汉译英之主语的选择

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汉译英之主语的选择全解课件

汉译英之主语的选择全解课件
详细描述
在汉语中,无主句和省略主句是比较常见的句型,但在英语中,无主句和省略主句的使用相对较少。在汉译英中 ,需要根据英语的表达习惯对无主句和省略主句进行处理,可以采用增补主语、变换句型等方法,使得译文更加 符合英语的表达习惯,提高译文的准确性和流畅性。
汉译英主语选择的
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方法与技巧
直译法
总结词
功能
主语在句子中起到引导句子的作 用,是句子逻辑和语义的核心, 同时影响谓语和宾语的语法结构 和意义。
主语选择的重要性
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语法正确性
选择正确的主语可以使句 子语法结构完整,避免出 现语法错误。
语义清晰性
选择合适的主语可以明确 动作的执行者或状态的变 化者,使句子的语义更加 清晰。
语境适应性
详细描述
在汉译英过程中,有时候原文中的一些词汇或短语在英文中并不需要翻译出来,因为它 们对于句子的结构和意义没有实质性的影响。省略法可以在主语选择时使用,例如在翻
译一些重复的词汇或短语时,可以省略其中的一部分,以使译文更加流畅、自然。
汉译英主语的特殊
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处理
主谓一致的处理
主谓一致是指英语句子中主语和谓语动词在数、时态和语态上保持一致。在汉译 英过程中,需要根据英语语法规则,选择适当的主语形式,以确保句子结构正确 。
主语与谓语逻辑关系混乱
主语与谓语逻辑关系混乱是指英语主语与谓 语在逻辑上不一致,导致句子意义不明确。
在进行汉译英时,需要特别注意主语与谓语 的逻辑关系,确保它们在时态、语态和语气 等方面保持一致。例如,“如果明天下雨, 我们就不去公园了”应该翻译为“If it rains tomorrow, we won't go to the park”,

汉译英之主语的选择全解课件

汉译英之主语的选择全解课件
广告文案类文章通常以“产品”或“服务” 作为主语,以此来突出产品的特点和价值。
例如:使用我们的护肤品,让你的肌肤焕发 年轻光彩,重拾自信美丽。
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总结与展望
汉译英主语选择总结
明确句子主谓关系
在翻译过程中,首先需要明确原 句的主谓关系,即确定句子的中 心思想,这将有助于我们选择合
适的主语。
避免冗余和歧义
在翻译过程中,要注意语境对主语选择的影响。不同的语境下,可能需要选择不同的主语 。例如,在描述一个物体的位置时,汉语中通常使用物体作为主语,而英语中则更倾向于 使用地点作为主语。
根据语言习惯选择主语
在翻译过程中,要注意不同语言习惯对主语选择的影响。不同语言习惯下,主语的类型和 位置可能会有所不同。因此,在翻译时要注意根据目标语言的习惯选择合适的主语。
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例如:在2023年,中国成功发射 了嫦娥五号月球探测器,实现了 中国航天史上的又一里程碑。
科技文献类实例分析
科技文献类文章通常以“事物”或“ 现象”作为主语,以此来突出科学的 严谨性和客观性。
例如:在量子力学中,波粒二象性是 一个非常重要的概念,它指的是粒子 可以同时具有波和粒子的属性。
广告文案类实例分析
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汉译英主语选择影响因素
语境因素
语言环境
在翻译过程中,需要考虑原文所处的 语言环境,以及该语言环境下的语法 和词汇特点,从而选择合适的主语。
文化背景
不同的文化背景可能会影响主语的选 择。在某些文化中,可能更倾向于使 用无主语句,而在其他文化中则可能 更常见使用主语。
主题因素
主题明确性
在翻译过程中,需要考虑原文的主题是否明确,以及主题对主语选择的影响。
主题复杂性
如果原文的主题比较复杂,可能需要拆分句子结构或者使用从句等方式来处理 ,以避免出现复杂的主语。

