Phonology语言学

Distinctive Features
Take
the following data, for example: [kl] „wicked person‟ [kl] „yesterday‟ [kapi] „copy‟ [kapi] „ample‟ [pl] „fruit‟ [pl] „moment‟ [bl] „strength‟
Phonology
If
the noun ends with a voiced sound the phonetic form is [z]. If the noun ends in a voiceless sound the phonetic form is [s]. However, after such words as rich, bush, kiss, garages, rouge, and maze, (in other words, [s, z, , , t, d,]) the form is [z].
Distinctive Features
So,
how do we determine when two sounds are distinctive? One way to determine whether two sounds are distinctive is to identify a minimal pair - a pair of words that differ only by a single sound in the same position - and which have different meanings - but which are otherwise identical.
Distinctive FeaturBaidu Nhomakorabeas
[kl] „wicked
person‟ [kl] „yesterday‟ [kapi] „copy‟ [kapi] „ample‟ [pl] „fruit‟ [pl] „moment‟ [bl] „strength‟
Distinctive Features
Distinctive Features
The
members of these classes are called Allophones. Thus, an allophone is a phone that has been classified as belonging to some class (phoneme).
Phonology
Some
sound classes are based on articulation or production: For example, both labio-dental and bilabial involve the lips. Therefore, we can group them together under the term labial.
What
must be considered minimal pairs in Hindi? What sounds do Hindi speakers consider distinctive?
Distinctive Features
Before
we proceed any further, we need to discuss some definitions: The first definition we need to consider is that of a Phone, which is simply an individual speech sound. The second definition to consider is that of a Phoneme, which is a class of speech sounds which are identified by a speaker as the same sound.
Phonology
We
have already talked about several natural classes of sounds, such as stops, fricatives, nasals, affricates, etc. To talk fully about phonetic natural classes, however, we need to clarify a few other features.
Phonology
In
English, these sounds are [m, b, p, f, v, w] In English, the sound [w] doesn‟t occur after any of these sounds. We can use the term labial to simplify the description: [w] doesn‟t occur after labial sounds.
Distinctive Features
Liquids
and glides in English are ordinarily voiced, but when they follow a voiceless obstruent in speech, they are pronounced as voiceless consonants. proof [pruf] sleep quick [kwk]
Distinctive Features
Some
examples from English are: tot vs. hot tap vs. top tap vs. tab Let‟s take a second to go back and look again at the examples from Hindi.
Phonology
So
using this natural class, we can state a generalization: + plural [z] / after a sibilant This rule states that the sound occurs in a general context, rather than having to specify for each individual context.
Distinctive Features
In
general, speakers will attend to phonetic differences between two (or more) sounds only when the choice between the sounds can change the meaning of a word, - that is, can cause a distinction in meaning. Such sounds are said to be distinctive with respect to one another.
Phonology
This
group of sounds all differ in respect to voicing, place, and manner of articulation. However, they do have an auditory property in common: a high pitched hissing sound. These sounds, therefore, form a natural class called sibilants.
Phonology
Other classes include: Obstruents, which are sounds produced with an „obstruction‟ of air flow, namely stops, fricatives, affricates. Sonorants, which are consonants produced with a relatively open passage for the air flow, including nasals, approximants and others (or nasals, liquids, glides, and others).

Distinctive Features
In
every language, certain sounds are considered to be the “same” sound, even though they may be phonetically distinct. For example, native speakers consider the [l] in lay to be the same sound as that in play, even though the former is voiced and the latter voiceless.
Distinctive Features
Native
speakers overlook the fact that the [p] in pat and spat are phonetically different and just consider them both to be /p/. Hindi speakers, however, can‟t ignore the difference.
Phonology
In
order for a group of sounds to be a natural class, it must include all of the sounds that share a particular feature or group of features, and not include sounds that don’t.
Phonology
The
idea of feature systems that we have been talking about in relation to phonetics also lends itself quite handily to the description of natural classes of sounds. Phonetic natural classes are groups of sounds in a language which share some articulatory or auditory feature.
Phonology
Other
natural classes are based on sound quality, or auditory properties. One example of a natural class based on auditory properties is Sibilants. Take a look at the pronunciation of the plural suffix in English, which we will label -s This suffix is pronounced in three different ways, depending on the last sound in the noun to which it is added.