语言学Morphology形态学.ppt
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Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did.
源自文库Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too.
Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words:
Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns
Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or
written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
*their all trouble all their trouble
*five the all boys all the five boys
*all this boy
all these boys
*all both girls
But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occur before cardinal numerals.
Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks.
2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys
The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a
sentence together (function words).
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words:
Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
D. Determiners(限定词): words which are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference the noun phrase has, e.g. the, a(n), some, all
Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
1.3 Classification of words
1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
3) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals(基数词), ordinal numerals(序数词), general ordinals(一般顺序词): next, last, past, (an)other, additional and other quantifiers like many, a few, several, much, little, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a great number of
C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词词组)or a single noun.
Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine.
4) Word class: It is close to the notion of Parts of Speech in traditional grammar.
Ten word classes are established: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, numeral, interjection, article.
Some new categories: A. Particles(小品词): the infinite marker (to),
the negative marker (not), the subordinate
units in phrasal verbs (get by, do up, look
check, checks, checked, checking
3) A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
There are three subclasses of determiners:
1) Predeterminers: all, both, half, double, twice, three times, one-third, one-fifth
2) Central determiners: a, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, no, either, neither, my, our, your, his, her, its, their
• When different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order of predeterminers + central determiners + postdeterminers.
Within each subclass, the members are usually exclusive of each other.
chairman: chair, man townhall: town, hall boys: boy, -s checking: check, -ing disappointment: dis-, appoint, -ment
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
• Hi. • Wonderful.
the first two days
another three weeks
The formation of word
Morphemes: Technically, a morpheme is defined as a
minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language.The components of a word are known as morphemes. They themselves cannot be further analyzed:
Chapter 3 Morphology
• Morphology, as a sub-branch of linguistics, refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Generally speaking,morphology can further divided into two broad categories, namely, inflectional (屈折) morphology and derivational mophology, which are both concerned with the smallest unit at the grammatical level.
back, turn in, etc.) B. Auxiliaries(助动词): used to be regarded as
verbs, linguists tend to define them as a separate word class rather than verbs, such as do, does, did, will, shall, have, has, had, etc.
源自文库Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too.
Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words:
Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns
Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or
written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
*their all trouble all their trouble
*five the all boys all the five boys
*all this boy
all these boys
*all both girls
But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occur before cardinal numerals.
Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks.
2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys
The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a
sentence together (function words).
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words:
Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
D. Determiners(限定词): words which are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference the noun phrase has, e.g. the, a(n), some, all
Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
1.3 Classification of words
1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
3) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals(基数词), ordinal numerals(序数词), general ordinals(一般顺序词): next, last, past, (an)other, additional and other quantifiers like many, a few, several, much, little, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a great number of
C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词词组)or a single noun.
Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine.
4) Word class: It is close to the notion of Parts of Speech in traditional grammar.
Ten word classes are established: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, numeral, interjection, article.
Some new categories: A. Particles(小品词): the infinite marker (to),
the negative marker (not), the subordinate
units in phrasal verbs (get by, do up, look
check, checks, checked, checking
3) A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
There are three subclasses of determiners:
1) Predeterminers: all, both, half, double, twice, three times, one-third, one-fifth
2) Central determiners: a, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, no, either, neither, my, our, your, his, her, its, their
• When different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order of predeterminers + central determiners + postdeterminers.
Within each subclass, the members are usually exclusive of each other.
chairman: chair, man townhall: town, hall boys: boy, -s checking: check, -ing disappointment: dis-, appoint, -ment
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
• Hi. • Wonderful.
the first two days
another three weeks
The formation of word
Morphemes: Technically, a morpheme is defined as a
minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language.The components of a word are known as morphemes. They themselves cannot be further analyzed:
Chapter 3 Morphology
• Morphology, as a sub-branch of linguistics, refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Generally speaking,morphology can further divided into two broad categories, namely, inflectional (屈折) morphology and derivational mophology, which are both concerned with the smallest unit at the grammatical level.
back, turn in, etc.) B. Auxiliaries(助动词): used to be regarded as
verbs, linguists tend to define them as a separate word class rather than verbs, such as do, does, did, will, shall, have, has, had, etc.