Chomsky and Transformational - Generative Grammar

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chmosky and his contributions (乔姆斯基对语言学贡献)

University.
In 1953 : further work During the year of 1955 : obtained a position at MIT, taught for 19 years Between 1965 and1973 : against the Vietnamese policy of the US
Surface structure
and
deep structure
• Surface structure: syntactic structure • Deep structure: more abstract and complicated • eg, John is eager to please. John is easy to please . Structurally similar sentences might vary in the meaning, for they have quite different deep structures
Noam Chomsky
Developed by -----
陈娇陈竞董琴黄莉萍黄昕李丹李东蔚李雪李娅茜李应琴李玉李芝廖鑫罗津莫雨婷庞婷任婵佘思雅 Class12
American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and activist
Transformational-generative Linguistics
“Language Acquisition Device” (LAD)
Transformational generative linguistics
• LAD

Chomsky

Main theory
Transformational-Generative Grammar （转换-生成语法） Universal Grammar （普遍语法） Competence & Performance （语言能力 & 语言行为）

The publication of Chomsky’s Syntactic Structure （《句法结构》）in 1957 marked the beginning of the TG Grammar. A syntactic base of language (called deep structure), which consists of a series of phrasestructure rewrite rules, i.e., a series of universal rules that generates the underlying phrasestructure of a sentence, and a series of rules (called transformations) that act upon the phrase-structure to form more complex sentences. The end of a TG Grammar is a surface structure that, after the addition of words and pronunciations, is identical to an actual sentence of a language.
Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky
born in December 7, 1928 American linguist, philosopher, scientist, logician, and political commentator and activist. Working for most of his life at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus, he has authored over 100 books on various subjects.

乔姆斯基的语言学三大观点

乔姆斯基的语言学三大观点乔姆斯基的语言学观点：语言能力是说某种语言的人对这种语言的内在认识，而语言运用则是它具体使用语言的行动；语言能力和语言运用并不是符合的，语言运用并非语言能力的直接反映。

一、乔姆斯基的语言学观念乔姆斯基在研究语言中发现，有许多现象是结构主义语法和行为主义心理学所解释不了的。

例如，一个儿童一般在五六岁时就可以掌握母语；这个年龄的儿童的智力还很不发达，学习其他知识(如数学、物理)还相当困难，而学习语言却这样容易。

这种现象，用“白板说”或“刺激—反应”论都解释不通。

在这一点上，“刺激—反应”或“模仿—记忆”等观点也不能自圆其说。

不仅如此，儿童所知的有些东西，似乎不可能是教会的。

比如在He lost his pen和He lost his way中的his的区别，在He told her to leave the party和He promised her to leave the party中，由于两个谓语动词的不同，使to leave的施动者也改变了。

况且，儿童听到的话语并不都是标准的，相当一部分是不标准、不合乎语法的、被简化了的话语(如中国妈妈们说的“吃甜甜”“吃果果”)。

但儿童最后学到的是标准的语言。

这显然不是靠简单模仿得来的。

儿童在五六年之内所接触的话语毕竟是有限的，然而，儿童能说出的句子却是无限的。

二、乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论转换生成语法理论，亦称“转换语法理论”、“生成语法理论”。

是指一种新结构主义语言学理论。

美国语言学家乔姆斯基20世纪50-60年代创立。

用符号化和演绎方法描写自然语言生成语法的理论体系。

主要内容有：语言基本上不是习得的，而是天赋的。

儿童天生具有一种加工语言符号的大脑内在机制，随着儿童的发展，这种内在机制在一定的条件下被激发，儿童即能自然获得语言。

语言是一种结构，设想人有一种天生的“语言获得装置”，称LAD。

深层结构，指短语或句中的基本语法关系和语义，决定句子的内涵与意义，属语法的基础部分和语言能力。

乔姆斯基生成语言学

乔姆斯基生成语言学乔姆斯基生成语言学（Chomskyan Generative Linguistics）是由美国语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）于20世纪50年代末提出的一种语言学理论。

该理论认为，人类的语言能力是与生俱来的，并且具有内在的语法结构。

乔姆斯基生成语言学的核心观点是，语言的生成过程是通过一套普遍的语法规则来实现的。

这些规则包括生成句子的基本结构、词汇的组合方式以及语言的声调和语调等方面。

乔姆斯基将语言的生成过程比喻为一个生成器，这个生成器可以根据有限的语法规则生成无限的句子。

生成语法的核心思想是建立一个形式化的语法模型，以描述语言结构和语言现象。

乔姆斯基使用的生成语法模型有两个主要版本：转换生成语法（Transformational Generative Grammar）和理论派语法（Government and Binding Theory）。

