国外社会心理学1课件1

A Working Definition
Evolutionary Psychology: A new branch of psychology that seeks to investigate the potential role of genetic factors in various aspects of human behavior
• Random Assignment of Participants to Groups— research participants must have an equal chance of being exposed to each level of the independent variable
Chapter 1
The Field of Social Psychology: How We Think about and Interact with Others
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Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
– A correlation between variables does not mean that one variable causes changes in the other variable.
• Correlation does not equal causation.
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
• What are your thoughts?
– What social psychological topic would be good to study using the systematic observation method? – What social psychological topic would be good to study using the survey method? – What are examples of a positive correlation and a negative correlation? – Why doesn’t a correlation between two variables mean that they are causally related?
– Used to attain the goal of explanation – Can determine causal relationships
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
– Involves two key aspects
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
• Systematic Observation—behavior is systematically observed and recorded
– Naturalistic observation—systematically observe behavior in natural settings – Survey Method—large number of people answers questions about their attitudes or behavior
• • • • • Actions and characteristics of others Cognitive processes: Memories, inferences Environmental variables Cultural context Biological factors
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
– Scientific in nature and follows core values:
• Accuracy, Objectivity, Skepticism, Open-Mindedness • Does not rely on personal experience, intuition, and “common sense” notions
• Why?
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Its Cutting Edge
• Recognizes that cognition and behavior are two sides of the same coin • Examines Social Neuroscience: research area that seeks knowledge about the neural and biological bases of social processes • Studies role of implicit (nonconscious) processes • Adopts a Multicultural Perspective: A focus on understanding the cultural and ethnic factors that influence social behavior
– Allows predictions to be made
• A stronger correlation yields a more accurate prediction.
– Correlations range from -1.00 to +1.00. » The farther away from 0, the stronger the correlation.
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
A Working Definition
• What are your thoughts?
– Are the findings of social psychologists simply common sense?
• Why or why not?
• Independent Variable—variable that is systematically changed in an experiment • Dependent Variable—variable that is measured in an experiment
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– Has two requirements to be valid and successful
• Has many advantages • Must meet certain requirements
– Issues of sampling and wording of items
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
• Correlational Method—a scientist systematically observes two or more variables to determine whether changes in one are accompanied by changes in the other
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
A Working Definition
• Social Psychology: The scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
The Field of Social Psychology
• Social Psychology
– A Working Definition – Its Cutting Edge – Research Methods – Quest for Knowledge and Rights of Individuals: Seeking a Balance
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
• Experimentation (Experimental Method)— one or more factors (the independent variables) are systematically changed to determine whether such variations affect one or more factors (dependent variables)
– What are examples of behaviors or situations that would be more likely studied by a social psychologist than by a sociologist? – What environmental, cultural, and biological factors may be of interest to social psychologists?
– Focuses on the behavior of individuals
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
A Working Definition
– Seeks to understand the causes of social behavior and thought, which includes:
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
• And, all factors that might affect behavior other than the independent variable must be held constant.
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Research Methods
– Correlations can be either positive or negative.
• A positive correlation means that as one variable increases the other increases or as one variable decreases the other decreases—the two variables move in the same direction. • A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other decreases—the two variables move in opposite directions.