非谓语动词:语法功能
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语法—非谓语动词
(非谓语动词的语法功能)
——陈老师
什么是非谓语动词?
非谓语动词,就是不能充当谓语的动词,它没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态和语态 的变化。在英语中,英语句法需遵循一个总原则:一个句子有且仅有一个谓语。当一个 句子必须要出现两个或两个以上动词才能完整表达一个意思时,为了不违反总原则, 英语里有四种处理方式:
3 We heard the song sung by her next door. Байду номын сангаас在隔壁我们听见这首歌被她唱过。)
4 We heard the song being sung next door. (我们听见在隔壁有人正唱这首歌。)
语法功能 —作表语
1、不定式、动名词作表语,表示主语的内容。如:
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. (状语从句) (3) 添加and,but,or 等连词将句子变为并列结构。 eg. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. (4)将其中一个含谓语的结构变成非谓语动词结构。 eg. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.
D. to describe
2) It is said that Beijing University was the first institute of higher
learning_ _A__ in China.
A. established
√
√
定语 √
状语 √
√
√
√
√
√
语法功能 —作主语
1、不定式作主语表示一次性的、具体的动作。 不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,即用句型: To swim with you was very enjoyable. It is + adj.+ (for / of sb. ) to do sth. 如: It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us. 用“of”还是“for”,怎样区分: 当形容词修饰逻辑主语本身时用of,当修饰真正的主语(不定式)的时候用for.
请求与命令 ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事; tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 想要期待邀请,建议鼓励 want sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事;
promise sb. to do 答应某人做某事; warn sb. not to do sth.警告某人别做某事 allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事; remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事
迫不及待下决心, 做过去常常未能做的事 can’t wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事; make up one’s mind to do 下决心做某事 used to do 过去常常做某事; fail to do 未能做某事
语法功能 —作宾语补足语
接不定式作宾语补足语的动词
答应警告,允许提醒和帮助
语法功能 —作定语
不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语,主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。
(1)不定式作定语与其他短语作定语一样,一般都放在被修饰的词之后,通常表示一 个将来的动作。不定式作定语时,不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂,有的是主 谓关系, 有的是动宾关系。 [主谓关系] (1) We must find a person to do the work. (2) There is no one to take care of her. (3) In my family, my mother is always the first one to get up. [动宾关系] 如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系,不定式里的动词是及物动词的,后 面不要再加宾语,因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语;是不及物动词的,要加上适当的 介词或副词让它变成及物动词,只有这样,它才能带上前面的宾语。 (1) He has a lot of books to read. (2) I would like a magazine to look at. (3) Do you have anything else to say? (5) She has nothing to worry about.
2、动名词作主语常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如: ___ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 分析:a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选B。 注意:下面两个句型是用动名词: It’s no good / use doing sth. / It’s useless doing sth.
(3)过去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”,表示一个被动或 完成的动作,相当于一个被动的定语从句。
1) Some of the experiments __C__ in the book are easy to perform.
A. describing
B. to be described
C. described
❖Don’t you see a girl running towards us? ❖I heard her coughing as I passed her room last night. ❖When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud. ❖ I heard the song sung in English. ❖ He found his hometown greatly changed.
(1)切分转化为两个或多个句子。 eg. She is a girl. She likes singing. 她是一个喜欢唱歌的女孩子。 (2)将其中一个谓语动词结构保留作为主句,其余谓语动词结构更改为从句。 eg. She is the girl who likes singing. (定语从句)
2、分词作表语 一些表示情感、情绪的动词,常用分词形式作表语。 现在分词表示主语的性质特征,过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词: surprise (使某人吃惊),[surprising (令人吃惊的), surprised (主语)感到吃惊的] 类似动词有:excite (激动),astonish (惊奇),shock (震惊), scare (惊恐),disappoint (失望),move(感动),如: The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
(2)现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”,即现在分词用主动式时,被 修饰的名词正在执行其动作;现在分词用被动式时,被修饰的名词正在承受其动作, 即 与名词是“动宾关系”。例如:
1)Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise. (=…who are playing)
语法功能 —作宾语
1.只能接-ing 作宾语的动词
喜欢忙着想象, 忍不住想要结束练习 enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事; be busy doing sth.忙于做…; imagine sb. doing sth.想象…做某事 can‘t help doing sth.忍不住做某事; feel like doing sth.想要做某事; finish doing sth.完成做某事; practice doing sth.练习做某事
根据汉语选择正确的答案
to sing , singing, sing, sung, being sung
1 We heard her singing next door. (我们听到她在隔壁唱歌。)
2 We often heard her sing next door. (我们常常听到她在隔壁唱歌。)
错过保持介意, 建议值得考虑 miss doing sth.错过做某事; keep (on) doing sth.保持(继续)做某事; mind doing sth. 介意做某事 suggest doing sth.建议做某事; be worth doing sth.值得做某事; consider doing sth.考虑做某事
2、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语通常放在表示“致使”等意义的词 (catch, keep, get, have, leave, set等)的宾语后。(make除外)
❖ If a person was caught stealing salt, he would be thrown into prison. ❖ Please don't keep the machine running while you are away. ❖ I will have my hair cut tomorrow. ❖ Don’t leave those things undone.