在这些模型中，语言的生成过程可以通过一系列的转换和约束来模拟。

生成语法理论的主要贡献之一是对语言的普遍性进行了深入研究。

乔姆斯基认为，人类的语言能力是与生俱来的，并且存在着一些普遍的语法规则，可以被认为是人类学习任何一种语言的基础。

这一观点挑战了以前的行为主义语言学派的观点，即语言完全是通过环境刺激和学习来获得的。

然而，乔姆斯基生成语言学也受到了一些批评。

一些学者认为，生成语法模型在描述人类语言能力方面过于理想化，忽视了语言使用的实际复杂性。

此外，对语言的普遍性的追求也引发了一些争议，有人认为语言的多样性和个体差异性比普遍规则更为重要。

尽管存在争议，乔姆斯基生成语言学对现代语言学的发展产生了深远影响。

它为语言研究提供了一种系统的理论框架，并推动了对语言结构和生成规则的进一步研究。

乔姆斯基生平

Professor Chomsky has received honorary degree from many famous university.
back
The spirit of exploration ( as a linguist )
Initially, he study Hebrew with the structural approach.
December 7,1928 .Noam Chomsky was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. During the years 1951 to 1955, Chomsky was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard University Society Fellows. In 1955, he received his PhD in linguistics at the university of Pennsylvania.
Transformational-Generative (TG) Grammar
徐瑞凤
钟学辉
金玲玲
The birth of TG grammar
In the late 1950s, a new theory appeared in America and violently punched the prevailing structuralist descriptive linguistics. The founder of this new theory was A. N. Chomsky (1928 - ).

Transformational-Generative-grammar

Dthe N(man, ball, door, dog, book,…)
VerbAux + V V(hit, take bite,eat,walk,open…) AuxTense(+M)(+have+en)(+be+ing)
Tensepresent
past M(will, can, may, shall must ,…)
psychology and empiricism in philosophy, making nguistics a branch of psychology.
This observation suggests that children are born with an innate faculty for language in general, a blueprint for languages, not just for any particular language. From this, we would then suppose that if children are predisposed for learning any language, human language in the world must have the same underlying principles in common. This is what Chomsky called language universals or linguistic universals.
• (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics: 387)
Chomsky puts forward three kinds of grammar: finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar. A finite state grammar is the simplest type of grammar which, with a finite amou of apparatus, can generate an infinite number of senten But they are all very simple in their structure. Then a grammar is seen as a system of finite rules generating an infinite number of sentences, and the rules must meet the following requirements :

