精读第四课Diogenes and Alexander背景知识课件

Plato
Aristotle
Aristotle(384 BC – 322 BC)was a Greek philosopher and polymath(博学的人), a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics(形而上学), poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric(修辞学), linguistics(语言学), politics, government, ethics( 伦理学), biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
According to a popular story, Diogenes walked through Athens in broad
daylight carrying a lighted lamp, saying that he was looking for an honest man.
Diogenes and Alexander
第 欧 根 尼
Plato(428/427 BC[a] – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates（苏格拉底）, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.
On another occasion Diogenes is said to have had an interview with Alexander the Great, who opened the conversation with “I am Alexander the Great.” He answered, “And I am Diogenes the Cynic.” Alexander then asked him in what way he could serve him. “You can step out of my sunlight.” Diogenes replied. Alexander is said to have been so struck with the Cynic’s selfpossession that he went away remarking, “If I were not Alexander, I should wish to be Diogenes.”
Diogenes and Βιβλιοθήκη Baidulexander
第欧根尼和亚历山大
About the Author
Gilbert Arthur Highet (June 22, 1906 – January 20, 1978) was a Scottish-American classicist, academic, writer, critic and literary historian. Born in Scotland, he is best known as a mid-20thcentury teacher of the humanities in the United States. Highet devoted most of his energy to teaching, but he also aspired to raise the level of mass culture and achieved broader influence by publishing essays and books.
人物思想
他认为除了自然的需要必须满足外，其他的任 何东西，包括社会生活和文化生活，都是不自然的、 无足轻重的。他强调禁欲主义的自我满足，鼓励放 弃舒适环境。作为一个苦行主义的身体力行者，他 居住在一只木桶内，过着乞丐一样的生活。每天白 天他都会打着灯笼在街上“寻找诚实的人”。第欧 根尼揭露大多数传统的标准和信条的虚伪性，号召 人们回复简朴自然的理想状态生活。
Diogenes
Nothing is known about his life, but his surviving Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers （《名哲言行录》）is a principal source for the history of Greek philosophy. He thought that all should live natually, for what is natural is normal and cannot possibly be evil or shameful. Live without conventions, which are artificial and false: escape complexities and extravagances(奢侈): only so can you live a free life.
后来他师承苏格拉底的弟子安提斯泰尼，以身 作则发扬了老师的“犬儒哲学”，试图颠覆一切传 统价值。他从不介意别人称呼他为“狗”，他甚至 高呼“像狗一样活着”。人们把他们的哲学叫做 “犬儒主义”（Cynicism）。他的哲学思想为古希 腊崇尚简朴的生活理想奠定了基础。归到他名下但 现已失传的各种著作中，有对话、戏剧和一部《共 和国》，该书描绘无政府主义者的乌托邦，人们在 其中过着“自然”的生活。