跨文化交际词汇
商务英语词汇手册
商务英语词汇手册商务英语词汇手册商务英语是现代商务活动中不可或缺的一部分，掌握相关的词汇对于提升商务英语能力至关重要。
本手册将为您提供一系列常见的商务英语词汇及其解释，帮助您更好地理解商务英语术语。
一、商务沟通词汇1. Communication-通信- Email-电子邮件- Conference call-电话会议- Memo-备忘录- Presentation-演示- Negotiation-谈判- Feedback-反馈- Follow-up-跟进2. Meeting-会议- Agenda-议程- Minutes-会议纪要- Chairperson-主持人- Attendee-与会者- Action items-行动事项- Q&A session-问答环节- Brainstorming-头脑风暴二、财务与会计词汇1. Financial statements-财务报表- Balance sheet-资产负债表- Income statement-利润表- Cash flow statement-现金流量表- Financial ratios-财务比率- Audit-审计- Budget-预算- Profit margin-利润率2. Payment-支付- Invoice-发票- Receipt-收据- Payment terms-支付条件- Accounts payable-应付账款- Accounts receivable-应收账款- Overdue-逾期- Remittance-汇款三、市场营销词汇1. Market research-市场调研- Market segmentation-市场细分- Target audience-目标受众- Consumer behavior-消费者行为- Brand positioning-品牌定位- Competitive analysis-竞争分析- SWOT analysis-SWOT分析- Market share-市场份额2. Advertising-广告- Advertisement-广告- Campaign-广告活动- Billboard-广告牌- Endorsement-背书- Sponsorship-赞助- Promotional offer-促销活动- Public relations-公共关系四、国际贸易词汇1. Import and export-进出口- Customs-海关- Tariff-关税- Trade agreement-贸易协议- Duty-free-免关税的- Quota-配额- Trade deficit-贸易逆差- Trade surplus-贸易顺差2. Logistics-物流- Freight-货运- Warehouse-仓库- Shipment-货物装运- Container-集装箱- Incoterms-国际贸易术语- Freight forwarder-货运代理- Track and trace-跟踪五、人力资源词汇1. Recruitment-招聘- Job posting-职位发布- Resume-简历- Interview-面试- Candidate-候选人- Reference-推荐人- Offer letter-录用信- Onboarding-入职2. Performance evaluation-绩效评估- Goal setting-目标设定- Performance review-绩效评审- KPIs (Key Performance Indicators)-关键绩效指标- Feedback-反馈- Promotion-晋升- Training and development-培训与发展- Termination-解雇六、跨文化交际词汇1. Cultural differences-文化差异- Etiquette-礼仪- Taboos-禁忌- Body language-肢体语言- Manners-风俗习惯- Interpersonal skills-人际交往技巧- Adaptability-适应性- Respect-尊重2. Globalization-全球化- Internationalization-国际化- Multiculturalism-多元文化- Global market-全球市场- Cultural integration-文化融合- Cross-cultural communication-跨文化交流- Diversity-多样性- Language proficiency-语言能力总结：本商务英语词汇手册涵盖了在商务活动中常见的各个领域的英语词汇。
大学英语跨文化交际U3 课文案例+词汇习语整理
U3 Daily Verbal Communication一、案例Case 1美国爸爸和女儿来到菲律宾，举行首次领圣餐仪式，叫了菲律宾朋友，他不置可否，后来却去了别的朋友之间聚会。
美国人觉得很不尊重领圣餐仪式，因此关系不好了起来。
Comment：美国人把这种仪式，特别是关于自己的孩子的看的很重要；而菲律宾朋友忽略了美国人的习俗，而且清点人数是美国人开party 前要做的，为了确保食物数量。
Case 2新西兰人在公开场合对他的菲律宾朋友进行建议和批评，让他下不来台。
他的菲律宾朋友十分生气，并且取消了晚上的一起吃饭。
Comment：在菲律宾，不可以当面指出别人的错误（面子、）；在新西兰，被看成是十分正常的。
选项：Jose thought that Stans actions during the meeting were not those of a true friendCase 3菲律宾夫妇遇见了英国熟人，又遇见了自己的菲律宾朋友，并且大声地用自己的语言进行寒暄，英国人因此十分不悦。
选项：He thought the Filipinos were very rude for introducing him to their friend.Case 4在澳大利亚“no etiquette”customno seeing out when guests leaves；no stand-up when leaders come in；no help for old people专题：Compliments and compliment responsesExamples：1.中国女士买了条裙子，美国女士说好看，中国女士说哎呀一般般；2.美国女主人向别人介绍中国学者，夸赞，中国学者却笑着说你不是真的这个意思？3.中国式谦虚反映了：1.the taste of the American lady is questionable，and poor judgement2.the hostess is not sincere3.“fishing for compliments”沽名钓誉，别人会接着夸你Social functions of complimentssituations: range from formal to casualIn formal situations—reinforce solidarity，connected with the appreciation of something that has been done to the speaker（尼克松访华：感谢中国人的好客和款待）In informal situations —achieve solidarity；make people feelcomfortable体现在：greeting people；expressing thanks ；getting over embarrassmentDifferences between Chinese and English compliments美国，女人不主动夸男人，但是男士应该通俗的对女士的打扮和衣着进行赞美但是在中国，如果男士夸奖女士，会被认为是调情，不尊重。
跨文化交际实用教程unit4
• 3) One day, out of the blue, a girl rang up and said she was my sister
male, female , she also acceptable male leopard, female panda, she wolf
as Chinese word “干部”.