Chomsky转换生成语法总结

Transformational -Generative GrammarIn the late 1950s,Chomsky gradually established the well known Transformational-Generative grammer.TG grammer has been five stages of development. The classical theory,the standard theory,the extend standard, the revised extended,the minimalist program.12.4.1 The Innateness Hypothesis 天赋假设Chomsky believes that children are born with what he calls LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE.Chomsky's INNATENESS HYPOTHESIS is based on his observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately.All these suggest that although babies are not born knowing a language,they are born with a predisposition to develop a language in much the same way as they are born with a predisposition to learn to walk.He argues that LAD probably consitis of three elements:a hypothesis-maker,linguistic universal,and an evaluation procedure.12.4.2 what is a Generative Grammar?By a GENERATIVE GRAMMAR,he simply means a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentence.he believes that every speaker of a language has mastered and internalised a generative grammar that express his knowledge of his language.Thus a generative grammar attmpts to specify what the speaker actually knows,not whay he may report about his knowledge.He puts forward three different levels to evaluate grammers on.They are the OBSERV ATIONAL ADEQUACY level, the DESCRIPTIVE ADEQUACY level , the EXPLANORY ADEQUACY level.On the first level,grammers are able to produce correct explanation for raw linguistic data.On the second level,it should not produce correct explanation for raw linguistic data,but also produce corrcet explanations for the linguistic competence of the speaker and hearer.On the third,grammers that are sufficiently described should reveal linguistic competence and then relate it with universal grammers in order to be related to the initial state of the human mind for the purpose of revealing human cognitive systems.He insists on the HYPOTHESIS-DEDUCTION method and his research is called evaluation process.Eg: John saw mary into Mary was seen by JohnNP1+AUX +V+NP 2 --------NP2 +aux +be +en+V+NP1Thus,TG method can not only describe the surface structure of a sentence,but also interprest the internal grammatical relationships within a sentence.12.4.3 The classical theoryThis theory is characterized by three features:1.emphasis on generative ability of language 2.introduction of transnational rules 3.grammermatical description regardless on meaning.He puts forward three kinds of grammer:finte state grammer,phrase structure grammar,and transformation grammar.A finite state grammer is the simplest type of grammar which,with a finite amount of apparatus,can generate an infinite number of sentence.but they are all very simple in their structure.Enhlish is not a finite stage language. The point of Chomsky's devising such a grammar is to show the impracticality of organising language from left to right order,and such a process isnot feasible in studying natural languages.he believes that it is necessary to work out a grammer that,with a finite set of rules ,can generate all the grammermatical sentences in a language without generating a single non-grammermatical sentence. The rules must meet the following requirements:(1).Generative:the rules must automatically generate sentences (2).Simple: the rules must be represented by symbols and formulate (3).Explict:everything must be ststed precisely,leaving nothing to chance (4)Exhaustive:the rules should over all linguistic facts,leaving nothing uncovered (5)Recursive: the rules can be repeatedly applied so as to generate an infinite number of sentences.This is what is called the PHARSE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR,this grammer has greater generative powers than a finite state grammer because it can process sentences that can not be processed by the latter.The generative process of a sentence is the process of rewriting one symbol into another.eg:NP(DET (the)N(man))VP (V((hit)NP(DET (the)N(ball)))).Chomsky has distinguished transformational rules into two kinds:obligatory and optional. The transformation of auxiliaries and passive voice,etc.are optional.12.4.4 The Standard TheoryChomsky found the first problem is that the transformational rules are too powerful.As ordinary sentence can be transformed at will,negated,passivised,with certain elements added or deleted,without restrictions. The second problem is that his rules may generate ill-formed sentences as well as well-found ones. The third problem is that the transformational rules for thepassive voice cannot be used at will,because some of the English verbs don't have structures. He noted that application of the transformational rules should not change the meaning of the original sentence,and that the noun must be restricted by the verb.The generative grammar should consist of three components:syntactic,phonological and semantic. The syntactic component can be called the base component,which consists of rewriting rules and the lexicon.It is the rewriting rules that generate the deep structure of the sentence,and the transformational rules,in turn,transform the deep structure intolerance surface structure.Firstly,transformations can only change the forms of sentences are not allowed to alter the meaning.Secondly,there is now a selectional to ensure that the animate noun appears before the verb and the inanimate noun appears after the verb.Thirdly,restrictions are put on transformations inorder not to generate ill-formed sentences.Forthly,the sentences can be embedded.Fifthly, the rules are properly ordered and there is a set order in which the rules apply.12.4.5 The Extended Standard TheoryChomsky revised his standard theory twice. The first revision is called the Extended Standard Theory. The second reason is called the Revised Extended Theory.There are still a lot of problems to solve.Firstly, the transformational rules are still too powerful,for they can move or delete linguistic segments,change the categories,keep the original meaning intact,and vary according to specific circumstances.Secondly, the standard theory holds that derived nouns have the same semantic properties with their corresponding verbs.Thirdly,the standard theory holds that semantic interpretations are determined by the deep structure,and transformational processes will not change the sentence ter this was found to be impossible,for any kind of transformations will certainly change the sentence meaning.Ex:(1)Everyone loves someone.(2)Someone is loved by everyone.Fifthly,many transformational rules must have complex constrains in order that they do not produce ungrammatical sentences. On the one hand,there should be one transformational rule for some universal phenomena. On the other hand,there are expections that have to be constrained.In his first revision of the standard theory,he moved part of semantic interpretation to the surface structure.Ex:(1)Not many arrows hit the target.(2)Many arrows did not hit the target.This shows that semantic interpretation does plays certain roles in the surface structure. He still believed that semantics is determined by the deep structure.12.4.6 The Government and Binding TheoryIt consists of X-bar Theory ,主位theory,Bounding theory,Government theory,Case theory,Control theory,Binding theory.It is still not certain whether the various principles concerning empty categories are applicable to all languages and whether these categories are universal.12.4.7 The minimalist Program and AfterThis new theory is characterized by several remarkable changes.First,some of the discrete analytical models in the previous theory are discarded and the two levels of analysis, the deep structure and the surface structure,are left out.Second, the important concept of government is rejected and the facts interpreted by the theory of government are replaced by several revised concepts,thus the theory of government has turned from a subsystem of universal grammar into the interpretative constraint of the output condition.He puts forward the strongest minimalist theories,Linguistic mechanism is the ideal solution to the problem of legibility conditions.。

乔姆斯基——精选推荐

乔姆斯基Noam Chomsky●⼀、简介●⼆、学术理论背景●三、天赋假设和经验触发论●四、⽣成语法的发展1.古典理论2.标准理论3.扩展的标准理论4.管辖与约束理论5.最简⽅案五、⼩结⼀、简介●乔姆斯基(Avram Noam Chomsky)1928年12⽉7⽇⽣于宾⼣法尼亚州费城的⼀个犹太⼈家庭，⽗亲是研究希伯来语的学者。

乔姆斯基于1951年完成硕⼠论⽂《希伯来语语法》，获得硕⼠学位。

1951年⾄1955年，他在哈佛⼤学以学术协会会员的⾝份从事语⾔学研究⼯作，写出《语⾔理论的逻辑结构》，回到⼤学后取得博⼠学位。

1957年，乔姆斯基把⾃⼰的博⼠论⽂缩写成《句法结构》，在荷兰出版。

此后，他的语⾔学思想开始在语⾔学界、⼼理学界、哲学界引起重视。

不久，他便被⿇省理⼯学院聘为语⾔学教授。

●他的主要著作有：《句法理论若⼲问题》（1966），《笛卡⼉语⾔学》（1966），《语⾔与思维》（1968），《对语⾔的思考》（1975），《规则与表达》（1980），《⽀配与制约讲稿》（1981），《语⾔知识》（1986），这些著作使他的⽣成语法不断发展。