翻译汉译英之主语的确定课件

翻译汉译英之主语的确定课件
确选择主语的能力。
练习题二:主语选择原则的应用
总结词
练习题二将通过具体实例,让学生掌 握在汉译英过程中选择主语的几个重 要原则,如语法原则、语义连贯原则 和习惯用法原则。
详细描述
学生将通过完成一系列翻译练习,学 习如何根据不同的原则选择合适的主 语。这些原则将帮助他们更好地理解 英文句子的结构,并在实际翻译中更 加准确地选择主语。
主语与谓语不匹配
总结词
主语与谓语不匹配是汉译英中的常见问 题之一,会导致译文逻辑混乱或表达不 准确。
VS
详细描述
在进行汉译英时,需要确保主语与谓语之 间的逻辑关系和语义关系相匹配。如果主 语与谓语不匹配,会导致译文逻辑混乱或 表达不准确。例如,中文句子中的主语可 能是抽象概念或集合名词,而在英语中需 要选择具体名词作为主语,以确保与谓语 之间的逻辑关系和语义关系相匹配。
Байду номын сангаас
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CATALOGUE
练习与案例分析
练习题一:主语确定
总结词
通过练习题一,学生将学习如何根据上下文确定英文句子的主语,确保译文自然、流畅 。
详细描述
练习题一将提供一系列中文句子,要求学生根据语境和语法规则,选择合适的英文主语 进行翻译。这些练习将帮助学生理解中英文主语选择上的差异,并提高他们在翻译中准
翻译汉译英之主 语的确定课件
contents
目录
• 主语确定的重要性 • 主语的来源和类型 • 主语确定的方法和技巧 • 主语确定中的常见问题及解决方案 • 练习与案例分析
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CATALOGUE
主语确定的重要性
主语在句子中的作用
主语是句子的核心成 分,通常表示句子所 描述的对象或行为主 体。

汉译英主语的确定

汉译英主语的确定

Determining the Subject of a Sentence汉译英的一个关键步骤是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放,如何构建译文句子的总体框架,主要确定那拿什么作为英语主语。

汉英句法结构有相似性,即传统语法认为汉英句子总统框架相同,都属于主-动-宾(SOV),但同时也存在着许多差异。

英语是一种注重主语的语言(subject-prominent language),而汉语则是注重主题的语言(topic-prominent language)。

具体地说,汉语经常采用主题—述题(topic—comment)的句式,主语的句法功能弱,有时还不容易识别;英语主语的句法功能强,几乎都采用主语—谓语(subject—predicate)的句式,主语是整个句子最关键的成份。

就英语而言,主语一旦选定,句子总体框架大致就确立了。

e.g.这件事你不用操心。

(通顺)This you don’t need to worry about. (×)You don’t need to worry about this. (√)This is not something you need to worry abo ut. ( √)It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对应结构)There is no need for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对应结构)汉语是主题显著的语言,其句法特征是意合,这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系(尤其是主语)在形式上不明显(有时主语不清)。

而英语是主语显著的语言,它所突出的是主语,除省略句外,每个英语句子都必须有主语。

再者,由于英语句法特征是形合,这一特征要求英语句子各成分之间的关系要明晰,以免句子结构混乱,影响意义传达。

因此,译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语,并在译文中妥贴地表现出来。

英汉互译中对主语的处理

英汉互译中对主语的处理

英汉互译中对主语的处理英汉互译是指将英文语言转换成中文语言或者将中文语言转换成英文语言的过程,它是外语学习与文学交流首要工具之一,也是桥梁与纽带,能够将两种不同文化异彩斑斓。

在英汉互译中,主语的处理是十分重要的,由英汉句子结构可以看出,两种语言的主宾句法有较大差异,因此,在英汉互译时应当正确把握主语的位置。

一、英译汉时注意主语的处理1、主语用it代替当出现复杂的复合句时,为了简化译文,可以用it作形式主语来代替真正的主语,这就需要注意,形式主语所作行为是否与真正主语完全一致。

2、名词性状语作表语当状语的位置在主语的前面时,可以用名词性的形容词来作表语,但在此种情况下,要注意,在换译后的句子中文字的位置应当与原句的排列一致。

3、主语的物主代词可以删去在英汉互译中,英语中的物主代词可以删去,直接用名词作主语,把英语中的物主代词省略掉,即可节约篇幅,使汉语句子简洁、亲切。

二、汉译英时注意主语的处理1、直接将汉语主语对应一个英文名词作主语汉译英时,可以直接将汉语中的动词或有生命的主语,对应英语中一个名词作为句子的主语,以简化译文,汉语中有生命的主语,也可以译成英语中的一个名词作为句子的主语,但是译成的英文要注意保持原意,而不能出现歧义。

2、不定式汉译英时,有时不定式也可作英文句子的主语。

当汉语中的主语是动词时,我们可用不定式作主语,可以使句子的表达更加准确,而且更加简洁明快。

3、省略主语汉译英时,可以将主语省略,凡是句子无必要强调或者已知语境中得出结论时,可以将主语省略,但这种情况只限于那些可以由读者自行推测出所提及的事物时。

以上是英汉互译中对主语处理的相关内容,从中可以看出,英汉互译当中,主语的处理是十分重要的,只有正确把握其语义,才能准确地体现出句子的意思,从而使英汉互译更准确。

汉译英主语的选定

汉译英主语的选定

4. 主语为偏正结构短语
肥沃的土壤有利于作物的生长。
The richness of soil favors the growth of crops.
除了其传染性,该疾病的严重状况最终导致肺结核。 In addition to its contagiousness, the severity of the disease resulted in tuberculosis.
3. 主语为动宾结构短语 发明计算机是人类历史上的一大奇迹。 The invention of the computer is a marvel in human history. 操作电机需要了解电机的一些性能情况。 The operation of an electric machine needs some knowledge of its performance.
5. 主语从句 除地球外的任何别的行星上是否适合生命存在,是值得怀疑的。
Whether life can exist on any planet other than the earth is very doubtful. 理论必须紧密联系实际是我们应当记住的一条原则。 That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.
要创造新物质,就需要一个超热和高能的环境。 Creation of new matter requires an exceedingly hot and energydense environment.
(目的状语译为主语)

汉译英技巧主语的选择ppt课件

汉译英技巧主语的选择ppt课件
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3. 懒惰的人不会成功。 本句可依照原文结构,选择“人”作为主语, 译成:
a)A lazy person will never succeed.
也可换种说法,取形容词成分“懒惰”为主语, 表达为“懒惰使人无法成功”,译成:
b) Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. 另外,因为“懒惰”和“成功”不言而喻
首先,可选择“我”作为主语,但“遇上某件事情” 如按字面译为meet with something并不通顺,需要换个 说法,比如表达我“有某个经历”,译: a) I had the most incredible experience a week ago. b) I had the most inconceivable encounter a week ago. 还可选择“事情”作为主语,表达成“事情发生在我身 上”: c) The most unbelievable thing happened to me a week ago.
4、地点主语 (locative subject) The jar contains honey.
5、时间主语 (temporal subject) Yesterday was Monday.
6、事件主语 (eventive subject) The dispute over the problem lasted a decade.
b) In its amount of agricultural land per capita, China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world.
c) China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world in terms of per capita agricultural land .

浅谈汉译英译文主语的选择

浅谈汉译英译文主语的选择

浅谈汉译英译文主语的选择一、必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗由于汉语为主题语言,其结构为主题+述题结构,主语句法功能弱:而英语为主语语言,其结构为主语+谓语结构,主语句法功能强。

例:他投诉你的事我毫不知情。

译:I know nothing about his complaint against you.析:“他投诉你的事”是汉语语句的主题结构,而在英译文中“I”却成了主语,视角的变化引发主语选择的变化。

二、主语必须符合英美等西方人的思维方式汉语多以人作主语,而英语多以物作主语,强调语言的客观性及抽象概念,在汉英翻译中,势必要做出相应的变通。

例:首相随时会辞职。

The resignation of the Prime Minister was hourly expected三、主语必须是句中应该突出的主要信息例:到去年年底,我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶建造合同和协议。

By the end of last year,contracts and agreements were slgned with some provinces and cities concerned for the construction of more than 100 medium-and—smail—sized vessels析:此句“合同和协议”至关重要,放在句首合情合理,让人一目了然。

四、根据上下文正确的逻辑关系确定主语1原文形容词性成分为译文主语例:懒惰的人不会成功。

Laziness makes success impossible.析英美人则强调客观,不妨取形容词“懒惰”为主语,更符合英美人的思维方式。

2、选原文的名词性成分为译文主语例:他突然发现地毯上有个污点。

A dark stain on the carpet caught his eyes.没有用原句中的代词作主语,而用名词为译文主语,符合英语的语言特色。

翻译_主语的选择

翻译_主语的选择

七大主要英语的主语
5. 时间主语 (temporal subject): Yesterday was Monday. 6. 事件主语 (eventive subject): The dispute over the problem lasted a decade. 7. it作主语,表时间、气候或距离: It is very late. It’s very hot in summer here. It 作形式主语: It is impossible to finish the paper in ten minutes.
七大主要英语的主语
1. 施动主语 (agentive subject): Susan is growing flowers. 2. 受动主语 (affected subject): Her books translate well. 3. 工具主语 (instrumental subject): A stone broke the glass. 4. 地点主语 (locative subject): The jar contains honey.
4. 只可惜宫粉涂不平脸上的皱纹,看起来好 像驴粪蛋上下了霜。 *Unfortunately powder could not smooth over her wrinkled face; it looked 1ike a frosted donkey turd. Unfortunately powder could not smooth over her wrinkled face. It only made it look like a frosted donkey turd.
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主语选择的原则
① 无主句必须添加必要的主语 ② 必须是句中应该突出的信息; ③ 必须符合英美人的思维视角; ④ 必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯; ⑤ 必须符合行文连贯的需要。

