sentences–proper names•The first quoted speech is capitalized.Examples–he said, “my trip to mount tai was interesting but tiring.”–He said, “My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.”–“my trip to mount tai,” he said, “was interesting but tiring.”–“My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “was interesting but tiring.”–i asked, “when do you go home?”–I asked, “When do you go home?”–she answered, “at weekends.”–She answered, “At weekends.”Punctuation •Period •Comma •Question mark •Exclamation mark •Quotation marks •Semicolon •Colon•Dash •Parentheses •HyphenPeriod .The end of a sentence. Each sentence should have one subject and one main idea. When you end a sentence, you feel that you have said enough about that main idea.I am a teacher.I enjoy teaching.I love my students.Comma ,•Separates one part of a sentence from another part.•Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses.●People like to eat junk food, like homburgs,because it tastes good.●If you sell, then I’ll buy.●I like to go to the beach, usually.Question mark•The end of a direct question.•Do not use one at the end of an indirect question.●Are you an English major?●Do you enjoy learning English?●I asked him if he was an Englishmajor.Exclamation mark !•Use exclamation mark only after words that express very strong emotion.●What a day!●How nice!Quotation marks “ ”•Put direct speech between quotation marks.●“Are you an English major?”●“Yes, I am.”●“Do you enjoy learning English?”●“Of course, I do.”Semicolon ;Keeps what, grammatically, should be two sentences together.Two subjects, one idea.Many people believe that organic food is safer to eat; but can we be sure that organic food is safe enough to make it worth paying the higher prices?Colon :Shows that the short phrase you have just written will be explained in the words that follow the colon. People lie for many reasons: to avoid getting in trouble, to make people think they have done something good, and to keep people from feeling sad.Dash—Sets off aside.Allows a subject change in an add-on.I wish I could go back in time —if that were possible —and tell her I love her.People eat junk food even though they know the harms —andrestaurants love them for it.Parentheses ( )Holds a less important phrase. Different grammar can be used within parentheses, (and the reader knows not to forget the main point outside of them).●If there were no money, (just imagine for a moment), would people still work hard?●Many people believe that US soldiers have already found Osama Bin Laden, (but there is no proof).●Feel free to call me anytime, (135********), or send me email.Hyphen -Used to show that one thing has two characteristics.●The indigo-blue sky spread out over the ocean. Used to join two or more words into one meaning.●The nail-gun is easier to use.●19-year-old●Hillary Rodham-Clinton●artificially intelligent life-formsExamples•She said We have decided to take the examination•She said, “We have decided to take the examination.”•We have decided to take the examination she said.•“We have decided to take the examination,” she said.•We have decided she said to take the examination•“We have decided,” she said, “ to take the examination.”• a campaign speech • a letter to the editor of a newspaper •an introduction to a tourist attraction •reduce waste on campus • a letter in reply to a friend •it pays to be honest •student use of computers • a letter to the university president about the canteen service on campus • a letter to a schoolmate • A Campaign Speech• A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper•An Introduction to a Tourist Attraction•Reduce Waste on Campus • A Letter in Reply to a Friend •It Pays to Be Honest•Student Use of Computers • A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus• A Letter to a Schoolmate Exerciseswe entered the room Jane looked around and asked where is the catshe must have run away I answered she doesn’t like to stay at home we must go and find her Jane said let’s goat this moment the cat walked out from under the chairWe entered the room. Jane looked around and asked, “Where is the cat?”“She must have run away,” I answered. “She doesn’t like to stay at home.”“We must go and find her,” Jane said. “Let’s go.”At this moment, the cat walked out from underthe chair.Thank you!25。
实用英语写作1
6. Handwriting General rule: neatly & clearly attention: When crossing a word, not use ( ) to enclose it, but draw a thick line across it. When adding a word, write it above the line, with a clear sign showing where it is to be inserted.
3. Margins & Indenting
1) Read the following paragraph and indent it properly. He Bing, deputy dean of the law school of China University of Political Science and Law, drove to the campus of the Communication University of China to give a lecture to its PhD students. He was stopped at the south gate. Because the student who met him at the gate did not obtain the permit in advance, he was not allowed to drive onto the campus. He tried to explain the situation to the security guard and showed his business card. But the guard did not budge. In the end, he had to use a side entrance.
