《APIC 原料药工厂中清洁验证指南(2016版)》中英文(APIC Cleaning Validation Guide 2016)

ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS COMMITTEE (APIC)
GUIDANCE ON ASPECTS OF CLEANING VALIDATION
IN ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT PLANTS
原料药工厂中清洁验证指南
Revision September 2016
Table of Contents 目录
1.0 FOREWORD 前言
This guidance document was updated in 2014 by the APIC Cleaning Validation Task Force on behalf of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Committee (APIC) of CEFIC.
本指南文件于2014年由APIC清洁验证工作组代表CEFIC的APIC委员会进行了更新。

The Task Force members are:- 以下是工作组的成员
―Annick Bonneure, APIC, Belgium
―Tom Buggy, DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, The Netherlands
―Paul Clingan, MacFarlan Smith, UK
―Anke Grootaert, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Belgium
―Peter Mungenast, Merck KGaA, Germany.
―Luisa Paulo, Hovione FarmaCiencia SA, Portugal
―Filip Quintiens, Genzyme, Belgium
―Claude Vandenbossche, Ajinomoto Omnichem, Belgium
―Jos van der Ven, Aspen Oss B.V., The Netherlands
―Stefan Wienken, BASF, Germany.
With support and review from:- 以下为提供支持和进行审核的人员
―Pieter van der Hoeven, APIC, Belgium
―Anthony Storey, Pfizer, U.K.
―Rainer Fendt, BASF, Germany.
A further revision of the guidance document has now been done in 2016 to bring it in line with the European Medicines Agency Guidance on use of Health Based data to set acceptance criteria for cleaning. The main changes were introduced in Chapter 4, Acceptance Criteria.
本指南文件进一步修订已于2016年完成，使其与EMA使用基于健康数据设定清洁可接受标准的指南保持一致。

主要变化在是第4章“可接受标准”中。

The subject of cleaning validation in active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing plants has continued to receive a large amount of attention from regulators, companies and customers alike.
原料药生产工厂的清洁验证一直是法规人员、公司和客户等关注的问题。

The integration of Cleaning Validation within an effective Quality System supported by Quality Risk Management Processes should give assurance that API Manufacturing Operations are performed in such a way that Risks to patients related to cleaning validation are understood, assessed for impact and are mitigated as necessary.
原料药生产企业应将清洁验证与有效的质量体系相结合，由质量风险管理来支持，了解与清洁验证相关的患者风险，评估其影响，并在必要时降低风险。

It is important that the requirements for the finished manufacturing companies are not transferred back in the process to active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturers without consideration for the different processes that take place at this stage.
重要的是，不能将对制剂生产企业的要求直接用于原料药生产商，而不考虑在此阶段所用生产工艺的差异。

For example, higher limits may be acceptable in chemical production compared to pharmaceutical production because the carry-over risk is much lower for technical and chemical manufacturing reasons
例如，与制剂生产相比，化学生产可以接受较高的残留限度，因为技术原因，化学生产所带入后续产品的残留风险会低很多。

The document reflects the outcome of discussions between APIC member companies on how cleaning validation requirements could be fulfilled and implemented as part of routine operations.
本文件反映了APIC成员公司之间关于如何满足清洁验证的要求及作为日常操作来实施的讨论结果。

In addition, APIC is aligning this guidance with the ISPE Risk MaPP Guide1that follows the Quality Risk Management Processes as described in the ICH Q9 Guidance on Quality Risk Management.
另外，APIC将本指南与“ISPE基于风险的药品生产指南”保持一致，遵守“ICH Q9质量风险管理”中的“质量风险管理流程”。

A further revision of the Guidance has now been done to include the general principles of the EMA Guideline2on setting health based exposure limits for determining safe threshold values for the cleaning of API’s in shared facilities.
对指南的进一步修订现已完成，其中包括了EMA设定基于健康的暴露限以决定共用设施中原料药清洁安全阈值指南中的通用原则。

The criteria of Acceptable Daily Exposure (ADE)or Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) are now recommended to be used by companies to decide if Dedicated Facilities are required or not and to define the Maximum Acceptable Carry Over (MACO) of API’s in particular, in Multi-Purpose Equipment.
目前推荐公司使用“可接受日暴露水平（ADE）”标准或允许日暴露量（PDE）来决定是否专用设施需要界定原料药“最大可接受残留MACO”，特别是针对多用途设备。

Chapter 6 defines factors that should be considered in Controls of the Cleaning Process to manage the Risks related to potential chemical or microbiological contamination.
第6章对“清洁工艺的控制”中要考虑的因素进行了定义，以管理与潜在化学和微生物污染有关的风险。

The PDA Technical Report No. 29 – Points to Consider for Cleaning Validation3is also recommended as a valuable guidance document from industry.
也推荐企业将“PDA第29号技术报告----清洁验证中应考虑的问题”作为有用的指南文件进行参考。

1ISPE Baseline® Pharmaceutical Engineering Guide, Volume 7 – Risk-Based Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Products, International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE), First Edition, September 2010, .
2European Medicines Agency, EMA/CHMP/CVMP/SWP/169430/2012, Guideline on setting health based exposure limits for use
in risk identification in the manufacture of different medicinal products in shared facilities.
3Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) Guidance for Industry.Technical Report No. 29 (Revised 2012) Points to Consider for Cleaning Validation, Destin A. LeBlanc, Gretchen Allison, Jennifer L. Carlson, Koshy George, Igor Gorsky, Irwin S. Hirsh, Jamie Osborne, Greg Randall, Pierre-Michel Riss, George Verghese, Jenn Walsh, Vivienne Yankah.
The following topics are discussed in the PDA document: Cleaning process (CIP/COP): design and qualification
以下问题在PDA文件中进行了讨论：清洁工艺（CIP/COP）：设计和确认
—Types of residues, setting acceptance criteria, sampling and analytical methods
—残留类型、设定可接受标准、取样和分析方法
—Maintenance of the validated state: critical parameters measurements, process alarms, change control, trending & monitoring, training and periodic review
—维护验证状态：关键参数测量、工艺警示、变更控制、趋势&监控、培训和周期性评审
—Documentation
—文件记录
2.0 Objective 目的
This document has been prepared to assist companies in the formulation of cleaning validation programmes and should not be considered as a technical standard but a starting point for internal discussions. The document includes examples on how member companies have dealt with specific areas and issues that arise when performing cleaning validation.
本文件的目的是帮助公司制订清洁验证程序，不能作为是一个技术标准，只应该作为内部讨论的出发点。

本文包括了成员公司如何处理其特殊领域的例子，以及在实施清洁验证时提出的问题点。

3.0 Scope 范围
Six specific areas are addressed in this Guidance document:
本指南文件包括6个方面
●Acceptance Criteria
●可接受标准
●Levels of Cleaning
●清洁水平
●Control of the cleaning process
●清洁工艺的控制
●Bracketing and Worst Case Rating
●分类法和最差情况分级
●Determination of the amount of residue
●残留量的检测
●Cleaning Validation Protocol
●清洁验证方案
Finally, the most frequently asked questions are answered to give further guidance on specific points related to
cleaning validation.
最后是一些常见问题及回答，对一些与清洁验证有关的特殊情况给予指导。

4.0 Acceptance Criteria 可接受标准
4.1. Introduction 概述
Companies must demonstrate during validation that the cleaning procedure routinely employed for a piece of equipment limits potential carryover to an acceptable level. That limit established must be calculated based on sound scientific rational.
公司在验证时要证明各设备日常所用的清洁程序能将带入下一产品的潜在残留限制在一个可以接受的水平。

所建立的限度必须进行科学合理的计算。

This section provides practical guidance as to how those acceptance criteria can be calculated. It is important that companies evaluate all cases individually. There may be specific instances where the product mix in the equipment requires further consideration.
本部分提供实用的指南，指导如何计算这些可接受标准。