论在汉译英中主语的选择 ——以张培基《英译中国现代散文选》为例

论在汉译英中主语的选择 ——以张培基《英译中国现代散文选》为例

论在汉译英中主语的选择——以张培基《英译中国现代散文选》为例摘要翻译是两种语言间相互转换的语言活动。

在汉译英中,我们面临的任务之一是选择合适的词做主语。

然而,由于英汉语言间存在较大差异,我们在汉译英过程中选择主语并不容易。

汉英主语在形式和构句方面存在差异,而且汉语注重话题而英语注重主语。

本文从对这些差异的分析入手,通过对张培基《英译中国现代散文选》的学习以及本人自身的实践和总结,在汉译英主语选择方面提出了一些方法和建议。

一、保留原文主语作译文主语,二、选择原文的其他句子成分作译文主语,三、在译文中增补主语,四、减少改变主语。

进而得出结论。

在汉译英选择主语时,我们应该现在英美人的思维方式上考虑,结合英语的语言习惯,充分理解原文,运用一些技巧选择合适的主语。

关键词:汉译英;主语的选择;英汉主语的差异;张培基;英译中国现代散文选AbstractTranslation is a language activity of transforming between two languages. In the process of Chinese-English translation, choosing the suitable words as subjects is one of the tasks people facing with. However, it's not easy for people to choose subjects in Chinese-English translation because of the differences between Chinese and English. The subjects of Chinese and English have differences in forms and sentence structure. Furthermore, Chinese is topic-prominent language and English is subject-prominent language. This thesis begins with these differences, puts up some methods and advises about how to choose a suitable subjects through learning Selected Modern Chinese Essays by Zhang Peiji and the author own practices and conclusion. First, keeping the subjects of the original sentences. Second, choosing other constituents of the original sentences. Third, replenishing new subjects for the translation. Fourth, reducing of changing the subjects. And then, the writer shows the conclusion that it should be considered the mode of thinking in western countries, combining with the English language habits, fully understanding the origin text, and use some skills to choose the appropriate subjects.Key words: Chinese-English Translation;the choice of subjects;the differences of subjects in English and Chinese;Zhang Peiji;Selected Modern Chinese EssaysContentsAbstract (I)1.Literature Review 01.1 Existing Researches on this Topic 01.2 Purposes and importance of the study 02. Differences between Chinese and English Subjects (1)2.1 In Forms (1)2.2 Topic-prominent Language vs. Subject-prominent Language12.3 In Sentence Structure (2)3. Methods of Choosing the Subjects in Chinese-English Translation 23.1 Keep the Subjects of the Original Sentences (3)3.2 Choose other constituents of the Original Sentences (3)3.2.1 Choose the Objects to be the Subjects (4)3.2.2 Choose the Adverbials to be the Subjects (4)3.2.3 Choose the Attributives to be the Subjects (6)3.2.4 Choose the Predicates to be the Subjects (6)3.3 Replenish New Subjects for the Translation (6)3.3.1 Replenish the Suppressed Subjects of the Original .. 73.3.2 Replenish the Impersonal Pronoun “It” (7)3.4 Reduce of Changing the Subjects (8)4. Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgements (10)1.Literature Review1.1 Existing Researches on this TopicMany scholars discussed the translation of Chinese and English sentences from the perspective of differences between Chinese and English subjects. According to the existing research, there are many different forms of expression between Chinese and English, which can be divided into topic-prominent language and subject-prominent language, covert subject and overt subject, parataxis and hypotaxis in sentence structure, personal subject and impersonal subject. These studies focus on the analysis of subjective differences between Chinese and English languages, but the discussion of subjects in Chinese-English translation is relatively less detailed. In the book Chinese-English Translation Studies and Practice written by Ji Dequan (2005: 105), who puts forward five principles of determining the subjects in Chinese-English translation: "(1) It must conform to the English expression and the background. (2) It must conform to the English way of thinking ". (3) It must be the information that should be emphasized in the sentence. (4) It must follow the logical order of the sentence. (5) It should meet the context of the request ". In addition, Liu Miqing (1992: 37:46) has concluded in his book Contrast and Translation of English and Chinese three specific methods of selecting the subjects in the procession of translating Chinese into English, which are equivalence, shift, and supplement. These studies provide translators with some theories, principles, and strategies to choose the subject of Chinese to English translation.1.2 Purposes and importance of the StudyThe main purposes and importance of my paper can be summarized as the following two aspects. First of all, as a famous translator and translation theorist, Zhang Peiji made a great contribution to the translation of Chinese papers. The qualities and standards of the articles which he translated are very high. His Selected Modem Chinese Essays was widely accepted by readers and scholars to help spread the Chinese culture, so his translation of the paper worthy of translators’ unremitting study, they learned a lot, so as to improve translators’ ability to translate; the other aspect is that there is no denying the important role of the subject in shaping and constructing sentences in both Chinese and English. They also have a significant impact on the cohesion of sentences,but because of the differences between English and Chinese subjects, translators choose an