直接引语和间接引语的相互转换

直接引语和间接引语的相互转换

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ ”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?

1、人称的转变

1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：

He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.

2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：

“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>

My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>

She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：

He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>

He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。

2、时态的转换

直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：

直接引语间接引语

一般现在时一般过去时

一般过去时过去完成时

现在进行时过去进行时

现在完成时过去完成时

过去完成时过去完成时

过去进行时过去进行时

一般将来时过去将来时

例如：

“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>

She said she was very glad to visit our school.

Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——>

Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——>

Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——>

He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——>

10楼

The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——>

Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——>

Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.

He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——>

He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.

3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况

1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：

He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.

2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：

He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：

He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：

He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>

He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：

Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>

Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：

He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.

7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如：

例如：

The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——>

The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.

He said, “She must be a teacher.”——> He said that she must be a teacher.

He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——>

He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——>

The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.

She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.

〔注〕：此处用had to代替must更好