英汉对比与翻译第一章
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• 第二方面画的是应用科学家们在工作中所运用的特 殊的思想方法和行动方法。社会所有成员，从政府 官员到普通老百姓，都要使用这种方法。
2) Attribute
• They were forced to put forward an alternative of separate development for all races in this so-called homelands, with a promise of eventual independence for the Africans in these areas.
1) Derivation
• The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. • The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. • He astonished us by moving rapidly. • He astonished us by his rapid movements. • He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.
2) Attribute
• The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
毛海燕
Chapter One
• Synthetic vs. Analytic • 综合语和分析语
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.
1) Derivation
• • • • 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。 他行进速度之快，令人惊讶。 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。
2) Inflection
• • • • • • 我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已经给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books.
2) Attribute
• There is no inconsistency in what he said. • There is nothing inconsistent in what he said. • 他的话并没有前后矛盾之处。
2) Attribute
• Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. • The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement. • 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。
3) Complex sentences
• I was very delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. • 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新 实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。
2. Word order
• 1) Main parts of a sentence • 2) Attributes • 3) Complex sentences
1)Main parts of a sentence
• English： • SVO • I repaired the desk. • Chinese: • SOV • 我把桌子修了。
• • • • •
1. Inflected forms 2. Word order 来自百度文库. Function words 4. Intonation 5. Tone
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• 一、英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意 义的形态变化 • 二、英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对 固定。 • 三、英汉都有大量的虚词(form words)， 但各有特点 • 四、英语是语调语言，汉语是声调语言。
1. Inflected forms
• 1) Derivation构词形态变化 • 2) Inflection 曲折形态变化
1) Derivation
• Affixation: • Prefix • Suffix
1) Derivation
• 英语：词缀灵活多变，常常一缀多 义，不仅规模大，数量多，而且种 类齐全。 • 汉语：利用词缀构词仍处于发展中， 不论规模、数量或种类都不及英语。
2) Attribute
• There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. • 住在这监牢似的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。
2) Attribute
• My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. • 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
3) Complex sentences
• I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. • 我坚信，英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个 积极而充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民 利益的。
2) Inflection
• 1）They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. • 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们 在一起工作就有三十年了。
2) Inflection
2) Attribute
• Keith ： a little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. • 基思，一个讨饭的，身材矮小，面色苍 白，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡子。
2) Attribute
• She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.. • 她心底厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待 人和蔼，器量又大。
3) Complex sentences
3) Complex sentences
• 英语 英语：采用语法的三大手段——形态变化、 词序和虚词，常用包孕许多修饰成分或从句 的复合句或长句。 • 汉语 汉语：要借助词序和虚词，常用短句、分句、 流水句，按照一定的时间和逻辑顺序，有先 有后，有主有次，逐层叙述。 • 这些句子中的语序，常常不同，甚至完全相 反。
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.
2) Attribute
• English： • AN • Chinese： • AN NA
2) Attribute
• A very important question • A question of great importance • 一个很重要的问题
2) Attribute
• A debatable subject • A subject which can be debated • 一个可以辩论的题目
2) Inflection
• Inflections in English： • Verbs: conjugation • Nouns, pronouns, adverbs: declension
2) Inflection
• • • • • • Inflections in English: 性(gender) 数(number) 格(case) 时(tense) 体(aspect) 语态（voice） 语气(mood) 人称(person) 比较级(degree of comparison)
• 战争期间（要是）碰上这样的年景，很多人肯定 会死去，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿 卖女。
2. Word order
2. Word order
• Latin: • Amor vincit omnia. • = Omnia vincit amor. • Chinese: • “爱能征服一切”。 • English: • Love conquers all things.
• 他们不得不变换花样，提出所有种族在自己 的所谓本土上分别发展的办法，并许诺非洲 人最终在这些地区获得独立。
2) Attribute
• An element is a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. • 元素是一种物质，这种物质不能用一般 的化学方法再分解成更简单的物质。
• 2) New factories are being built all over the country. • 全国到处都在兴建新工厂。
2) Inflection
• 3) During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
2) Attribute
• Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields. • 至今仍保存着许多速写，画的是坐在路 旁的农民和在田里劳动的男男女女。
1) Derivation
• He moved astonishingly fast. • He moved with astonishing rapidity. • His movements were astonishingly rapid. • His rapid movements astonished us. • His movements astonished us by their rapidity.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Example: • 他 爱 她。 • He loves her. • She loves him.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Means to express grammatical relationships:
2) Attribute
• They were forced to put forward an alternative of separate development for all races in this so-called homelands, with a promise of eventual independence for the Africans in these areas.