24
社会科学
Social Sciences in Chinese covers all the fields except the ones in the natural science and applied sciences. Same as “the humanities” in English.
• red-letter days
• 蓝皮书（美）刊 载知名人士的书
• 倒霉的星期一 • 善意的谎言 • 新伤，未痊愈的
伤口 • 喜庆的日子
15
Translating the Underlined Part
• 1) He’s just a green recruit fresh from college
----to be careful, especially when there is danger
10
II. Detailed Study
1.Culturally Loaded Words
What is loaded words?
Loaded words and phrases are those which have strong emotional overtones (n. 暗示，弦外音，寓意) or connotations (n. 涵义，言外之意), and which evoke strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.
跨文化交际词汇汇总表
anecdote n. a short interesting or amusing story about a particular person or evente.g. He told some amusing anecdotes about his years as a policemanarchaeologist n. a person studying ancient things archer n. a person who shoots with a bow and arrows betray v. to give away or make knownbetter off （经济）境况较好的e.g. She was much better off when she got promoted.bilateral adj. of, on or with two sidese.g. France and Germany have signed a bilateral agreement.bilingual adj. of, containing, or expressed in two languagesbraille n. (a way of) printing with raised round marks which blind people can read by touching thembuffet n. a place or counter where food and drink may be bought and consumedcasino n. a building for social activities esp. playing games for moneycensure n. the act of blaming or expressing strong disapprovale.g. His dishonest behaviour came under severe censure.cleric n. a priest, esp. in the Christian Church clumsy adj. done or made in an awkward fashion coincide v. (of ideas, opinions) to be in agreementcommonplace n./adj. a well-known statement or remark worn out by too much /ordinary; not regarded as special or unusualcompetence n. ability to do what is neededcompliment n. an expression of praise, admiration or respectcondole v. to express sympathy, regret at a loss, misfortune, etc.contrary adj. completely different;wholly opposedcriteria n. fact or standard by which you judge, decide about or deal with sth.标准，准则decipher n. to discover the meaning of (sth. difficult or secret, esp. a code) 译解；破译（密码）diagnose v. to discover the nature of (a disease) dish n. 截抛物面天线don v. to put on (clothing or mask)dramatise v. to put a story, novel, etc. into the forrd of a dramadrive home to make unmistakably clear 使人理解（接受）dynamic adj. energetic and forcefulencoder n. 编码器exert v. to make an effort extraterrestrial adj. (coming from) outside the earthflaw n. a small sign of damage, such as a mark or crack, that makes an object not perfectflourish v. to wave in the hand mad so draw attention to (sth.)e.g. He came in smiling, flourishing her exam results.for good for evere.g. We thought that he was gone for good.frown upon 表示不满、不赞许gorgeous adj. delightfulhiccup n. sudden stopping of the breath with a cough-like sound 打嗝in no time very quicklye.g. I'll be back in no time.inference n. process of drawing a conclusion and reaching an opinion (from facts or reasoning) 推理institutionalised adj. 制度化的；一成不变的；约定俗成的interlocutor n. the person who is talking to himself or herself, or to sb.elseinterval n. a period of time between events intrude v. to come in when not wantedintuition n. the power to know how sth. happens or will happen, without reasoningjot down to write quickly, esp.without preparation mono-cultural adj. 单一文化的norm n. a standard of proper behaviour or principle of right and wrongnotion n. an idea,belief or opinion;conceptionpaediatrician n. a doctor who has special training in medical care for children 儿科医生prosodic adj. 诗体学的，做诗法的pupil n. 瞳孔rating n. a person's position or class referral n. 工作分派，治疗安排schema n. a representation of an arrangement or plan 计划，方案sinologist n. a person who studies Chinese language, history, literature, etc. 汉学家spatial adj. of/in spacespeculate adj. to think about a matter in a light way 思索submit v. to offer for consideration syllable n. 音节tentative adj. made or done only as a trial to see the effectunilateral adj. one-sided 单方的，单边的e.g. He made a unilateral decision to cancel the agreement.abnormal adj. unusual, peculiaracculturation n. 文化渗透；文化互渗affective-oriented adj. 感情型的amiss adv. in a bad way; wrongly or imperfectlyappalling adj. causing fear; shocking, terriblee.g. The prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditionsassumption n. sth. taken for granted bloated adj. unpleasantly swollenblunt adj. speaking roughly and plainly boar n. wild boar 野猪callous adj. unfeeling;indifferentcarol n. a religious song of joy and praise esp. sung at Christmascivility n. politeness;the quality of having good mannersclash n. an example of opposition or disagreementcluster n. a number of things of the same kind growing or being close together in a groupcognitive-oriented adj. 