2.只能接to do 作宾语的动词
决定想做需要计划,同意能做被用来做的事 decide to do sth.决定做某事; want/would like to do sth. 想做某事; need to do sth. 需要做某事; plan to do sth.计划做某事; agree to do sth.同意做某事; afford to do 能做某事; be used to do 被用来做
2)They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.
3) The building being built (= which is being built) will be completed next year.
补充:现在分词的被动式可根据英语被动语态推出——将被动语态“be+过去分词” 中的be动词改为现在分词being即可,即改为“being+过去分词”,如: being taken, being given, being found, being studied等。
expect sb. to do sth.期待某人做某事;
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事;
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
1、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语时,常和表示感觉和心理状态的动词see, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel,find (三看,两听,感觉,发现)等动词后与一 个名词(代词)构成复合宾语。
My job is teaching / to teach English. (其中teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
另外,在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prove/ turn out (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如: He seemed (to be ) very happy.
非谓语动词的用法:除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。
不定式(to do)
非
过去分词(-ed) -ed 分词
谓 分词
语
现在分词(-ing) - ing 分词
动名词(-ing)
非谓语动词的语法功能
名称
不定 式
动名 词
现在 分词
过去 分词
主语 √ √
语法 宾语 宾语补足语
√
√
√
√
√
功能 表语 √ √
(非谓语动词的语法功能)
——陈老师
什么是非谓语动词?
非谓语动词,就是不能充当谓语的动词,它没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态和语态 的变化。在英语中,英语句法需遵循一个总原则:一个句子有且仅有一个谓语。当一个 句子必须要出现两个或两个以上动词才能完整表达一个意思时,为了不违反总原则, 英语里有四种处理方式:
3 We heard the song sung by her next door. Байду номын сангаас在隔壁我们听见这首歌被她唱过。)
4 We heard the song being sung next door. (我们听见在隔壁有人正唱这首歌。)
语法功能 —作表语
1、不定式、动名词作表语,表示主语的内容。如:
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. (状语从句) (3) 添加and,but,or 等连词将句子变为并列结构。 eg. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. (4)将其中一个含谓语的结构变成非谓语动词结构。 eg. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.
D. to describe
2) It is said that Beijing University was the first institute of higher
learning_ _A__ in China.
A. established
√
√
定语 √
状语 √
√
√
√
√
√
语法功能 —作主语
1、不定式作主语表示一次性的、具体的动作。 不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,即用句型: To swim with you was very enjoyable. It is + adj.+ (for / of sb. ) to do sth. 如: It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us. 用“of”还是“for”,怎样区分: 当形容词修饰逻辑主语本身时用of,当修饰真正的主语(不定式)的时候用for.
请求与命令 ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事; tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 想要期待邀请,建议鼓励 want sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事;
promise sb. to do 答应某人做某事; warn sb. not to do sth.警告某人别做某事 allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事; remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事
迫不及待下决心, 做过去常常未能做的事 can’t wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事; make up one’s mind to do 下决心做某事 used to do 过去常常做某事; fail to do 未能做某事
语法功能 —作宾语补足语
接不定式作宾语补足语的动词
答应警告,允许提醒和帮助
语法功能 —作定语
不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语,主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。
(1)不定式作定语与其他短语作定语一样,一般都放在被修饰的词之后,通常表示一 个将来的动作。不定式作定语时,不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂,有的是主 谓关系, 有的是动宾关系。 [主谓关系] (1) We must find a person to do the work. (2) There is no one to take care of her. (3) In my family, my mother is always the first one to get up. [动宾关系] 如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系,不定式里的动词是及物动词的,后 面不要再加宾语,因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语;是不及物动词的,要加上适当的 介词或副词让它变成及物动词,只有这样,它才能带上前面的宾语。 (1) He has a lot of books to read. (2) I would like a magazine to look at. (3) Do you have anything else to say? (5) She has nothing to worry about.