appropriate subject from Chinese into English as a challenge, so it seems that it should be investigated and made detailed use of some useful translation techniques and strategies to help translators’ determine the subject of Chinese to English translation. Zhang Peiji's Chinese prose translation has set a good example in choosing the appropriate subject, so the author chose to analyze own translation works together with him and explore the method of choosing the subject.2.Differences between Chinese and English SubjectsChinese and English belong to two different language families, therefore Chinese finds its root in the Sino-Tibetan Language Family, while English belongs to Indo-European Language Family. Differences exist between the two languages, one of which is the difference between their subjects, so as bring difficulties to us in English learning and Chinese and English translation. This chapter will generally discuss the differences between Chinese and English subjects mainly in the following three facts.2.1 In FormsChinese subjects are diverse and highly compatible. Wei Zhicheng (2003) points out that all kinds of words, phrases and clauses can be used as Chinese subject. Liu Miqing (1992) argues that, due to the diversity of Chinese characteristics, the Chinese language features, almost any form of expression can be directly used as the subject of Chinese, or in other words, topics, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers or any other words, phrases or terms, we consider them to be "topics" rather than "subjects". “TmS (time subject), PlS (place subject), DaS (subject matter), MrS (modifier subject) Chinese subject” (Liu Meiqing, 1992: 39). Unlike Chinese subjects, English subjects are less incompatible and form singular, because they must be nominal. Thus, noun and subject pronouns can be used as subject of English, and as for other non-nominal words, phrases or clauses, if you want to use them as subjects of English, you must change their form and make them nouns.2.2 Topic-prominent Language vs. Subject-prominent LanguageAccording to Li and Thompson (1976) theory, different languages can be divided into four categories, namely the subject-prominent language, thetopic-prominent language, both the subject-prominent and the topic-prominent language, neither the subject-prominent nor the topic-prominent language. And they show that Chinese belongs to the topic-prominent language which is the informational units of topic and comment that are basic to the structure of sentences, while English is the subject-prominent language which is the grammatical units of the subject and predicate that are basic to the structure of sentences. English focuses more on the relationship between the subject and the actor and the action, and the performance of the behavior can be found in the close grammatical relationship between the English subject and the predicate. This is not the same as Chinese. Zhao Yuanren (1979) said that only about 50% of the relationship between the Chinese subject and the predicate reflects the relationship between the actor and the behavior, so it is best to be the Chinese subject and predicate as the topic and comment. This also explains why Chinese subjects are more diverse than English subjects.2.3 In Sentence StructureFrom the above discussion, you can conclude that that English emphasizes the subject. They are indispensable in constructing sentences. In most cases, the subject is the starting point, the center and the must in English sentences. Often using the formal subject "it" can also be a good explanation of the English subject is indispensable. They have a decisive grammatical function and have a comprehensive and close relationship with the whole sentence. In English, the subject decides the number of predicates, so it should be consistent with the subject when the sentence is constructed. “The main body and the predicate form the seven main English sentences, namely SV, SVC, SVO, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA.” (Quirk, R., Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik, 1985: 721). These forms of sentences also reveal the importance of English subjects. Chinese sentences are more flexible and do not have to follow strict sentences as English. As for the Chinese subject, they are not indispensable in the sentence structure and are not related to the form of the predicate. No subject sentences are common to meet in Chinese, and in many cases the subject can be omitted.3.Methods of Choosing the Subjects in Chinese-English Translation3.1 Keep the Subjects of the Original SentencesFrom the analysis and discussion in section two, translators understand that the subject of English sentences is mainly nouns, subjective pronouns or nominal words. If the original Chinese has a clear subject, and the subject is composed of nouns or subjective pronouns, and in line with the English primitive order, which is the thematic progression pattern. And then the translation of the original subject can be used as the subject of English translation. This is the easiest and most reliable means of choosing a subject in Chinese to English translation.(1)这激流永远动荡着,并不曾有一个时候停止过,而且它也不能够停止;没有什么东西可以阻止它。