英国当代语⾔学家莱茵斯称“不论乔姆斯基的语法理论正确与否，它⽆疑是当前最有⽣命⼒、最有影响的语法理论。

任何不想落后于语⾔学发展形势的语⾔学家都不敢忽视的理论建树。

”●The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955/1975)●Syntactic Structures (1957)●Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965)●Cartesian Linguistics (1966)●The Sound Pattern of English (1968)●Language and Mind (1968/1972/2006)●Reflections on Language (1975)●Rules and Representations (1980)●Lectures on Government and Binding (1981)●Knowledge of Language (1986)●Barriers (1986)●Language and Problems of Knowledge (1988)●Language and Thought (1993)●The Minimalist Program (1995)●New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind (2000)●On Nature and Language (2002)乔姆斯基与⽣成语法●乔姆斯基作为美国结构主义语法的反动，50年代他在《句法结构》(Syntactic Structures)⼀书中所阐述的关于转换⽣成语法（Transformational-Generative Grammar）向在美国⽣根的描写主义语⾔学发起了全⾯的挑战，被⼈称为“乔姆斯基⾰命”（Chomskyan revolution），使语⾔学的研究发⽣突破性进展。

浅谈乔姆斯基的转换生成语法

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法一、转换生成语法的诞生及发展转换生成语法由美国学者诺姆·乔姆斯基于20 世纪50年代创建，以乔姆斯基1957 年发表的《句法结构》为标志发展至今已经有近60 年历史。

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法是语言学领域中的一次革命性变革，其影响力波及到语言学、心理学、哲学、教育学、逻辑学、翻译理论、通讯技术、计算机语言等领域，英国当代语言学家约翰·莱茵斯曾经作出这样的评论：“无论乔姆斯基的语法理论正确与否，它无疑是当前最有生命力、最有影响力的语法理论。

”转换生成语法理论的影响力可见一斑。

乔姆斯基师从美国描写语言学后布龙菲尔德学派的代表人物、著名语言学家海里斯，并在宾夕法尼亚大学攻读语言学、数学和哲学，获得哲学博士学位。

1957 年乔姆斯基的博士论文缩写而成的《句法结构》在荷兰出版，奠定了转换生成语法的理论基础。

转换生成语法发展至今经历了五个阶段：从1957 年转换生成语法诞生到1965 年为古典理论阶段，这一阶段的代表作是《句法结构》。

当时转换生成语法对当时美国流行的结构主义语言学提出了挑战，从研究方法到研究对象，转换生成语法对结构主义进行了全面颠覆。

在这一理论阶段，乔姆斯基认为语义学是独立于语法学之外存在的，合乎语法并不意味着必须要有意义，某些句子尽管没有意义，但是确实合乎语法规范。

第二个阶段是以1965 年出版的《语法理论的若干问题》为代表，这一阶段属于标准理论阶段。

在此阶段中，乔姆斯基开始将语义纳入语法范畴，并认为语义是由深层结构所决定的，因为如果不考虑语义，生成语法将产生大量无意义的句子，这些句子的存在无疑会降低生成语法的解释力和应用力。

所以在标准理论阶段，生成语法包括了三部分：句法部分，语义部分和语音部分。

其中句法部分是整个语法的核心。

由于考虑了语义成分，生成语法比起其他语法在语义敏感性方面要更具优势。

第三阶段从1972 年到1977 年，乔姆斯基的《深层结构、表层结构和语义解释》是从标准理论发展到扩充式标准理论的转折点。

chomsky

TG语法的三个阶段
2)对古典理论的修正 • PSR扩充成为基础部分，基础部分加入了词库 • 对转换加以限制，转换后不能改变意义 • 语义纳入了语法，深层语法决定语义。
TG语法的三个阶段
3.扩展标准理论时期
X-Bar
基础部分
深层结构 TR move-α 表层结构控制R 语音规则语义解释规则制约R 语音表达逻辑形式表达解释R
TG Grammar has caused plenty of controversy and dispute
三、贡献
对语言学的贡献《句法结构》是乔姆斯基介绍转换生成语法的《语言学理论的逻辑结构》一书的精华版。这一理论认为说话的方式（词序）遵循一定的句法，这种句法是以形式的语法为特征的，具体而言就是一种不受语境影响并带有转换生成规则的语法。儿童被假定为天生具有适用于所有人类语言的基本语法结构的知识。这种与生俱来的知识通常被称作普遍语法。对心理学的贡献乔姆斯基的语言学著作对于心理学在二十世纪的发展方向产生了重大影响。他的普遍语法理论被很多人认为是对既定的行为主义理论的直接挑战。这一理论对于理解儿童如何习得语言以及什么是真正理解语言的能力都有深远的意义。 • 首先，头脑是“认知的” • 最后，乔姆斯基将“模式”作为头脑认知结构的关键特征 • 其次，乔姆斯基认为成年人的大部分智力活动都是“先天的”
TG语法的三个阶段
• 1）把语义解释移到SR之中，表层结构对语义解释起一定的作用。逻辑成分的范围中心（focus ）前提（presupposition） • 2）修正涉及整个转换框架 • 语义完全放到了表层结构
TG语法的三个阶段
4. 支配、约束理论（government and binding）(1980s)