公司对各案进行各案评估是非常重要的。

有时还需要考虑产品从哪步开始混入设备中。

The acceptance criteria preferably should be based on the Acceptable Daily Exposure (ADE) or Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) calculations whenever this data is available.
如果可以获得可接受日暴露（ADE）值或允许日暴露量（PDE），最好依据其计算可接受标准。

The APIC Guidance refers primarily to ADE in the examples of calculations included in this chapter, in line with the ISPE recommended calculations.
在本章所举的计算例子中，APIC指南首先使用ADE，保持与ISPE推荐计算一致。

The ADE/PDE defines a limit at which a patient may be exposed every day for a lifetime with acceptable risks related to adverse health effects. Calculations of ADE/ PDE of API’s and intermediates are us ually done with involvement of industrial hygienists and toxicologists, who review all available toxicology and clinical data to set the limits. The justification of the calculation should be documented.
ADE/PDE定义的是患者终身每天暴露于该浓度，但对健康的不良影响仍处于可接受风险水平。

原料药和中间体的ADE/PDE一般由企业的卫生学家和毒理学家来制订，他们会审核各种可以获得的毒性和临床数据来设定限度。

计算的合理性要进行记录。

In many cases Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) will be defined for API’s, Intermediates and Industrial Chemicals by Industrial Hygienists and toxicologists and the OEL data is then used to define containment measures such that operators are adequately protected while working with the chemicals.
在很多情况下，会由行业卫生学家和毒理学家对原料药、中间体和工业级化学品的职业暴露限度（OEL）值进行界定，这时应使用OEL数据来制订限制措施，例如，操作人员在操作化学物质时需要受到充分保护。

The OEL data can also be used to calculate the ADE for cleaning of equipment.
OEL数据也可以用于计算设备清洁的ADE值。

In certain cases where availability of pharmacological or toxicological data is limited, for example for chemicals, raw materials, intermediates or API’s in early phase clinical trials, cleaning limits base d on fraction of clinical
doses, LD50 or general cleaning limits may be calculated. In these cases, carcinogenic, genotoxic and potency effect of these structures should be evaluated by toxicologists.
在特定情况下，如果药性或毒性数据有限，例如，化学物质、原料、中间体或处于早期临床试验的原料药，其清洁限度可以基于临床剂量、半数致死量或一般清洁限度来计算。

在这种情形下，需要有毒理学家对其结构的致癌性、基因毒性和效价影响进行评估。

The acceptance criteria for equipment cleaning should be based on visually clean in dry conditions and an analytical limit.
设备清洁的可接受标准应依据干燥状态下目视清洁及分析限度。

Unlike in pharmaceutical production, where residues on the surface of equipment may be 100 % carried over to the next product, in API production the carry-over risk is much lower for technical and chemical manufacturing reasons. Therefore all the following examples for calculating the limits can be adapted to the suitable situation by using different factors. A competent chemist with detailed knowledge about the equipment and the chemical processes and the properties of the chemicals involved such as solubility should justify this factor by evaluating the specific situation.
在制剂生产中，设备表面残留会100%被带入下一产品，而在原料药生产中，由于技术和化学生产原因，带入风险要低很多。

因此，以下限度计算举例可以采用不同安全因子后用于适当的情形。

应有一名具备设备和化学工艺知识，知晓所涉及化学品特性，如溶解度的化学家对特定情形下应使用的安全系统进行评估。

4.2. Methods of Calculating Acceptance Criteria 计算可接受标准的方法
4.2.1 Acceptance criteria using health-based data 采用健康基础数据的可接受标准
The Maximum Allowable Carryover (MACO) should be based upon the Acceptable Daily Exposure (ADE) or Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) when this data is available. The principle of MACO calculation is that you calculate your acceptable carry-over of your previous product, based upon the ADE / PDE, into your next product.
在可以获得可接受日暴露水平（ADE）或允许日暴露量（PDE）值时，最大允许残留（MACO）应基于ADE计算。