Part One Manuscript Form
Writing title Leaving margins Indenting Capitalizing Dividing words
I. Margin: leaving a margin on each side of the paper----about two centimeters at the top and a centimeter and a half at the left, the right and the bottom, 2. Indenting: indent the first line of every paragraph leave a space of about four or five letters
Task 2 Divide the following words according to general rules: setting sister-in-law bonus permission far-reaching handy sociable correctness gratitude thought dictatorship
IV. Punctuation
句号 (.) 问号(?) 问号 叹号（ ） 叹号（!） 冒号（：） 冒号（：） 引号( 引号 ‘ ’ “ ” ) 逗号（ 逗号（,) 分号 (; ) 连接号（ ） 连接号（-） 破折号(---) 破折号 斜线号(/) 斜线号 括号( 括号 ) 方括号[ 方括号 ] 英式省略号(…) 英式省略号 撇号，名词所有格符号（ 撇号，名词所有格符号（’） Full Stop (Am. period) Question Mark Exclamation Mark Colon Quotation Marks Comma Semicolon Hyphen Dash Slash Parentheses Square Brackets (Am. Brackets) Dots Apostrophe
英语写作手册英文版知识点.doc
Part OneManuscript FormYou should do everything - writing the title , leaving margins , indenting, capitalizing.Ⅰ. Arrangement 排版Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens incompound words) except articles , coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for) , prepositions , and the to in infinitives.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.Ⅱ. Word Division移行The general principle is to divide a word according toits syllables. Pay attention to the following:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided.Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lone,trick. y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line,like hat. ed, cab. in.Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi.na, Aus. ten.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea. cock, re.ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffixand the base part of the word: re. state. ment, un. relent. ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between thetwo consonants: strug. gle, shat. ter.Dividing words is not always easy. Whenin doubt, consult a dictionaryⅢ. Capitalization大写Capitals are used mainly at three places:the first words of sentences,key words in titles,and proper names.Ⅳ. Punctuation 标点V. Handwriting书法Write carefully so that your handwriting can be read easily.Part TwoDiction 措词Ⅰ. Levels of Words 词的类型The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point ofview, into three types: formal, common, and informal .Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or "big" words. They mainly appear in formal writing, most of them are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes.those that people use every day, and appear in all kinds of writing., they are called common words.There are words which are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their mainuse is to record people's thoughts and dialogues. They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin Wemay call them informal wordsSlang words are highly informal; they may be vivid and interesting, but they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer or speaker soundoffensive or funnyⅡ. The Mea ning of Words 词义The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative . A word's denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.Ⅲ. General and Specific Words 泛指词和特指词Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking , for they are more informative and expressive than general words.Ⅳ. Idioms 习语An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to makeone's language sound natural and idiomatic .Ⅴ. Figures of Speech 修辞Words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader's or listener's mind are used figuratively.1. Simile 明喻 It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.2. Metaphor 暗喻 It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.3. Personification 拟人 It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it werehuman or had human qualities. In poetry personification is very common:In prose personification is also used, though not so often as in poetry.4.Metonymy 转喻 It is substituting the name of one thing for that ofanother with which it is closely associated.5. Synecdoche 提喻 Whena part is substituted for the whole or the wholeis substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied6. Euphemism委婉语 It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.7.Irony 反语 It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what ismeant, in order to achieve a special effect.8. Overstatement and understatement 夸大和缩小 In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words playdown the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole.Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.9. Transferred Epithet 移位修饰 An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to aword associated with that noun.10. Oxymoron 矛盾修辞法 In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.11. Alliteration 押头韵 It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.Alliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect - to join two or more related words.Part ThreeThe SentenceⅠ. Complete Sentences and Sentence FragmentsA grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite)verb ; if the verb is transitive, there mustbe an object ; if the verb is a link-verb , there must be a predicative or complement:A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. Ⅱ. Types of Sentences1. Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory SentencesAccording to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory . A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement. An interrogative sentence asks a question . An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request . An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion2. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex SentencesAccording to their structure sentences are simple, compound, complex,or compound-complex.A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. A sentence with two or more subjects or predicate-verbsA compoundsentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simplesentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance,or take shape one by one in orderly sequence.A complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate) clauses , with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. As a rule, the major idea is expressed in the mainclause and the idea or ideas of lesser importance in the subordinateclauses.A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause - a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.Short simple sentences are often used to make emphatic or important statements, such as the first sentence of the first passage and the last two sentences of the second passage.Long complex sentences express complex ideas clearly and accurately.3. Loose, Periodic, and Balanced SentencesFrom a rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose, periodic , or balanced . A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it ismainly about until he finishes reading it.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct ; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.Whena sentence contains two or more parts of the sameform and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions.Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful. When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasingto hear because of the rhythm. They are mainly used in formal writing , like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.4. Short and Long SentencesShort sentences are usually emphatic , whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details.Various sentence structures have been discussed. The basic principle isthat the structure should fit the idea being expressed . In other words, the idea determines the choice of the structure, not the other way round.Ⅲ. Effective Sentences1. UnityUnity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentenceexpresses a single complete thought.2. CoherenceCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.3. ConcisenessA sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fullyexpressed, the fewer words are used, the better.Repetition is sometimes necessary for emphasis, but unnecessary repetition , either of the same words or of different words with the same meaning, should be avoided.Conciseness can sometimes be achieved by changing the sentence structure.4.Emphasis(1)Emphatic SentencesSentences may be emphasized in the following ways:Short sentences.Sentence fragments. They are also called one-member sentences.Inverted sentences. They are emphatic because their unusual word orderdraws the reader's attention.Parallel constructions and balanced sentences.Periodic sentences. Their climactic word order makes them emphatic. Imperative and exclamatory sentences. They are naturally emphatic: Rhetorical questions. They are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning.Negative-positive statements. They first point out what is not the truth, and then what is. The contrast makes them emphaticSentences with repeated words or phrases. The repetition gives emphasisto such sentences.(2) Emphasis within the SentenceVarious ways can be used to achieve emphasis within the sentence.Placing. The beginning and the end, especially the end , of a sentence are the two places that attract the reader's attention.Repetition. Unnecessary repetition adds nothing new to the meaning of a sentence; therefore it should be avoided. in a proper context repeatinga word or an idea in different words may be a means of emphasis.The verb and the active voice. When describing actions, one had betteruse verbs instead of nouns denoting actions, for verbs are generally more vivid and emphatic than nouns.Subordination. This means putting a minor idea in a dependent element of the sentence so as to give the main idea a prominent position.Emphatic words and phrases. There are words and phrases that may be used to emphasize other words.Alliteration.It means the appearance of the same consonant sound at the beginning of two or more words, like "busy as a bee".5. VarietyBut variety is not to be sought for its of sentences are primarily determined by the Part FourThe Paragraph own sake. The structure and lengthideas to be expressed .A paragraph is a unit of thought . A long paragraph expresses a complex idea,and a short one makes a major transition, an emphatic statement, or asummary.Ⅰ. Effective ParagraphsA paragraph is like a mini-essay; it should be unified, coherent and well development.1. UnityUnity of a paragraph is concerned with its content . If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence . It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may alsobe found in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes, the topic sentence is not stated explicitly but is implied.2. CoherenceCoherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural .3. TransitionThe following ways may help the writer to produce a fluent paragraph:A. Using parallel structures;B. Repeating words or word groups;C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences;D. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns,and the tense of verbs.Ⅱ. Ways of Developing Paragraphs1. Planning a ParagraphParagraphs need to be planned. First, think of the topic or theme or main idea , and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence). Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Work out an outline to arrange them in logical order , and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.2. Development by TimeIn telling a story or recounting an event , the easiest and clearest wayis to describe things in order of time : earlier things are mentioned beforelater things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This methodis also called chronological sequencing .3. Development by ProcessWhen you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description .4. Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details . For this we should findout the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly.5. Development by Example or GeneralizationSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand.There are two pattern of arrangement of details (or examples) in a paragraph: the general-to-specific or the specific-to-the generalDetails or examples are usually arranged in climactic order : the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.6. Development by Comparison and ContrastStrictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two things of the same thing, while a contrast, the differences between them. There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison andcontrast. One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. In this way, the aspects examined in the two things should beidentical and in the same order. This method is called block comparison or block contrast. The other way is to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point. This method is called alternating comparison or alternating contrast.Alternating contrast is used when you want to point out several differences between two things or people without discussing them in great detail. You merely point out a special feature of one item and then state how the other item differs from it in that aspect.Block comparison is suitable when the writer wants to treat points ofsimilarity in depth. In this way each point is drawn out and its relationship to another point is made clear. This type of comparison isoften used when the points of similarity discussed are not manybut complex, and require much explanation.There is a special form of comparison - analogy. Analogy is tracinga striking likeness between unlike things.Analogies are especially helpful in explaining abstract ideas , for they relate ideas that cannot be experienced through the senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, or taste, to a sense experience, thus making theideas easy to understand.7. Development by Cause and EffectSound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of anycausal analysis. There are two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect. The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.8. Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics . Essential to a good classification is parallelism .9. Development by DefinitionThere are three basic ways to define a word or term: to give a synonym, to use a sentence (often with an attributive clause), and to write aparagraph or even an essay . When we give a definition, we should observe certain principles.First, we should avoid circular definitions.Second, we should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be definedis an abstract one.Third, we should avoid loaded definitions . Loaded definitions do not explain terms but make an immediate appeal for emotional approval.10. Development by a Combination of MethodsWriters may find it necessary to use a combination of methods in orderto present their ideas in an impressive and convincing manner.Part FiveThe Whole CompositionLike a paragraph, a composition must have unity . All the facts and allthe ideas in an essay should contribute to the presentation of its thesis or central thought . Proportion is as important to an essay. The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. To give this part aboutseven-or eight-tenths of the total space will be just right. The beginning and the end, though important, have to be short.A good composition should have something interesting and/or important , and if possible ,something new to say, and that this “something ” is expressed clearly, accurately and appropriately.Ⅰ. Steps in Writing a Compo sition1. Planning a CompositionWhen a topic is assigned, first try to think of as many relevant facts .write them down on a piece of paper. At the same time, try to find a proper thesis or theme. The thesis of a composition is its main pointor its central idea. It is the conclusion that should be drawn from thefacts to be presented in the composition. After that, look at the listof facts again, eliminate those unnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.2. Types of OutlinesThere are two commonly used types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline. A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives aninstant overview of the entire paper. A sentence outline, on the otherhand, provides a more detailed plan of the paper. Compare thefollowing two outlines for a paper on foreign trade. Rules for writingoutlines:(1)Avoid single subdivisions.(2)Avoid mixing types.(3) Use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank . Make sure subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to theheading and arranged in logical order.(4) Make sure the thesis is a complete declarative sentence in the affirmative ; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.3.Writing the First Draft4.Revising the First DraftⅠ. Content: Look at the essay / composition as a whole.Ⅱ. Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material.Ⅲ. Sentences:Ⅳ. Diction:Mistakes in grammar spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics, because students are generally mindful of such mistakes.5. Making the Final CopyⅡ. OrganizationMost, if not all, essays are madeup of a beginning , a middle , and an end. 1. The BeginningThe beginning (the introduction) rouses the reader's interest in andsecures his attention to the subject matter of the essay or providesnecessary background information.(1)A quotation(2)Figures or statistics(3)A question or several questions(4)The time and place of the event to be described(5)Relevant background material(6)An analogy(7)A definition2.The middleThe middle (the body) gives a clear and logical presentation of the facts and ideas the writer intends to put forth.3. The EndThe end (the conclusion) winds up the essay often with an emphatic andforceful statement to influence the reader's final impression of theessay and shows the implication or consequences of the argument.Concluding paragraphs should be short,forceful,substantial,andthought-provoking, made up mainly of restatements or summaries of thepoints that have been discussed.Ⅲ. Types of Writing1. DescriptionDescription is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object,or scene.A description essay is generally developed through sensory details , or the impressions of one's senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help tobring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones, which,if included, would only distract the reader's attention from the mainimpression the writer wishes to give.(1) Description of a personthe writer should not merely give details of his appearance . try to reveal the person's character, thoughts, and feelings, And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all otherpeople. Those features that he shares with others can be omitted. Peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of a person, if any, should be included in the description, for they usually impress the reader deeply and givelife to the person described.(2) Description of a placePlaces may be described for their own sake, but also for the purpose ofrevealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. As in describing a person, in describing a place one should mainly write about the things that make it different from other places.(3) Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we needto mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. It is also necessary to tell how it is used if it is useful, and what part it playsin a person's life if it is in some way related to him. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object, probably its most important characteristic.(4) Description of a sceneA scene is sometimes the main part of an essay, and sometimes only anepisode in a long narrative. It usually consists of three basic factors: the setting , the people , and the actions. Again, the writer should tryto create a dominant impression when describing a scene.2. NarrationTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. Inits broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.Narration often goes hand in hand with description. Whenone tells a story, one describes its setting and characters. On the other hand, accounts ofactions may be necessary to the description of a person or a scene. Whenplanning a narrative, the writer should consider these five aspects: context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose.(1) ContextWhen, where, and to whomthe action in a narrative happened is often made clear at the beginning of the narrative. This will provide the reader witha context, or circumstances, to help him understand the whole narrative.(2) Selection of detailsA narrative is made up of details. Only relevant details, or things that contribute to bringing out the main ideas of the narrative, are usefuland effective. Whenselecting details, therefore, the writer should bear in mind his purpose in writing the narrative.(3) OrganizationEvents in a narrative are usually related in chronological order. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle oreven the end of the story with the event that is most important or mostlikely to arouse the reader's interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks . A narrative generally has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The setting may be given in the beginning. The middle (the body)tells the story itself. Whenthe story is clearly told, the narrative comes to a natural end. But sometimes it add one or two paragraphs about the significance of the story or about things that happen afterwards.(4) Point of viewA first-person narrative may be more graphic and lifelike , because it gives the reader the impression that it is what the writer himself hasseen or experienced. But the scope of the narrative may be limited , for it is difficult to recount events that happen in different places at the same time. A third-person narrative is free from this limitation, and it may seem more objective, but it is not easy to put in good order thingsthat happen to different people in different places.