汉译英翻译技巧(2)主语的选择

汉译英翻译技巧(2)主语的选择

主语的选择①名词特性②搭配合理③主题突出④注意尾重⑤注意连贯①名词特性主语必须是名词,包括名词短语,名词性从句,也包括具有名词特性的-ing分词,动词不定式to do全球发展不平衡加剧。

Imbalance in global development has widened.求和平、谋发展、促和平已经成为各国人民的普遍愿望。

To promote peace, development and cooperation has become the shared aspiration of people across the world.建设生态文明,是关系人民福祉、民族未来的长远大计。

Promoting ecological progress is a long-term task of vital importance to the People’s well-being and China’s future. (to do 也可以)②搭配合理上海豫园的九曲桥,景随步移,美不胜收,旅游小册子中有这样一句话:每一次转折都会看到不同的景色。

Every turning can see/admire/enjoy a different view. ???转折做主语吗?中文是话题为主的,汉语看上去是主语,实际在英文中不过是时间,是地点或是状语。

唐朝出现了真正意义上的中国传统园林建筑。

园林出现了在唐朝。

Traditional Chinese architecture in a real sense first emerged/appeared in the Tang Dynasty.宋朝发明了活版印刷术。

③主题突出第四十一届世博会规模为历届之最。

The scale of the 41st World Expo is the biggest of its kind???The 41st World Expo is the biggest of its kind in scale.中国古典园林规模大小不等。

unit 14 译文中主语的选择

unit 14 译文中主语的选择

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2. 懒惰的人不会成功 A lazy person will never succeed. Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. Laziness makes success impossible.
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名词性成分取为主语
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Unit 14 译文中主语的选择
(汉语常用“的”结尾,不好认。) 汉语常用“ 汉语常用 结尾,不好认。) 1. 形容词 2. 名词 3. 副词 4. 动词 5. 添加
形容词成分取为主语
1. 我的头疼得要命。 译文: My head aches badly. My head is killing me. I have a terrible headache. I have a splitting headache. I have a migraine.
LOGO 2. 已经有数千人在持续了一年的内战中丧生
译法: 1. Thousands of people have died in the civil war, which broke out a year ago. 2. civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives. 3.The death toll of the civil war, which broke a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.
自己添加主语
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1. 广告既可能吸引也可能排斥顾客。 Advertising can either attract or repel customers. Customers may be attracted or repelled by advertising. The power of advertising is such that it can repel as well as attract customers.Fra bibliotekLOGO

汉译英主语的确定

汉译英主语的确定

1

汉英主谓结构的差异
1.1主题Vs 主语 1.2有灵Vs 无灵 1.3 零主语Vs 形式主语
1.1主题Vs 主语




主语显著的语言是指该语言的核心句型是主语+谓语构成的框 架,而主题显著是指由主题+述题构成的句式。主题即句子的 起首部分,相当于“话题”,述题是针对“话题”发表的信息 或评论,通常是“新的信息”。汉语句子的主题可能是名词结 构,与主语一致,但在很多情况下还可能是其他成分。 汉语是“注重主题的语言”(topic-prominent language) 英语是“注重主语的语言”(subject-prominent language ). e.g. 这件事你不用操心。(通顺) This you don’t need to worry about. (×) You don’t need to worry about this. (√) It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对 应结构) There is no need for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有 对应结构)


刮风了。下雨了。 It is raining. It is blowing. 这两句中的it究竟具体指什么,谁也说不清楚。英语语法认 为它是无人称代词,表示天气、时间、距离、度量等,无 词义,只是用它来占一下主语的位置。而中国人只简单地 说“刮风了,下雨了”就可以了,是个无主句,至于主语 是什么,用不着提。 不经一事不长一智。 Wisdom comes from experience. 这类汉语句子的泛指性很强,类似警句格言,大多数不用 主语,然而译成英文时却要采用意译的方法,补上适当的 主语,以符合英文的表达习惯。