2、动名词作主语常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如: ___ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 分析:a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选B。 注意:下面两个句型是用动名词: It’s no good / use doing sth. / It’s useless doing sth.
(3)过去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”,表示一个被动或 完成的动作,相当于一个被动的定语从句。
1) Some of the experiments __C__ in the book are easy to perform.
A. describing
B. to be described
C. described
❖Don’t you see a girl running towards us? ❖I heard her coughing as I passed her room last night. ❖When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud. ❖ I heard the song sung in English. ❖ He found his hometown greatly changed.
(1)切分转化为两个或多个句子。 eg. She is a girl. She likes singing. 她是一个喜欢唱歌的女孩子。 (2)将其中一个谓语动词结构保留作为主句,其余谓语动词结构更改为从句。 eg. She is the girl who likes singing. (定语从句)
2、分词作表语 一些表示情感、情绪的动词,常用分词形式作表语。 现在分词表示主语的性质特征,过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词: surprise (使某人吃惊),[surprising (令人吃惊的), surprised (主语)感到吃惊的] 类似动词有:excite (激动),astonish (惊奇),shock (震惊), scare (惊恐),disappoint (失望),move(感动),如: The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
(2)现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”,即现在分词用主动式时,被 修饰的名词正在执行其动作;现在分词用被动式时,被修饰的名词正在承受其动作, 即 与名词是“动宾关系”。例如:
1)Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise. (=…who are playing)
语法功能 —作宾语
1.只能接-ing 作宾语的动词
喜欢忙着想象, 忍不住想要结束练习 enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事; be busy doing sth.忙于做…; imagine sb. doing sth.想象…做某事 can‘t help doing sth.忍不住做某事; feel like doing sth.想要做某事; finish doing sth.完成做某事; practice doing sth.练习做某事
根据汉语选择正确的答案
to sing , singing, sing, sung, being sung
1 We heard her singing next door. (我们听到她在隔壁唱歌。)
2 We often heard her sing next door. (我们常常听到她在隔壁唱歌。)
错过保持介意, 建议值得考虑 miss doing sth.错过做某事; keep (on) doing sth.保持(继续)做某事; mind doing sth. 介意做某事 suggest doing sth.建议做某事; be worth doing sth.值得做某事; consider doing sth.考虑做某事
2、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语通常放在表示“致使”等意义的词 (catch, keep, get, have, leave, set等)的宾语后。(make除外)
❖ If a person was caught stealing salt, he would be thrown into prison. ❖ Please don't keep the machine running while you are away. ❖ I will have my hair cut tomorrow. ❖ Don’t leave those things undone.
2.只能接to do 作宾语的动词
决定想做需要计划,同意能做被用来做的事 decide to do sth.决定做某事; want/would like to do sth. 想做某事; need to do sth. 需要做某事; plan to do sth.计划做某事; agree to do sth.同意做某事; afford to do 能做某事; be used to do 被用来做
2)They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.
3) The building being built (= which is being built) will be completed next year.
补充:现在分词的被动式可根据英语被动语态推出——将被动语态“be+过去分词” 中的be动词改为现在分词being即可,即改为“being+过去分词”,如: being taken, being given, being found, being studied等。
expect sb. to do sth.期待某人做某事;
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事;
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
1、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语时,常和表示感觉和心理状态的动词see, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel,find (三看,两听,感觉,发现)等动词后与一 个名词(代词)构成复合宾语。
My job is teaching / to teach English. (其中teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
另外,在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prove/ turn out (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如: He seemed (to be ) very happy.
非谓语动词的用法:除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。
不定式(to do)
非
过去分词(-ed) -ed 分词
谓 分词
语
现在分词(-ing) - ing 分词
动名词(-ing)
非谓语动词的语法功能
名称
不定 式
动名 词
现在 分词
过去 分词
主语 √ √
语法 宾语 宾语补足语
√
√
√
√
√
功能 表语 √ √