(5) PurposeThere must be a purpose in telling a story. The writer may want to provea theory, to illustrate a concept, to praise a virtue, to condemna vice, etc, he has to choose details and design the plot of his story carefully. 3. Expositionmost frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional. Exposition means expounding or explaining .Wehave seen that description mainly deals with appearances and feelings , and narration with events and experiences . While exposition mainly deals with processes and relationships .Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification anddivision, comparison and contrast, causes and effects , or definition . That is to say, methods which are good for paragraph development are also good for expository essays. The difference lies in scope and proportion .The most important quality of exposition is clarity . To achieve this the writer should:1) Limit his subject or the scope of discussion, for it is impossible toexplain many things clearly in a short essay2) Prepare enough material (details or examples) to help his explanation3) Present his facts and views in proper order , in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject;4) Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoid ornamental as well as ambiguous expressions;5)Make exposition interesting or moving(1)IllustrationIllustration is the use of example to illustrate a point. It is the most common,and often the most efficient pattern of exposition. Goodexamples help to clarify a writer's thought by making the general specific, andthe abstract concrete. They also add interest and help to persuade orconvince the reader.A successful illustration paper depends on1) A wise selection of sufficient examples which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant2) An expert arrangement of these examples - similar or related examples should be grouped together and arranged climactically.(2) Division and ClassificationDivision and classification are two different ways of sorting things out . Division is used to deal with one thing . Its purpose is to separate that thing into parts . Classification, is used to organize things which share certain qualities . Its purpose is to group these things systematically . Division stresses the distinction between things, whereas classification emphasizes the similarities . Division deals with the whole and classification, the parts. The whole is composed of parts, and parts make up the whole; the whole and the parts are closely related.Guidelines of using division or classification:1) Choose an appropriate principle of division / classification suitedto your purpose.Things are divided or classified according to the writer's purpose or interests .Be sure that your principle of division / classification is interesting and significant . A division of people according to their weight may beabsurd unless you intend to discuss how different categories respond tocertain medicine the dosage of which depends on a person's weight.2) Apply your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping.Your categories should be divided according to one principle throughout. Remember one item can belong to only one category.(3) Comparison and Contrast。
英语写作手册-英文版-知识点(word文档物超所值)
Part OneManuscript FormYou should do everything - writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing.Ⅰ. Arrangement排版Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words(including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions(and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.Ⅱ. Word Division移行The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables. Pay attention to the following:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided. Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lone, trick. y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat. ed, cab. in. Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi. na, Aus. ten.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed. Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea. cock, re. ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re. state. ment, un. relent. ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug. gle, shat. ter.Dividing words is not always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionaryⅢ. Capitalization大写Capitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Ⅳ. Punctuation标点V. Handwriting书法Write carefully so that your handwriting can be read easily.Part TwoDiction措词Ⅰ. Levels of Words词的类型The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and informal.Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or "big" words. They mainly appear in formal writing, most of them are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes.those that people use every day, and appear in all kinds of writing., they are called common words.There are words which are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their main use is to record people's thoughts and dialogues. They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin We may call them informal wordsSlang words are highly informal; they may be vivid and interesting, but they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer or speaker sound offensive or funnyⅡ. The Meaning of Words词义The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative. A word's denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.Ⅲ. General and Specific Words泛指词和特指词Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words.Ⅳ. Idioms习语An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to make one's language sound natural and idiomatic.Ⅴ. Figures of Speech修辞Words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader's or listener's mind are used figuratively.1. Simile明喻It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.2. Metaphor暗喻It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.3. Personification拟人It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. In poetry personification is very common:In prose personification is also used, though not so often as in poetry.4. Metonymy转喻It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.5. Synecdoche提喻When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied6. Euphemism委婉语It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.7. Irony反语It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.8. Overstatement and understatement夸大和缩小In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole.Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.9. Transferred Epithet移位修饰An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.10. Oxymoron矛盾修辞法In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.11. Alliteration押头韵It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.Alliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect - to join two or more related words.Part ThreeThe SentenceⅠ. Complete Sentences and Sentence FragmentsA grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite) verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a predicative or complement:A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.Ⅱ. Types of Sentences1. Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory SentencesAccording to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement.An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion2. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex SentencesAccording to their structure sentences are simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. A sentence with two or more subjects or predicate-verbsA compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses(or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinatingconjunction (and, but, or, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance, or take shape one by one in orderly sequence.A complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate)clauses, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. As a rule, the major idea is expressed in the main clause and the idea or ideas of lesser importance in the subordinate clauses.A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause - a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.Short simple sentences are often used to make emphatic or important statements, such as the first sentence of the first passage and the last two sentences of the second passage.Long complex sentences express complex ideas clearly and accurately.3. Loose, Periodic, and Balanced SentencesFrom a rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose, periodic, or balanced. A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two or more parts of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions.Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful. When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm. They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.4. Short and Long SentencesShort sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details.Various sentence structures have been discussed. The basic principle is that the structure should fit the idea being expressed. In other words, the idea determines the choice of the structure, not the other way round.Ⅲ. Effective Sentences1. UnityUnity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought.2. CoherenceCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.3. ConcisenessA sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better.Repetition is sometimes necessary for emphasis, but unnecessary repetition, either of the same words or of different words with the same meaning, should be avoided. Conciseness can sometimes be achieved by changing the sentence structure.4. Emphasis(1) Emphatic SentencesSentences may be emphasized in the following ways:Short sentences.Sentence fragments. They are also called one-member sentences.Inverted sentences. They are emphatic because their unusual word order draws the reader's attention.Parallel constructions and balanced sentences.Periodic sentences. Their climactic word order makes them emphatic.Imperative and exclamatory sentences. They are naturally emphatic:Rhetorical questions.They are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning.Negative-positive statements.They first point out what is not the truth, and then what is. The contrast makes them emphaticSentences with repeated words or phrases. The repetition gives emphasis to such sentences.(2) Emphasis within the SentenceVarious ways can be used to achieve emphasis within the sentence.Placing. The beginning and the end, especially the end, of a sentence are the two places that attract the reader's attention.Repetition. Unnecessary repetition adds nothing new to the meaning of a sentence; therefore it should be avoided. in a proper context repeating a word or an idea in different words may be a means of emphasis.The verb and the active voice.When describing actions, one had better use verbs instead of nouns denoting actions, for verbs are generally more vivid and emphatic than nouns.Subordination.This means putting a minor idea in a dependent element of the sentence so as to give the main idea a prominent position.Emphatic words and phrases.There are words and phrases that may be used to emphasize other words.Alliteration. It means the appearance of the same consonant sound at the beginning of two or more words, like "busy as a bee".5. VarietyBut variety is not to be sought for its own sake. The structure and length of sentences are primarily determined by the ideas to be expressed.Part FourThe ParagraphA paragraph is a unit of thought. A long paragraph expresses a complex idea, and a short one makes a major transition, an emphatic statement, or a summary.Ⅰ. Effective ParagraphsA paragraph is like a mini-essay; it should be unified, coherent and well development.1. UnityUnity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may also be found in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes, the topic sentence is not stated explicitly but is implied.2. CoherenceCoherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form,or its organization.The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order,and the transitions should be smooth and natural.3. TransitionThe following ways may help the writer to produce a fluent paragraph:A. Using parallel structures;B. Repeating words or word groups;C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences;D. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs.Ⅱ. Ways of Developing Paragraphs1. Planning a ParagraphParagraphs need to be planned. First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence). Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Work out an outline to arrange them in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.2. Development by TimeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.3. Development by ProcessWhen you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description.4. Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly.5. Development by Example or GeneralizationSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand.There are two pattern of arrangement of details (or examples) in a paragraph: the general-to-specific or the specific-to-the generalDetails or examples are usually arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.6. Development by Comparison and ContrastStrictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two things of the same thing, while a contrast, the differences between them. There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast. One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. In this way, the aspects examined in the two things should be identical and in the same order. This method is called block comparison or block contrast. The other way is to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point. This method is called alternating comparison or alternating contrast.Alternating contrast is used when you want to point out several differences between two things or people without discussing them in great detail. You merely point out a special feature of one item and then state how the other item differs from it in that aspect.Block comparison is suitable when the writer wants to treat points of similarity in depth. In this way each point is drawn out and its relationship to another point is made clear. This type of comparison is often used when the points of similarity discussed are not many but complex, and require much explanation.There is a special form of comparison -analogy.Analogy is tracing a striking likeness between unlike things.Analogies are especially helpful in explaining abstract ideas, for they relate ideas that cannot be experienced through the senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, or taste, to a sense experience, thus making the ideas easy to understand.7. Development by Cause and EffectSound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. There are two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect. The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.8. Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. Essential to a good classification is parallelism.9. Development by DefinitionThere are three basic ways to define a word or term: to give a synonym, to use a sentence (often with an attributive clause), and to write a paragraph or even an essay.When we give a definition, we should observe certain principles.First, we should avoid circular definitions.Second, we should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be defined is an abstract one.Third, we should avoid loaded definitions. Loaded definitions do not explain terms but make an immediate appeal for emotional approval.10. Development by a Combination of MethodsWriters may find it necessary to use a combination of methods in order to present their ideas in an impressive and convincing manner.Part FiveThe Whole CompositionLike a paragraph, a composition must have unity. All the facts and all the ideas in an essay should contribute to the presentation of its thesis or central thought. Proportion is as important to an essay. The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. To give this part about seven-or eight-tenths of the total space will be just right. The beginning and the end, though important, have to be short.A good composition should have something interesting and/or important, and if possible ,something new to say, and that this “something” is expressed clearly, accurately and appropriately.Ⅰ. Steps in Writing a Composition1. Planning a CompositionWhen a topic is assigned, first try to think of as many relevant facts .write them down on a piece of paper. At the same time, try to find a proper thesis or theme. The thesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea. It is the conclusion that should be drawn from the facts to be presented in the composition. After that, look at the list of facts again, eliminate those unnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.2. Types of OutlinesThere are two commonly used types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives an instant overview of the entire paper. A sentence outline, on the other hand, provides a more detailed plan of the paper. Compare the following two outlines for a paper on foreign trade.Rules for writing outlines:(1)Avoid single subdivisions.(2) Avoid mixing types.(3) Use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank. Make sure subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.(4) Make sure the thesis is a complete declarative sentence in the affirmative; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.3. Writing the First Draft4. Revising the First DraftⅠ. Content: Look at the essay / composition as a whole.Ⅱ. Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material.Ⅲ. Sentences:Ⅳ. Diction:Mistakes in grammar spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics, because students are generally mindful of such mistakes.5. Making the Final CopyⅡ. OrganizationMost, if not all, essays are made up of a beginning, a middle, and an end.1.The BeginningThe beginning (the introduction) rouses the reader's interest in and secures his attention to the subject matter of the essay or provides necessary background information.(1) A quotation(2) Figures or statistics(3) A question or several questions(4) The time and place of the event to be described(5) Relevant background material(6) An analogy(7) A definition2. The middleThe middle (the body) gives a clear and logical presentation of the facts and ideas the writer intends to put forth.3. The EndThe end (the conclusion) winds up the essay often with an emphatic and forceful statement to influence the reader's final impression of the essay and shows the implication or consequences of the argument.Concluding paragraphs should be short, forceful, substantial,and thought-provoking, made up mainly of restatements or summaries of the points that have been discussed.Ⅲ. Types of Writing1. DescriptionDescription is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.A description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one's senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave outthose irrelevant ones, which, if included, would only distract the reader's attention from the main impression the writer wishes to give.(1) Description of a personthe writer should not merely give details of his appearance. try to reveal the person's character, thoughts, and feelings, And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people. Those features that he shares with others can be omitted. Peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of a person, if any, should be included in the description, for they usually impress the reader deeply and give life to the person described.(2) Description of a placePlaces may be described for their own sake, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. As in describing a person, in describing a place one should mainly write about the things that make it different from other places.(3) Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. It is also necessary to tell how it is used if it is useful, and what part it plays in a person's life if it is in some way related to him. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object, probably its most important characteristic.(4) Description of a sceneA scene is sometimes the main part of an essay, and sometimes only an episode in a long narrative. It usually consists of three basic factors: the setting, the people, and the actions.Again, the writer should try to create a dominant impression when describing a scene.2. NarrationTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.Narration often goes hand in hand with description. When one tells a story, one describes its setting and characters. On the other hand, accounts of actions may be necessary to the description of a person or a scene.When planning a narrative, the writer should consider these five aspects: context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose.(1) ContextWhen, where, and to whom the action in a narrative happened is often made clear at the beginning of the narrative. This will provide the reader with a context, or circumstances, to help him understand the whole narrative.(2) Selection of detailsA narrative is made up of details. Only relevant details, or things that contribute to bringing out the main ideas of the narrative, are useful and effective. When selecting details, therefore, the writer should bear in mind his purpose in writing the narrative. (3) OrganizationEvents in a narrative are usually related in chronological order. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the reader's interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks. A narrative generally has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The setting may be given in the beginning. The middle (the body) tells the story itself.When the story is clearly told, the narrative comes to a natural end. But sometimes it add one or two paragraphs about the significance of the story or about things that happen afterwards.(4) Point of viewA first-person narrative may be more graphic and lifelike, because it gives the reader the impression that it is what the writer himself has seen or experienced. But the scope of the narrative may be limited, for it is difficult to recount events that happen in different places at the same time. A third-person narrative is free from this limitation, and it may seem more objective,but it is not easy to put in good order things that happen to different people in different places.(5) PurposeThere must be a purpose in telling a story. The writer may want to prove a theory, to illustrate a concept, to praise a virtue, to condemn a vice, etc, he has to choose details and design the plot of his story carefully.3. Expositionmost frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional. Exposition means expounding or explaining.We have seen that description mainly deals with appearances and feelings, and narration with events and experiences. While exposition mainly deals with processes and relationships.Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast,causes and effects, or definition. That is to say, methods which are good for paragraph development are also good for expository essays. The difference lies in scope and proportion.The most important quality of exposition is clarity. To achieve this the writer should: 1) Limit his subject or the scope of discussion, for it is impossible to explain many things clearly in a short essay2) Prepare enough material (details or examples) to help his explanation3) Present his facts and views in proper order, in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject;4) Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoid ornamental as well as ambiguous expressions;5) Make exposition interesting or moving(1) IllustrationIllustration is the use of example to illustrate a point. It is the most common, and often the most efficient pattern of exposition. Good examples help to clarify a writer's thought by making the general specific, and the abstract concrete. They also add interest and help to persuade or convince the reader.A successful illustration paper depends on1) A wise selection of sufficient examples which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant2) An expert arrangement of these examples - similar or related examples should be grouped together and arranged climactically.(2) Division and ClassificationDivision and classification are two different ways of sorting things out. Division is used to deal with one thing. Its purpose is to separate that thing into parts. Classification, is used to organize things which share certain qualities. Its purpose is to group these things systematically.Division stresses the distinction between things, whereas classification emphasizes the similarities. Division deals with the whole and classification, the parts.The whole is composed of parts, and parts make up the whole; the whole and the parts are closely related.Guidelines of using division or classification:1) Choose an appropriate principle of division / classification suited to your purpose. Things are divided or classified according to the writer's purpose or interests.Be sure that your principle of division / classification is interesting and significant. A division of people according to their weight may be absurd unless you intend to discuss how different categories respond to certain medicine the dosage of which depends on a person's weight.2) Apply your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping. Your categories should be divided according to one principle throughout. Remember one item can belong to only one category.(3) Comparison and ContrastA comparison explains how things are similar(similarities/comparisons), and a contrast, how they are different(differences/ contrasts).When you write a comparison / contrast paper, you explain or clarify for one of the three following purposes:1) To present information about something unfamiliar by comparing it with something familiar;2) To show the superiority of one thing by comparing it with another; and3) To show the reader of the similarities and differences of two things to help the reader understand or evaluate them.When you write a comparison / contrast paper, keep in mind the following principles of selection and development:1) Only items (usually two) of the same general class can be compared / contrasted.2) A comparison / contrast essay usually follows one of these two patterns: the subject-by-subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern.In the subject-by-subject pattern, the writer discusses the various aspects of one item before going on to the other.In the point-by-point pattern, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared / contrasted.。
chapter 1 Manuscript Form and Punctuation
Genuine knowledge comes from practice.
Suggestion
• Just Write and Rewrite. Don‟t be afraid of making mistakes. • Read and reread. • Memorize. (wise sayings, proverbs, and beautiful paragraphs)
Your Final Grade/Marks Depend on
• 1) Class attendance and classroom performance & your accomplishment of the assignments accounts for 50%; • 2) Final exam accounts for 50%.
• 4) No period is used at the end of a title; • (Use a question mark if the title is a direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect question); • 5) the title of a book within the topic should be underlined (italicized in printing). • 6) the title of an article put between quotation marks. • • ❁Note: You can capitalize each letter of the words in the title (full capitalization), or you can capitalize the initial letter of key words in the title.
英语写作基础教程(第三版)Chapter 1 PPT
be avoided
lay∙man words
with hyphens should be divided only at phens
பைடு நூலகம்
broken -hearted
two -syllable words with double consonant in
the middle are as rule divided between the
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement (title)
Task 1 : Capitalize the following titles (p2) 1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe? 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty 4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching english as a foreign
一、Manuscript Form
2. Word division (1). one syllable cannot be divided 单音节
(2). two or more syllables 双/多音节
a stressed close syllable usually takes a
nouns e.g. Bob, Lily, Judy - none of them know where he is. (5) used like quotation marks in a dialogue. (6) introduce subheading and authors after quotation
英语写作手册unit1
is in the 303 after I see the
schedule. Thus many people went to
the wrong classroom. The right class
is 303. (删去) I found my new grammar
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添加文本
注：文本框可根据需求改变颜色、移动位置；文字可编辑
Lecture One: Manuscript Form and Punctuation
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1
Manuscript Form
Arrangement Word division Capitalization
handwriting
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• What the happy? （chinglish）
• For at a moment the feeling of grown up 2020/12/2 from them suddenly rushed to me. 21
• Although we cannot celebrate it with
2
Arrangement
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总结
• 1. 题目中第一个词和最后一个词首字母永 远大写
• 2. 题目中冠词，连词，介词，不定式的to 的首字母不大写
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日记的格式
• 英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成 • 书端怎么写？ • 日记需要标题吗？ • 正文怎么写？时态，人称怎么用？
• 2 ）日记的内容多是亲身经历和耳闻目睹 的事情，所以要用第一人称来写；
• 3 ）日记多是在当天晚上来记述当天发生 过的事情，因为动词时态常使用过去时。