汉语句子英译--主语的确定

汉语句子英译--主语的确定
We have won one victory after another for our cause.
2、 关注前后主语一致
英语句子有转折时,前后谓语动词的主语应尽量 保持一致,而在汉语中却可能出现不同的主语, 由于汉语重意合,主语改变时可以不明示,所以 翻译时要译者要洞察汉语中主语改变的情况,其 次要在译文中设法使前后主语一致。
with jewelry.
历史上,由于长江不断改道,?? 在武汉地区形 成了众多的湖泊。
A great many lakes have been formed in the area of Wuhan because the Changjiang River changed its course frequently in history.
于是,在暮色中匆匆的人群里,总有我赶 路回家的身影。
Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd.
小结---主语成分不同
汉语大量人称代词做主语 英语常常用事件、物体做主语,然后使用
子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?” Confucius said, “Is it a pleasure to practice in
due time what one has learnt?”
大家都回家了,我们却得呆在教室,真是 太遗憾了。
It is a pity for us to stay classroom when most others have come back home.
汉语句子翻译
一、主语的确定
英汉主语差异
中国人天人合一,强调人是自然的主宰,人的 主观能动性,因此很多句子以人作主语,认为 自然界中只有人有意识、会感知。

Unit15 汉译英技巧-主语的选择

Unit15 汉译英技巧-主语的选择

a) China’s per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world. 如果选择原文中的形容词成分“中国” 作为主语,就可以直接与其它国家相 比较,而把“土地面积”转化为状语 成分。 • b) In its amount of agricultural land per capita, China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world. • c) China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world in terms of per capita agricultural land .
Unit 15
The Choice of Subjects 主语的选择
英、汉句式的相似之处
汉语句子译成英语的一个关键步骤 是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放,如何 构建译文句子的总体框架,主要是确定 拿什么作为英语的主语。 传统语法认为汉英句子总体框架相 同,都属于主--动--宾(SVO)类 型。按照这一理论,当我们进行汉译英 时,译文与原文在句子结构上,尤其在 主语、谓语、宾语等重要 成分的位置处 理上,应当能做到大致相同。因而,在 很多情况下,我们能够直接把原文的主 语取为译文的主语。
• 2. 已经有数千人在持续了一年的战争中丧生。 • 可以选择“人”作为主语,依照原文结构译成: • a) Thousands of people have died in the war, which broke out a year ago. • 如果改为“战争”作主语,需要在词语表达上灵活 处理;若按 “战争使数千人丧生”结构译为the war caused thousands of people to die, 就显得生硬。这 要求我们去寻找相应的英语习惯表达,如 “使死亡” 可译为claim lives: • b) The war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives. • 我们还可以根据本句的内容,添加原文字面上没有 的词语“死亡人数”,从而改译为: • a) The death toll of the war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.