Transformational-Generative_grammar

The Innateness Hypothesis Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE (LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with knowledge of the nature of language.
Chomsky puts forward three kinds of grammar: finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar. A finite state grammar is the simplest type of grammar which, with a finite amou of apparatus, can generate an infinite number of senten But they are all very simple in their structure. Then a grammar is seen as a system of finite rules generating an infinite number of sentences, and the rules must meet the following requirements :

乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献

乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献2007-08-22 18:08:19 作者：zhaolixia来源：浏览次数：893 网友评论0条文字大小：【大】【中】【小】评分等级：无乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献张淑静1，崔艳菊2(1. 解放军外国语学院河南洛阳471003; 2.解放军信息工程大学基础部河南郑州450002)摘要:乔姆斯基是一位著名的语言学家。

他的转换生成理论广为人知。

然而比较鲜为人知的是他对心理语言学的贡献他的转换语法理论塑造了实验心理语言学头十年的研究:他的普遍语法理论丰富了语言习得理论，至今仍有人批追随者。

乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献不因在于他的语言学理论，还在于他对语言心理学旱期研究的批判，以及他关于语言学和心理学的关系的理论。

没有乔如斯基就没有心理语言学今天的繁荣发展。

关键词:乔姆斯基; 转换生成语法; 普遍语法; 心理语言学Abstract: Chomsky is a world famous linguist. His transformational generative grammar theory is well known all over the world, What is less well known, however, is his contribution to psycholinguistics: His transformational generative grammar theory shaped studies in experimental psycholinguistics of the first ten years: his universalgrammar theory enriched language acquisition theories and even today has a lot of followers. His contribution to psycholinguistics lies not only in his linguistic theory, but also in his critique of earlier research in the psychology of language and in his ideas about the relationships between linguistics and psychology. Without Chomsky,psycholinguistics would not be so prosperous.Key words: Chomsky; transformational generativegrammar; universal grammar; psycholinguistics.0. 引言众所周知,乔姆斯基是一位著名的语言学家同时他还是一位思想家、哲学家。

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论（Ch...