MACO计算的原则是基于ADE/PDE值，计算允许从你的上一个产品带入下一个产品中的残留量。

Procedure 程序
Calculate the ADE (Acceptable Daily Exposure)or PDE (Permitted Daily Exposure)according to the following equation and use the result for the calculation of the MACO.
根据以下公式计算ADE值或PDE值，将结果用于MACO值的计算：
NOAEL × BW
ADE =
UFc × MF × PK
NOAEL × BW
PDE =
F1 × F2 ×F3×F4×F5
From the ADE/PDE number, a MACO can be calculated according to:
根据以下公式从ADE/PDE值计算MACO值：
ADE/PDE previous × MBSnext
MACO =
TDDnext
ADE/PDE上一产品× MBS下一产品
MACO =
TDD下一产品
with most active API (lowest ADE) is chosen to end up in the following API with the smallest ratio of batch size divided with TDD (MBS/TDD ratio).
可以选择最差情况方案来替代对每个可能的产品更换情况下的残留计算。

这时，可以选择活性最强的原料药（ADE最低）作为上一产品，选择批量TDD比值（MBS/TDD比值）最小的原料药作为后续产品。

If OEL data is available, the ADE can be derived from the OEL.
如果可以获得OEL值，则可以从OEL值计算ADE值。

4.2.2. Acceptance criteria based on Therapeutic Daily Dose 基于日治疗剂量的可接受标准
When limited toxicity data is available and the Therapeutic Daily Dose (TDD) is known, this calculation may be used. It is used for final product changeover API Process —A to API Process —B.
如果可以获得有限毒性数据和日治疗剂量（TDD）值，可以采用本计算方式。

它可以用在原料药生产工艺A更换到原料药生产工艺B。

Procedure 程序
Establish the limit for Maximum Allowable Carryover (MACO) according to the following equation.
根据以下公式建立允许最大残留（MACO）值：
TDD previous × MBSnext
MACO =
SF × TDDnext
TDD上一产品× MBS下一产品
MACO =
SF × TDD下一产品
4.2.3. Acceptance criteria based on LD50 基于半致死量的可接受标准
In cases where no other data is available (e.g. ADE, OEL, TDD,…) and only LD50 data is availabl e (e.g. chemicals, intermediates, detergents, …), the MACO can be based upon LD50 data.
如果没办法获得其它数据（例如，ADE、OEL、TDD等值），只能获得半数致死量数据（例如化学物质、中间体、清洁剂……），MACO可以基于半数致死量数据来计算。

Procedure 程序
Calculate the so called NOEL number (No Observable Effect Level) according to the following equation and use the result for the establishment of MACO (See [3] on page 53 - for reference).
根据以下公式，计算NOEL值（无可见影响水平），用于建立MACO值（参见第53页的【3】部分，供
参考）
LD50× BW
NOEL =
2000
From the NOEL number a MACO can be calculated according to:
从NOEL值，用以下公式计算MACO值：
NOELprevious × MBSnext
MACO =
SFnext × TDD next
NOEL上一产品× MBS下一产品
MACO =
SF下一产品×TDD 下一产品
employed when manufacturing APIs to be administered in oral dosage forms.
安全系数（SF）根据摄入途径不同而不同（见下）。

一般系数200用于口服剂型原料药生产。

Safety factors: 安全系数
4.2.4 General Limit as acceptance criteria 可接受标准的一般限度
If MACO calculations result in unacceptably high or irrelevant carryover figures, or toxicological data for intermediates are not known, the approach of a general limit may be suitable. Companies may choose to have such an upper limit as a policy. The general limit is often set as an upper limit for the maximum concentration (MAXCONC) of a contaminating substance in a subsequent batch.
如果MACO计算结果太高，不能接受，或者与带入数字不相关，或中间体毒性数据未知，则适用通用限度方法。

公司可以选择例如一个最高限度作为原则。

通用限度一般设定为一种污染物质在后续批次中最大浓度上限（MAXCONC）。

Procedure 程序
Establish MACOppm, based on a general limit, using the following equations.
利用以下公式，基于一个通用限度建立MACO限度，ppm为单位。

MACOppm = MAXCONC x MBS
E.g. for a general limit of 100 ppm: MACO = 0.01% of the minimum batch size (MBS), and for a general limit of
10 ppm: MACO = 0.001% of the minimum batch size (MBS).
例如，对于通用限度为100ppm：MACO = 最小批量（MBS）的0.01%，对于通用限度为10ppm：MACO = 最小批量（MBS）的0.001%。

A general upper limit for the maximum concentration of a contaminating substance in a subsequent batch (MAXCONC) is often set to 5-500 ppm (100 ppm in APIs is very frequent) of the previous product into the next product depending on the nature of products produced from the individual company (e.g. toxicity, pharmacological activity …).
根据各公司所生产产品的属性不同（例如，毒性、药物活性等），从上一产品带入下一产品中的污染物质最大浓度通用上限通常设定为5-500ppm（原料药中100ppm是很常见的）。

The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) concept could be applied to intermediates or API’s with no clinical (e.g. early development) or toxicological data. This concept includes three categories of products with limited or no data:
毒性关注阈值（TTC）概念可以应用于没有临床（例如早期研发阶段）或毒性数据的中间体或原料药。

这个概念将数据有限或没有数据的产品分为3个类别
●Products that are likely to be carcinogenic;
●可能致癌的产品
●Products that are likely to be potent or highly toxic;
●可能具有效价或高毒性的产品
●Products that are not likely to be carcinogenic, potent or highly toxic.
●可能致癌、具有效价或高毒性的产品
The corresponding ADE’s recommended for these three categories are 1, 10, 100 μg/day, respectively.
对应此三类所推荐的ADE值分别为1、10和100μg/天。

Note - If you decide to employ the concept of levels of cleaning (ref. section 5), then different safety factors (ppm limits) may be used for different levels. Especially if the product cleaned out is within the same synthetic chain and covered by the specification of the API, much higher (qualified) levels are acceptable.
注：如果你决定采用清洁水平概念（参见第5部分），则对于不同水平可以采用不同的安全系数（ppm限度）。

特别是如果被清洁的产品是在同一条合成链中，且其限度包括在原料药的质量标准中，则残留水平较高（确认过的）时也是可以接受的。

4.2.5 Swab Limits 擦拭限度
If homogeneous distribution is assumed on all surfaces, a recommended value can be set for the content in a swab. The maximum allowable carry over from one batch to another can be established based on e.g. ADE, NOEL or TDD (see above). If the total direct contact surface is known, the target value for contamination per square meter can be calculated according equation 4.2.5-I. This can be used as basic information for preparation of a method of analysis and detection limit.
如果假定所有表面上残留的分布是均匀的，可以给擦拭样品设定一个推荐值。

可以根据例如ADE值、NOEL 或TDD（见上）设定一批到另一批的最大允许残留值。

如果知道直接接触产品的总面积，则可以根据4.2.5-I 公式计算单位面积上的污染目标值，该值可以在制订方法验证方案和检测限值时参考。

MACO[μg]
Equation 4.2.5-I Target value [μg/dm2] =
Total surface [dm2]
MACO[μg]
公式 4.2.5-I 目标值[μg/dm2] =
总表面积[dm2]
Also other methods with different swab limits for different surfaces in a piece of equipment and/or equipment train can be used. If the equipment can be divided in several parts, different swab limits may be taken for the different parts building up the equipment train. If the result of one part is exceeding the target value, the whole equipment train may still be within the MACO limit. The Carry Over is then calculated according equation
4.2.5-II (see below).
也可以对同一设备和/或设备链不同的表面使用不同的擦拭限度。

如果设备被分为几个部分，对可以针对设备链不同部分采用不同的擦拭限度。

如果一个部件的结果超出了目标值，整个设备链的残留值仍可能是在MACO的限度以内。

这时，可以按公式4.2.5-II（见下）计算残留量。

During equipment qualification and cleaning validation hard to clean parts can be determined. Rather than declaring the hard to clean part as the worst case swab limit for the whole equipment train, it could be separated and dealt with as mentioned above. It should be noted that different types of surfaces (e.g. stainless steel, glass lined, Teflon) may show different recoveries during swabbing. In those cases it may be beneficial to divide the equipment train in several parts, and combine the results in a table or matrix. The total calculated amount should
be below the MACO, and the individual swab results should not exceed the maximum expected residues established during cleaning validation / equipment qualification. Recovery studies and method validation are necessary when applying swabbing as a method to determine residues.
在设备确认和清洁验证中，可以确定哪个部件是难以清洁的。

其实可以采用上述的方法来将难以清洁的部件分开来，而不需要采用最难清洁的部件作为最差擦拭情况的限度用于整个设备链。

要注意不同材质表面（例如，不锈钢、搪玻璃、聚四氟乙烯）可能有不同的擦拭回收率。

在这种情况下，如果把设备链划分为几个部分，将结果在一份表或类别中合并可能会比较好。

合计数量应低于MACO值，单个擦拭结果不应超过在清洁验证/设备确认中所设立的最大高期望值。

在使用擦拭方法测定残留量时，要进行回收率研究和方法验证。

Equation 公式4.2.5-II
CO [μg] = Σ(Ai[dm2] ×mi[μg/dm2])
4.2.
5.1. Setting Acceptance Criteria for Swab Limits 对擦拭限度设定可接受标准
For each item tested, the following acceptance criteria (AC) apply.
以下可接受标准适用于各测试项目：
AC1. The cleaning result of an individual part should not exceed the maximum expected residue.
单个设备清洁结果应不超过最大可接受残留量。

AC2. For the total equipment train the MACO must not be exceeded.
总设备链的MACO不得超过。

In determining acceptance limits, all possible cases of following products in the relevant equipment shall be taken into account. It is proposed that a matrix be set up in which the limits for all cases are calculated. Either acceptance criteria for each product in the equipment can be prepared or the worst case of all product combinations may be selected.
在制订可接受限度时，要考虑在相关设备中可能生产的所有后续产品。

建议画出矩阵图，在其中对所有情况下的限度进行计算，然后针对在该设备中生产的每个产品分别制订可接受标准，也可以对所产品选择最差情况下的可接受标准。

4.2.
5.2. Evaluation of results 结果评估
When all surfaces have been sampled and the samples have been analyzed, the results are compared to the acceptance criteria. Companies may find it easier to evaluate against the MACO. However, it is advisable to have
a policy for swa
b limit as well. Especially because analytical methods are validated within a certain range for swab results. Another reason is that some pieces could be very contaminated, and it is not good practice to clean certain pieces very thoroughly in order to let others be dirty. Thus, limits for both MACO and swabs should be set.
在对所有表面取样后，对样品进行分析，将结果与可接受标准进行比较。

公司可以发现采用MACO来评估会比较容易。

但是，还是建议对于擦拭限制订一个原则，主要是因为擦拭样品分析方法的验证是在一定的浓度范围内进行的。

另一个原因是有一些部件的污染可能会比较严重，没有理由让一些部件清洁的非常彻底而让另一些部件很脏。

因此，应同时设定MACO限度和擦拭限度。

4.2.6. Rinse Limit 淋洗限度
The residue amount in equipment after cleaning can also be determined by taking rinse samples. During equipment qualification it should be established that all direct content parts of the equipment is wetted / reached by the rinsing solvent. After the last cleaning cycle (last rinse), the equipment should be assesse d as ‘clean’. In some cases it may be advisable to dry the equipment in order to do a proper assessment. Thereafter, the rinse cycle can be executed, and a sample taken (sampling rinse). The procedure for the rinse cycle and sampling should be well established and described to assure repeatability and comparability (cycle times, temperatures, volumes, etc.). The choice of the rinse solvent should be established during cleaning validation, taking into account solubility of the contaminations, and reactivity of the rinse solvent towards the contaminants (saponification, hydrolyses, etc). Method validation is needed.
设备清洁后的残留量也可以采用淋洗样来检测。

在设备确认时，应该识别出设备中所有可以被淋洗溶剂淋到的部件。

在最后清洁（最后淋洗）结束后，设备状态应评估为“清洁”方可取样。

有时，需要对烘干设备以便进行适当的评估。

之后，对设备进行淋洗，取样（淋洗样）。

应制订书面程序描述淋洗和取样操作，以保证其可重复性和可比较性（重复次数、温度、体积等）。

在清洁验证时应对淋洗用溶剂作出选择，选择时应考虑污染物的溶解度，以及淋洗用溶剂与污染物之间的反应活性（皂化反应、水解反应等）。

淋洗方法要进行验证。

In a worst case approach, the amount of the residue in the equipment can be assumed to be equal to the amount determined by analysis of the rinse sample. This can be supported by rinse studies that show a strong decay of a residue in a piece of equipment.
如果采了最差情形方法，可以假定设备中的残留量与对淋洗样品的检测结果相等。

这个假设可以通过对一个设备部件上淋洗前后残留物急剧减少来支撑。

The MACO is usually calculated on each individual product change over scenario according to the procedures outlined above and individual acceptance criteria are established using the following equation:
通常根据上述所列的方法，针对各个产品更换的情况计算MACO。

采用以下公式，可以计算出单个可接受标准：
Target value (mg/L) = MACO (mg) / Volume of rinse or boil (L)
目标值= MACO/淋洗溶剂体积
For quantitation a solvent sample (e.g. 1 L) is taken, the residue in the sample is determined by a suitable analytical method and the residue in the whole equipment is calculated according to the following equation:
对于一定的取样体积（例如1升），采用适当的分析方法测定样品中的残留量，根据以下公式计算整个设备中的残留量：
M = V*(C-Cb)
Requirement: M < Target value.
要求：M < 目标值
The requirement is that M < target value. If needed, the sample can be concentrated before analysis.
要求是M < 目标值。

那天要时，样品在检测前可以浓缩。

The choice for swab or rinse sampling usually depends on the type of equipment. Areas to be swabbed are determined during equipment and cleaning validation (‘hard to clean areas’), and are preferably readily accessible for operational reasons, e.g. near the manhole. If swabbing of the indicated area is not easy, rinse sampling is the alternative. The advantage is that the whole surface of the equipment is sampled for contamination, being provided that during equipment qualification, surface wetting testing was taken into account. Thus equipment used for milling, mixing, filters, etc. are usually swabbed, whilst reactor systems are usually sampled by rinsing.
选择擦拭样品还是淋洗样品通常取决于设备的类型。

擦拭取样点应在设备验证和清洁验证中确定（难以清洁点），最好还要易于操作，例如接受人孔处。

如果要取样的地方很难采用擦拭取样，可以采用淋洗取样。

淋洗取样的优点是设备的整个表面都能被取样测试污染程度。

淋洗取样时，要考虑表面润湿测试，该测试应在设备确认期间完成。

鉴于此，用于粉碎、混合、过滤等的设备一般采用擦拭取样，而反应釜系统一般采用淋洗取样。

4.2.7 Rationale for the use of different limits in pharmaceutical and chemical production 在药品和化学生产中使用不同限度的合理性
Unlike in pharmaceutical production, where residues on the surface of equipment may be 100 % carried over to the next product, in API production the carry-over risk is much lower for technical and chemical manufacturing reasons. Thus higher limits may be acceptable in chemical production compared to pharmaceutical production. For example chemical processing steps often include dissolution, extraction and filtration steps that are likely to reduce significantly any residue left from previous production and cleaning operations. A factor of 5-10 could
be applied to the MACO calculated using the Acceptable Daily Exposure Limit or the secondary criteria defined in the previous sections.
在药品生产中，设备表面残留可能会100%被带入下一产品。