汉译英之主语的选择共42页

汉译英之主语的选择共42页

谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路,那么,任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远,吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应,言行相称。——韩非
汉译英之主语的选择
21、没有人陪你走一辈子,所以你要 适应孤 独,没 有人会 帮你一 辈子, 所以你 要奋斗 一生改变命运,首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首,因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿. 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ,它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ,以便 让别一 只脚能 够再往 上登。
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• 5.能不能提前完成计划呢? • 5.Is it possible to carry out the plan ahead of time? • 6.屋内悄无一人,只听见钟在滴答滴答地走。 • No one was in the room:only the ticking of a clock could be heard. • 7.突然钻出一只狗,追着她咬,几乎把她吓糊涂 了。 • A dog rushed out to chase after her,scaring her almost out of her wits. • 比较: She was petrified when a dog rushed out and chased her. • (状态,没有突出动作)
• 英汉语比 较: 主语 比较 • • 英语属于偏重形式的语言,一个句子要独立表达一个完整的意 思,必须包含主语和谓语两个组成部分,英语中绝大部分句子 都是按“主语-谓语”形式构建而成的。主语与谓语的关系是施 动者与动作的关系。根据美国语言学家所提出的语言类型学观 点,英语属于“主语突出”型(Subject-prominent)语言。
There is no need for you to worry about this.
• 1)论文我们已经写了一大半了。 • We have finished a good part of the papers • 3)这些材料我们只够盖一栋房子。 • We could only build one house with these materials.
We will have the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.
英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为 两类: • 1. 用非人称代词“it”作主语 • 2.“无灵主语”+“有灵动词”
用非人称代词“it”作主语 • 我从来也没有想到她这么吝啬。 • It never occurred to me that she was so mean. • 只要走半个钟头就可以到轮渡。 • It’s only half an hour’s walk to the ferry. • 人总是在面临考验的关头,才发现自己的 专长。 • It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.
• 主语选择合适, 便于构句
• 因为距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这 种隔绝状态,由于通讯工具不足,就变得更加严重了。 • a. Due to Long distances and lack of transport facilities, the rural areas are isolated from the outside world,which is made more serious by the lack of communication instruments. • (基本保留了原文句法结构)
• 汉译英中,主语的 确立是句子翻译的第一步。选择了一定的主 语,基本决定了句子构造的走向。主语选择恰当,句子就便于 构造了。常常选择不同成分作主语,决定了不同的组句方式。 例如:
人不可貌相,海水不可斗量。 A. A person can not be judged from his appearance just as an ocean can not be measured by pints. • B. It is impossible to judge people from their appearances, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. • C. We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.
英语的无灵视角倾向 • 无灵句形式上让视角多变,内容上更显客 观或活泼。表示时间、地点、状态、原因、 受动、心理与感觉的语义成分都可以作为 无灵主语。
• 世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃 • At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. • The turn of the century finds China most active in the diplomatic arena.
2
汉语句子以人作主语--有灵主语(天人合一;人与自然浑 然一体) 英语句子以物作主语---无灵主语(强调客观及抽象概念)
1
首相随时会辞职。 我对她日益钦佩。
The resignation of the Prime Minister was hourly expected.
2
My admiration for her grew day by day.
• • • • • •
1.活到老,学到老。 1. One should keep learning up to an old age. 2.不人虎穴,焉得虎子。 2. you can not gain if you risk nothing. (no venture, no gain) 3.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。 3. One shall have a chance to succeed if one preserves his strength. • 4.不努力便不会成功。 • 4. you shall never succeed if you do not work hard.
1)热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作,建立和 发展贸易关系。 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts. 2) 希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。
3
我在暖烘烘的炉火旁很快就睡着了。
The warmth of the stove soon brought sleep to me.
4 2008年奥运会将在北京举行。
There will be the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. The 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008. Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. The year 2008 will witness the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing . The 29th Olympic Games is to be held in Beijing in 2008.
1.汉语为主题语言;主题+述题结构;主语句法功能弱
英语为主语语言:
主语+谓语结构;主语句法功能强
例如:
这件事你不用操心.
主题 述题
译:This you don’t need to worry about.
You don’t need to worry about this.
This is not something you need to worry about.
It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
3) 经常接触某人或某事往往会让人产生喜欢。 Frequent exposure to something or someone will cause liking.
1、主语是某种心理感受,谓语选择 creep, strike, seize, dawn, catch, worm into, grip, enter, register, overcome, take possesion of, surround, give way to, desert, pass, tear等词汇。 1) 整个村庄笼罩在恐怖之中。 Fear gripped the village.( Fear gripped his heart.) 2) 他失去了勇气。 Courage deserted him. 3) 一股淡淡的伤感涌上心头。 A tinge of melanchony struck me. 4) 他愤怒的说不出话。 Anger choked my words. 5)现在人们已经从乐观变为怀疑了。 By now optimism had given way to doubt.
• 汉语是重内容的语言,“形散神聚”是汉语句子的特点。因此汉 语被称作是典型的“意合”语言。汉语中的主语不像英语的主语 那样容易确定, “主语-谓语”形式的句子在汉语里比例是不大 的,因此在汉语语法中出现了主题(话题)(Topic)这一概念。 我国著名学者赵元任(1968)说:“把主语、谓语当作话题和说 明来看待,比较合适” 。汉 语属于“主题突出”型(Topicprominent)语言。
1.增补主语
• 1)起大风了。 • It’s blowing hard.
• • • • • • • •

下面的句子有什么特点? 1.活到老,学到老。 2.不人虎穴,焉得虎子。 3.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。 4.不努力便不会成功。 5.能不能提前完成计划呢? 6.屋内悄无一人,只听见钟在滴答滴答地走。 7.突然钻出一只狗,追着她咬,几乎把她吓糊涂 了。
• c. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
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