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论（Chomsky's transformationalgenerative grammar）Both analytical philosophy and continental philosophy pay attention to the study of language, which is an important feature of contemporary western philosophy. Language can not be divorced from the world. Language can only exist in the world. Chomsky, a contemporary American language master, pioneered the transformational generative grammar theory, which was a revolution in language. It indicates that the study of western linguistics, especially the linguistic research in the United States, has entered a new era, namely, the Chomsky period.I. Chomsky's revolution"The study of Chomsky's generative grammar is not the language phenomenon, nor is it the use of language, but people's language ability, this is the negative structural linguistics of America was dominated by Bloomfield. The creation of transformational generative grammar is regarded as a revolution in linguistics, and Chomsky's language theory quickly becomes the most influential and vigorous theory of modern linguistics. Those who wish to keep up with the development of linguistics experts of linguistics, attach great importance to Joe's theory. A group of vibrant young people around Chomsky, the formation of generative grammar school. These schools, as a result of the novelty of basic theories and methods, have been recognized as another important branch of modern western philosophy of language, which is juxtaposed with logical positivism and everyday linguistics.Not only that, this "Chomsky revolution" is also very fast and many other disciplines to linguistics, philosophy, psychology, logic, for artificial intelligence, communications engineering, which had a great impact. Because people realize that the obvious difference between human beings and other kinds of animals is not so much a kind of thinking function or intelligence as language ability. Chomsky's transformational generative grammar is designed to explore human language abilities. The aim is to give a mathematically accurate description of some of the most striking features of human language.Two. The theoretical framework of transformational generative grammar.Transformational generative grammar describes grammatical structures purely from a formal point of view, and uses formal methods such as mathematical and logical notations and formulas to study grammar in research. Chomsky in the process of grammar study using the deductive method and the method of introspection, fully explain the theory of goal is through the description and analysis of the language structure and language of the language users' ability to find universal grammar, and further exploration of the internal mechanism of language acquisition of human beings, explaining the creative production and language problems.This article talks only about the GB model and the MP model.GB model is a sign of Chomsky's mature theory model, this model he distinguished the phonetic form of PF (Phonetic Form) andMP (Logic Form) logical form, which is a sound system and cognitive system of human brain and our pronunciation interface module called language model. In the PF interface on the system output language phonetic or phonemic expression, is a structural description of a sentence sound; output on the LF interface is an expression about the meaning of a sentence, is a structural description of sentence meaning. Grammatical sentences only exist when and when a qualified PF expression is generated at the same time as a qualified LF expression. The basic contents of GB theory contains provisions of the deep structure form of "X X-order theory"; language determines the type of "center parameter theory"; "PRO shedding parameters"; "constraint theory"; describe the structural components of the structural relationship between the "jurisdiction theory"; "the core grammar" and "around" the distinction of grammar.The MP model is put forward by Chomsky in 1992, MP universal grammar system model consists of a data type thesaurus and a computing system, computing system without any expression level, directly in a place called "sound system" and a cognitive system called "thinking system" cognitive subsystem associated, respectively. Generate PF and LF expression in the interface and the two cognitive subsystem. The MP model emphasizes the generative grammar model of terminal is not a sentence, a sentence sound form of "structure description" as PF expression but generated in the PF interface, a PF expression and a LF expression match, have the common sense of the sentence. The PF expression is the instruction given to the cognitive subsystem of the competent voice, and the LF expression is the instruction to the cognitive system of the competent mind. The overall task of a language computing system is to derive asuccessful PF expression and derive a successful LF expression. MP theory has made great progress compared with GB theory, eliminating the difference between the parameters and the deep surface structure, and at the same time increasing the verification theory".Three, the talent and internality of language abilityChomsky's theory of language derives from his study of children's language. Chomsky believed that language was a kind of gift, and that children were born with the ability to learn a language,It is called the language acquisition mechanism (LAD). This is a unique knowledge that suits their language learning. In Chomsky's view, children are born with a unique talent. They not only have general tendencies and potentials, but also have knowledge about the nature of the world, especially about the nature of language. In his view, the study of language or the structure of language reveals the essence of human thought. No matter what he believes that children living in the language environment, he can quickly learn the language environment, he can not only understand the speech of others, but also learn to use the language, not only is he heard, can speak out, and he can create a lot of new effective sentence according to the the syntax of this language. According to Chomsky, the acquisition of linguistic knowledge by children is an act of structural theory, and he is not the only one who learns the language by experience alone. Language needs imitation, imitation is the basis of language, but language is not merely imitation, but mainly not imitation. It is mainly the creationof new words, which is the creativeness of language. Chomsky believes that this ability to create and produce new languages is a natural gift of man and an inner function. Every man has a natural dictionary, and he has the ability to distinguish between words. Through a series of structural rules, the speaker can form the deep structure of the sentence in the language, that is, the conceptual structure existing in the brain before each sentence is expressed. Having formed the deep structure of the sentence, he had a correct sentence in his mind. In Chomsky's view, before people speak, there is a deep linguistic structure or thinking ability in his mind, and an inner correct sentence is formed. It seems to be the line when people talk. Chomsky believes that the "deep structure by converting part can be converted into surface structure, which is through the voice, when expressed in the sentence, the sentence is in the form of surface structure, deep structure representing the sentence meaning. Thus, Chomsky pays great attention to the transformation of the two language structures, but in the two structure, he emphasizes the deep structure.Four, the limitations of transformational generative grammarChomsky himself does not admit that his linguistics is structural linguistics, but many people believe that he is still related to structuralism, mainly in relation to his linguistic methods of Saussure. No matter how he opposed Saussure's linguistic method, he inherited the structuralism method after Saussure, or is it a fact?. But his view of the deep structure and surface structure etc. and structuralism has many similarities, such as deep structure surface is a myth, is a myth; the deep structure is relative, the surface is themarriage and family relationship and kinship; focus on these claims is a priori deep structure. Chomsky's linguistic method has both structural and philosophical factors. It is an organic combination of the two. The philosophical view of rationalism is mainly that Descartes's "natural sense" is a kind of "thinking ability", "natural ability", "potential", "tendency", "habit", and the views of philosophers such as Leibniz.The mistake of Chomsky's linguistic view in philosophy is that the relation between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge is separated and opposed, and the function of Dali cognition is exaggerated. He divides language into deep structure and surface structure, which is caused by this separation. Whether deep structure or surface structure is involved in language meaning, deep structure is a kind of language meaning. To correctly understand the deep structure is to analyze the meaning of the sentence in depth. The deep structure is by no means the product of a priori ability. The linguistic theories of Chomsky's deep structure and surface structure have an important influence on structuralism. Structuralism's theory of division of different structures has been inspired by Chomsky.Another limitation is the study of language conversion: Chomsky emphasizes the form, content delivery. He regards the creativeness of language as a formalized system, denies the relationship between language learning and experience and habits, and denies that language forms are content. He is on the creativity of language, the essence of the theory of generative and formal language is the language material intothe formal framework, then the framework of language to create new sentences, which is reflected in the view of transcendental philosophy in linguistics.If from the philosophical point of view, only from the language itself, we must admit that the study of language structure is not formal, but in essence, it is the understanding of the language, marks the development of linguistics. Everything has a structure, and language is no exception. Structuralism holds that there is a two element structure in language, and in Saussure there is a structural relation between signifier and signified,In Jo Mskiy, there is the relationship between the deep structure and the surface structure. To understand the language is to recognize its structure. Structural linguistics for us to study the language (especially language), learning languages (including dialogue language) translation, distinguish between signifier and signified, understand the surface meaning and the deep meaning of the language, has an important role.Five summaryChomsky's transformational generative linguistics is of great significance in modern linguistics. Although there are many problems in his theory, but regardless of the merits and demerits, right and wrong, Chomsky's theory of grammar is undoubtedly the most dynamic and most influential; a linguist, as long as he didn't want to fall behind in their discipline, did not dare to ignore Chomsky's theory. Today, every othergenre of linguistics must define Chomsky's position in the light of his views on certain issues." (Lyons, 1991 self introduction, quoted the letter, 2006:134), and Chomsky's life are constantly revised and improved his theory, constantly self transcendence, which itself is worthy of our admiration and learning.。

外国教育家chomsky介绍

∙Chafe, Noam Chomsky, Algirdas J.作者 dialogues with Wallace L. ∙Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky developed a theory of universal grammar (UG) know as the principle-an-parameters theory.从八十年代初期开始，乔姆斯基发展了一种普遍语法理论，称为原则与参数理论。

∙Some other contemporary people I would place in this Level III category include: Noam Chomsky, Carl Sagan, E.O.其实历史告诉我们，社会中的规范和传统，包括学术的规范和传统，都远比任何人想象的要脆弱。

∙Noam Chomsky: I doubt that there is much in the way of useful analogies, in this case.noam乔姆斯基：我怀疑，有很多方式，有用的比喻，在这件事。

Maybe I'm missing something.∙Moderna studo de lingvistiko komencis de Usona lernanto Noam Chomsky en la mezo de 1950-j.（现代语言学的研究开始于1950年代中期的美国学者诺姆.∙This field of research mainly studies the linguistic theories proposed by Noam Chomsky and various kinds of new theories put forward after the 1970's.该方向主要研究乔姆斯基的语言学理论以及20世纪70年代以后相继提出的各种新的理论。

Chomsky TG grammar-1

Chomsky and Transformational Generative Grammar
content
Brief Introduction of Chomsky
Chomsky's Theory
Chomsky’s Philosophy of Language
Development of TG Grammar
All these suggest that although babies are not born knowing a language (as they are born being able to see), they are born with a predisposition (倾向/能力) to develop a language in much the same way as they are born with a predisposition to learn to walk. Like the ability to walk, the ability to speak and understand spoken language seems to be a natural human activity.
Syntactic Structures(句法结构) marked
the beginning of the Chomskyan revolution.
Brief Introduction of Chomsky
Chomsky made his influence felt more and more in such fields as linguiuistics, psychology and philosophy. Not long after, he accepted an offer to e a professsor of linguistics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) , and has been working at this institution ever since.

Chomsky and his Tg Grammar

Transformational-Generative Grammar:

1. a kind of grammar represented by formulars; 2. a mode about language competence; 3. the aim : the internalized language; 4. a means for description; 5. the core: LAD
The development of this theory:

1. The Classical theory:
In this theory, his aim is to make linguistics a science. 3 features: emphasis on generative ability of language; introduction of transformational rules; grammatical descriptions regradless of meaning. This mode is mainly made up by Phrase Structure Rules (短语结构规则) and Transformation(转换规则).
His Early theories (1957)

Innateness hypothesis Language acquisition mechanism Deep structure and surface structure Phrase structure rules Transformations Competence The underlying knowledge about the ﹠ system of rules. performance

tg

转换-生成语法Noam Chomsky 转换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基提出的一个描述语法的一个术语，他在1957年所写的《语法结构》的出版是转换-生成语法诞生的标志。简单的说，转换-生成语法理论研究的是人类为什么会说话以所出版的《语法结构》和1965年的《语法理论要略》两书被乔姆斯基称为“标准理论”。此后他又修正了些许这些理论，称为“扩展的标准理论”，后又修订扩展的标准理论，形成“修正的扩展的标准理论”。
主要理论
乔姆斯基认为语法主要包括基础和转换两个部分，基础部分生成深层结构，深层结构通过转换得到表层结构，语义部分属于深层结构，它为深层结构作出语义解释。语音部分属于表层结构并为表层结构作出语音解释。
影响
乔姆斯基提出的转换-生成语法很大地冲击了当时以布龙菲尔德为代表的美国描写语言学派。乔姆斯基认为语言是人类特有的一种先天机制，他认为不仅应该研究语言行为，而且应该研究语言能力，转换-生成语法就是关于语言能力的理论。他认为布龙菲尔德等人的理论只是研究了语言行为，不能说明语言能力。语言理论应该解释人类天生的语言能力，他认为自己的学说是理性主义的，而布龙菲尔德的学说则是经验主义的。

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法乔姆斯基的转换生成语法（Chomsky's Transformational Generative Grammar）是由语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）在20世纪中叶提出的一种语法理论。

这一理论旨在描述人类语言的规则和结构，并且被广泛应用于自然语言处理和计算机科学领域。

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法基于一个核心观点，即所有的语言都可以通过一系列的转换规则从一个基础语法中生成。

这个基础语法被称为生成文法（Generative Grammar），它使用一系列规则来构造语言的句子和短语。

生成文法的基本元素包括词汇、短语和句子。

词汇是具体的单词，短语是由词汇组成的词组，而句子则由短语构成。

在乔姆斯基的转换生成语法中，句子的生成是通过一系列的转换规则来实现的。

转换规则是乔姆斯基理论的核心。

这些规则描述了如何通过改变短语结构来生成新的句子。

其中最基本的规则是短语结构规则，它定义了短语的组成方式和语序。

通过应用这些规则，可以将一个简单的短语扩展成为一个更复杂的句子。

除了短语结构规则，乔姆斯基的转换生成语法还包括其他类型的转换规则，如移位规则和删除规则。

移位规则允许词或短语从一个位置移到另一个位置，以改变句子的语序和语义。

而删除规则则允许从句子中删除某些不必要的成分，以简化句子结构。

乔姆斯基的转换生成语法在自然语言处理领域有着广泛的应用。

例如，它可以用于句法分析，即通过分析句子的结构和规则来理解其语义。

此外，它还可以用于机器翻译、问答系统和自动摘要等自然语言处理任务。

尽管乔姆斯基的转换生成语法在语言学和计算机科学领域有着重要的地位，但也存在一些争议。

一些语言学家认为，这种语法理论过于简化了语言的复杂性，并且无法完全解释所有的语言现象。

然而，乔姆斯基的转换生成语法仍然是研究和理解语言结构的重要工具之一。

Chomsky

相同：都采用了二元对比的研究方法都同意语言学的研究对象不是“言语”或语言运用，而是“语言” 或语言能力。
生成学派在句法学方面的观点《句法结构》
（1）句法类定义：句法类是指履行某一特定语法功能的单词类或短语类分类：单词类短语类单词类：单词类又叫做词性（名词，动词，形容词，副词）句法类：名词短语（NP），动词短语（VP），介词短语（PP），形容词短语（AP）
（2）句法位移定义：句法位移是指一个句子的成分从原来的位置位移到另一个新位置 ①NP位移：NP位移涉及两种结构：被动句和提升结构，被动句由主动句移位产生，NP移位不仅发生在被动句中，而且发生在提升结构中，提升结构主要有两种一类是含有提升动词的结构，另一类是含有提升形容词的结构 ②Aux-位移：指如 be,have,do,may,can,shall,should之类的助动词从原来的位置移动到句首 ③Wh-位移：主要发生在wh-问句中，包括直接wh-问句和间接wh-问句以及关系分句
语言能力（competence)
VS
语言（langue）
不同：索绪尔从社会角度观察问题，把“语言”看成“社会产物”，是一个社团所遵循的必要惯例的集合；乔姆斯基从心理学角度看问题，把语言能力看成是人脑的特性之一。索绪尔的语言是“静态”的；乔姆斯基的语言能力是动态的，是生成语言过程中的潜在能力。
《语言理论的逻辑结构》 (1955) Syntactic Structures《句法结构》 (1957) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax 《句法理论若干问题》(1966) Cartesian Linguistics 《笛卡尔语言学》(1966) Language and Mind《语言与思维》(1968) Reflections on Language《对语言的思考》 (1975) Rules and Representations《规则与表达》 (1980)

乔姆斯基语言学思想评介

作者：叶闯
作者机构：陕西省社会科学院
出版物刊名：哲学研究
页码： 61-68页
主题词：深层结构;研究方法;乔姆斯基;经验主义;方法论;哲学;唯理主义;自然语言;美国语言学;形式系统
摘要： <正> 本世纪50年代,美国语言学家乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky 1928—)提出了一种新的语言学理论——转换生成语法(Transformational-generative grammar)。

这种理论以它新的思想观念,新的研究方法引起了语言学界的普遍关注,被称为“乔姆斯基革命”,这场革命不仅冲击着语言学领域本身,而且对计算机科学、心理学、哲学等各个领域都产生了深刻的影响。

本文拟从哲学和方法论的角度,对乔姆斯基语言学的基本思想和方法作简略地介绍和评述,以就教于读者。