1) Derivation
• The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. • The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. • He astonished us by moving rapidly. • He astonished us by his rapid movements. • He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.
2) Attribute
• The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
毛海燕
Chapter One
• Synthetic vs. Analytic • 综合语和分析语
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.
1) Derivation
• • • • 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。 他行进速度之快，令人惊讶。 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。
2) Inflection
• • • • • • 我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已经给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books.
2) Attribute
• There is no inconsistency in what he said. • There is nothing inconsistent in what he said. • 他的话并没有前后矛盾之处。
2) Attribute
• Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. • The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement. • 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。
3) Complex sentences
• I was very delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. • 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新 实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。
2. Word order
• 1) Main parts of a sentence • 2) Attributes • 3) Complex sentences
1)Main parts of a sentence
• English： • SVO • I repaired the desk. • Chinese: • SOV • 我把桌子修了。
• • • • •
1. Inflected forms 2. Word order 来自百度文库. Function words 4. Intonation 5. Tone
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• 一、英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意 义的形态变化 • 二、英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对 固定。 • 三、英汉都有大量的虚词(form words)， 但各有特点 • 四、英语是语调语言，汉语是声调语言。
1. Inflected forms
• 1) Derivation构词形态变化 • 2) Inflection 曲折形态变化
1) Derivation
• Affixation: • Prefix • Suffix
1) Derivation
• 英语：词缀灵活多变，常常一缀多 义，不仅规模大，数量多，而且种 类齐全。 • 汉语：利用词缀构词仍处于发展中， 不论规模、数量或种类都不及英语。
2) Attribute
• There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. • 住在这监牢似的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。
2) Attribute
• My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. • 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
3) Complex sentences
• I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. • 我坚信，英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个 积极而充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民 利益的。
2) Inflection
• 1）They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. • 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们 在一起工作就有三十年了。
2) Inflection
2) Attribute
• Keith ： a little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. • 基思，一个讨饭的，身材矮小，面色苍 白，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡子。
2) Attribute
• She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.. • 她心底厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待 人和蔼，器量又大。
3) Complex sentences
3) Complex sentences
• 英语 英语：采用语法的三大手段——形态变化、 词序和虚词，常用包孕许多修饰成分或从句 的复合句或长句。 • 汉语 汉语：要借助词序和虚词，常用短句、分句、 流水句，按照一定的时间和逻辑顺序，有先 有后，有主有次，逐层叙述。 • 这些句子中的语序，常常不同，甚至完全相 反。
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.
2) Attribute
• English： • AN • Chinese： • AN NA
2) Attribute
• A very important question • A question of great importance • 一个很重要的问题
2) Attribute
• A debatable subject • A subject which can be debated • 一个可以辩论的题目
2) Inflection
• Inflections in English： • Verbs: conjugation • Nouns, pronouns, adverbs: declension
2) Inflection
• • • • • • Inflections in English: 性(gender) 数(number) 格(case) 时(tense) 体(aspect) 语态（voice） 语气(mood) 人称(person) 比较级(degree of comparison)
• 战争期间（要是）碰上这样的年景，很多人肯定 会死去，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿 卖女。
2. Word order
2. Word order
• Latin: • Amor vincit omnia. • = Omnia vincit amor. • Chinese: • “爱能征服一切”。 • English: • Love conquers all things.
• 他们不得不变换花样，提出所有种族在自己 的所谓本土上分别发展的办法，并许诺非洲 人最终在这些地区获得独立。
2) Attribute
• An element is a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. • 元素是一种物质，这种物质不能用一般 的化学方法再分解成更简单的物质。
• 2) New factories are being built all over the country. • 全国到处都在兴建新工厂。
2) Inflection
• 3) During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
2) Attribute
• Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields. • 至今仍保存着许多速写，画的是坐在路 旁的农民和在田里劳动的男男女女。
1) Derivation
• He moved astonishingly fast. • He moved with astonishing rapidity. • His movements were astonishingly rapid. • His rapid movements astonished us. • His movements astonished us by their rapidity.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Example: • 他 爱 她。 • He loves her. • She loves him.
Chapter one Synthetic vs. Analytic
• Means to express grammatical relationships: