4 syntax 语言学导论课件

for example, in the sentence The girl ate the apple, S (A), the girl (B), ate the apple (C),
each part is a constituent.
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Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units.
English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order.
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1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words（词类/语词) substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
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A (Sentence)
B The girl
C ate the apple
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This tree contains three Nodes. 节点 The top-most node, A, is the mother of the
two lower nodes, B and C. B and C are daughters of the same mother,
For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
名词短语可以前置限定词和形容词，后跟动词短 语。
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Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
but it is realized in a string The + girl + is + giggling.
It is the construction in this sense that can be analysed into constituents.
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2.2 Immediate Constituents
Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world: SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS.
and so we refer to them as sister nodes. The simple tree in the above represents a
constituent of category A which is composed of two parts, one of category B and the other of category C, occurring in that order.
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1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence 同现
It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
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On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and its internal properties.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome.
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This is what Saussure called ASSOCIATIVE relations(联想), or in Hjemslev‘s term, PARADIGMATIC relations(聚合).
To make it more understandable, they are called VERTICAL relations (纵向) or CHOICE relations (选择).
If two constituents, in the case of the example above, B (the girl) and C (ate the apple), are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A (“S” , here a sentence ), then B and C are said to be immediate constituents of A.
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To dismantle分解 a grammatical construction in this way is called IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS or IC analysis.
The immediate constituents themselves can be constructions of specific types, for
CONSTITUENT is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction:
For instance, the different terms such as clausal小 句 type, phrasal 短语type are assigned to the properties of the constructions respectively.
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The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction’s “make-up”, with the terms such as “subject, predicate, object, determiner, noun”.
Chapter Four From Word to Text
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The use of language, like games, has its own rules. To play the games well, you should know the rules. Words, word groups and phrases, and clauses cannot occur at random, they have to follow certain rules of ordering. (phoneme/morpheme/ word/phrase/clause/sentence)
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2. Grammatical construction and its
constituents 语法结构、成分
2.1 Grammatical Construction
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION or CONSTRUCT can be used to refer to any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains.
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In the context of disห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ourse/text analysis, construction refers to a token of a constructional type.
The sentence The girl is giggling is
recognized as “Subject + Predicate” type,
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The boy kicked the ball *Boy the ball kicked the *The ball kicked the boy
The teacher saw the students The students saw the teacher Grammatically well-formed, opposite
The ______ smiles. man boy girl
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It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
In the following, clausal/phrasal external
Subject
+ Verb
+ Object (clausal type)
Mary (subject) ate (verb)
an apple (object).小句
Determiner + Noun (phrasal type) this (determiner) edition (noun) 短语
meanings.
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Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS observed by F. de Saussure. They are also called HORIZONTAL RELATIONS or simply CHAIN RELATIONS.
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1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds:
positional relations relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence