译林版高中英语选修8学案 语法解读 Unit3
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语法解读
倒装结构
句子按“主语+谓语”的顺序排列,叫自然语序,谓语在前,主语在后,叫倒装语序。倒装语序又分两种:整个谓语在前,叫完全倒装,部分谓语(情态动词、助动词、连系动词)在前,谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后,叫半倒装或部分倒装。
一、完全倒装
在下列情况下,句子需全倒装:
1.在there, here引导的句子中,谓语是be, exist等表示状态的不及物动词,如:
There is nobody in the classroom.教室里空无一人。
There seems something wrong about it.
这事好像有什么问题。
There happened an event last week.上周出了一件事。
There lived a girl named A Qiao long ago.
很久以前这儿住了一位叫阿巧的姑娘。
There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.
山顶有座庙。
There lies a deep pond at the foot of the hill.
山脚下有一口深塘。
There exist different opinions on this question.
关于这个问题还有不同意见。
Here are coasts for young people.
这儿有年轻人穿的大衣。
Here is a seat for you, Wang Lin.
王林,这儿有你的座位。
2.在语气词there, here开头的句子里,谓语动词是come, go等,如:
There goes the bell!铃响了!
There goes the thief!有贼!
Here are the books!给你书!
Here comes your husband.你丈夫来了。
如主语是人称代词,则不用倒装,如:
There you go again.你又来这一套。
Here he comes.他来了。
Here you are.给你。
Here it is.喏,在这。
3.副词now, then, thus引导的句子里,谓语是come, follow, begin, end, be等,如:
Now comes your turn!该你了。
Then followed a shot of gun.
接着又一声枪响。
Thus ended the meeting.会议就这样结束了。
4.在Long live...等表示祝愿的句子里,如:
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
中华人民共和国万岁!
Be ours a happy meeting!
希望我们的集会愉快!
5.在直接引语全部或部分置于句首的句子里,引述动词和它的主语(名词)往往要倒装。如:
“You have made great progress this term”, said our teacher.
教师说:“你这学期取得了很大进步。”
“Mr. Crossett,” said my father, “will you permit an old pupil to shake hands with you?”
“克罗斯先生,”我父亲说,“请允许您以前的一个学生跟您握握手,好吗?”
①主语是代词时,倒装不倒装都可以,如:
“Where are you going?” asked he.(or: he asked.)
“你去哪里”?他问。
②引述动词另有宾语时,即使主语是名词也不倒装。如:
“Why didn’t you join us!” our monitor asked me.
“你为什么不加入我们?”我们的班长问道。
6.在in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back作状语置于句首,谓语动词是come, go, rush, run等不及物动词的句子里,如:
The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, our headmaster.
门开了,进来了史密斯先生,我们的校长。
When tiny white eggs hatch, out come little fat white worms.
当很小的白色的卵孵化出来后,就出来肥胖的白色小虫子。
Up and up go the prices.价格越来越高。
Down drop the meat into the fox’s mouth.
这块肉往下落,掉入狐狸的嘴巴里。
Up flew the arrow into the sky.
箭嗖的一声射入天空。
Over turned the huge stone.这块巨石翻了个个。
Away ran the prisoner.这犯人逃跑了。
Off went the horses.这些马走脱了。
Back fought our soldiers.我们的士兵还击了。
如果是人称代词则不用倒装。如:
In he came and the lesson began.
他走进来开始上课。
Back they fought.他们还击了。
Up it flew.它往上飞走了。
7.在地点状语提前,谓语是be, stand, sit, lie 等动词的句子里,如:
In the front of the stage stood a singer.
台前站着一位歌唱家。
On every piece of paper was a picture of a horse.
每张纸上有一幅画有马的画。
From a speaker on the wall comes the doctor’s voice.
从墙上的扩音器里传来医生的声音。
On the ground lay a sick goat.
地上躺着一头生病的山羊。
From the distance came a policeman.
远处来了一个警察。
Alone the wall stands four big book cases.