与之不同的是，在原料药生产中，由于技术和化学生产原因，残留带入风险要低很多。

因此，与药品生产相比，在化学生产中采用较高的残留限度是可以接受的。

例如，化学工艺步骤经常包括溶出、提取和过滤，这些步骤可能会显著降低上一产品和清洁操作所残留的东西。

如果采用ADEL值计算MACO，则可以使用5-10的安全系数，或者采用上述部分中界定的中等标准。

In all cases, the limits should be justified by a competent chemist with detailed knowledge about the equipment
and the chemical processes, following Quality Risk Management Principles and the limits should be approved by Operations and Quality Assurance Managers.
在所有情况下，所有的限度均应由具备资质的化学家进行论证。

他应该具备关于设备和化学工艺的知识，遵守质量风险管理原则。

所制订的限度应由操作和质量保证经理批准。

The following description shows an example where the carry-over risk for a residue in chemical production equipment is much lower than in pharmaceutical production equipment.
以下例子说明了在化学生产设备中，其残留的带入风险比药品生产设备要低很多。

Assuming that the common criteria (ADE, 1/1000th dose, LD50 NOEL/ADI with SF 100-1000, 10 ppm) represent the state of the art for pharmaceutical production and are considered sufficiently safe, then the calculation of limits in API manufacture must reflect the different processes in pharmaceutical production and in the chemical production of active pharmaceutical ingredients to allow comparable risk analyses to be undertaken.
假定常用标准（ADE，1000分之一剂量，LD50 NOEL/ADI安全系数100-1000，10ppm）代表药品生产理想状态，被认为是足够安全的，这时原料药生产中的限度计算必须反映化学原料药生产与药品生产工艺的不同，使得可以进行风险分析比较。

Pharmaceutical production, Chemical production physical process 药品生产、化学生产的物理处理
In pharmaceutical production a residue remaining on the surface of equipment after cleaning is, in the next production cycle, distributed in a mixture of active substance and excipients if it does not remain on the surface. In the worst case it will be 100 % transferred to the first batch of next product.
在药品生产中，清洁后残留保存在设备表面，在下一个生产循环中，如果这些残留不再停留在设备表面，则会分布在原料药和辅料的混合物中。

最差情况是这些残留100%地被带入下一产品的第一个批次。

Chemical production/processing 化学生产/加工
In chemical production a 100 % carry-over of residue from the equipment surface to the next product to be manufactured is very unlikely based on the way the process is run and on technical considerations. The residue remaining on the equipment surface can, during the next production cycle, be carried over into the reaction mixture consisting of solvent and raw materials. In most cases, however, any residue in solution will be eliminated from the process together with the solvent, and insoluble residue by physical separation processes (e.g. filtration), so likely carry over into the end-product will be low.
在化学生产中，考虑到工艺运行的方式，以及技术问题，残留物被100%地从设备表面带入下一产品中的情形不太可能发生。

残留在设备里的东西，在下一生产循环中，会被带入溶剂和原料所组成的混合反应液中。

在大多数情况下，所有溶液中的残留都会与溶剂一起被从工艺中去除，不溶性残留会被物理分离工艺（例如过滤）减少，因此，可能被带到最终产品中的残留会很低。

The final step in a multi-step chemical synthesis is selective purification of the API (e.g. by crystallization), during which contaminants are removed from the process and/or insoluble residues are removed by physical separation). From the original reaction mixture of educt, agent and solvent there remains only a fraction of the original mass as API at the end of the chemical process.
在多步化学合成的最后一步，一般是原料药选择性精制（例如，通过结晶方式）。

在精制过程中，污染物被从工艺中去除，不溶性残留被物理分离所去除。

在经过这些化学工艺后，原来那些由离析物、试剂和溶剂所组成的混合反应液只剩下一些原来物质的片断，在最后成为原料药。

【译者：第一句有一个半括号，原文如此】
It is also to be noted that, during subsequent pharmaceutical production, the API is further diluted through the excipients that are added.
还要注意的一点是，在后续的药品生产过程中，原料药通过加入辅料被进一步稀释了。