认知型的cohesive adj. tending to stick togethercollectivism n. the system under which the means of production axe owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole 集体主义collide v. to disagree stronglyConfucianism n. the beliefs and practices of those who follow the teachingscongruent adj. suitable;agreeing 适合的；一致的；和谐的constrain v. to compel, limit, controldimension n. a measurement in any directiondisconcert v. to (cause to) feel doubt and anxiety e.g. The family was disconcerted at the unhappy news.discourse n. a serious conversation disillusion v. to free from a wrong idea downright adj. frank; honestdyadic adj. 二的，一双的；二进原子的egalitarian adj. holding or showing the belief that all men are equal 平等主义的embed v. to fix firmly and deeply inentity n. (the quality of having) a sinagle separate and independent existenceespouse v. to become involved with or support (an activity or opinion)euphoria n. a feeling of happiness and cheerful excitementfusion n. uniting or mixingharmony n. a state of agreement (in feeling, ideas);peacefulnesshectic adj. full of excitement and hurried movementhierarchy n. organisation with grades of authority from the lowest to the highest 统治集团in the shoes of in (sb.'s) positionindividualism n. the idea that the rights and freedom of an individual are the most important in a society 个人主义infringe v. to break (a rule, etc.); to violatee.g. The prisoners complained that their rights were infringed.ingredient n. one of the parts of a mixture 成分interaction n. the state or activity of working together to produce an effect on each otherinterference n. the noises and shapes which spoil the working of electrical apparatus （光波、声波的）干扰intervene v. to interrupt, esp. to prevent a bad resultintimacy n. the state of being intimate;close friendshipintrinsic adj. being part of the nature or character of sb. or sth. 内在的，本质的，固有的liberalism n. liberal views, opinions and principles 自由主义minimal adj. of the smallest possible amount, degree or sizemodesty n. the quality of being modest nag v. to worry or annoy continuously nurture v. to train,educate or develop orientation n. a position or directionparaphrase v. to re-express (sth. written or said) in different words 释义parliament n. the supreme law-making council or assembly 议会peer n. an equal in rank, quality or worthperspective n. a view esp. one stretching far into the distancepitfall n. an unexpected danger or difficultyprivilege n. a special right or advantage limited to one person or a few people 特权psychomotor-oriented adj. 心理运动型的reciprocal adj. exchanged between two people or groups reflect v. to consider carefullysavoury adj. pleasant or attractive in taste 美味可口的scrutiny n. thorough and detailed examination 仔细检查，监督sea-slug n. 海参self-abnegation n. 自我克制spouse n. a husband or a wifetaboo n. a word which vonvention prohibits 禁忌语tactic n. means of achieving an objecttransitional adj. changing or passing from one form to anotheruniformity n. the same in every way 一致，一致（性）vaguely adv. not clearly or distinctly; uncertainly valorisation n. 评价，估价variability n. probability that sth. will varyzest n. (a feeling of)being eager and excited e.g. He approaches every task with a boundless zest.aristocracy n. ruling body of noblesbias n. a tendency to be in favour of or against sth. or sb. Without knowing enough to be able to judge fairlybill n. the beak of a birdconjecture v. a guess, opinion based on incomplete or uncertainconnote v. to suggest a meaning in addition to the formal meaningcontroversy n. an argument about sth. over which there is much disagreementdelve v. to search deeplye.g. It's not good to delve into one's private life.endearment n. (an expression of) love entrench v. to place in a safe position feminist n. 女权主义者grandeur n. great beauty or power, often combined with great sizeintriguing adj. arousing the intrerest or curiosity knighthood n. the rank, title, or state of a knightlark n. any of several small light brown birds with long pointed wings, esp. the skylark 百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）masculinity n. the quality or state of being masculine 男子气概maternal adj. related through the mother's side monosyllabic adj. 单音节的muddle v. to confuse, esp.in the minde.g. Grandfather was muddled about the children's names.paternal adj. related through the fatherperpetuate v. to preserve; to cause to be continued or remembered 使永恒plosive n. a consonant sound 爆破音satchel n. a small bag for carrying over the shoulder 书包straightforward adj. understood in a direct way, without difficultytrisyllabic adj. 三音节的uncomplimentary adj. rudely critical 贬抑的variant n. a different formwhite lie a lie told with good attention 无恶意的谎言chauffeur n. a person employed to drive a carconcede v. to admit as true, just or proper often unwillinglyconvivial adj. gay; merrydisparity n. difference or inequality 不同，悬殊foot the bill付账go Dutch 打平伙（各自付钱合伙吃）e.g. We can go out tohave dinner as long as we go Dutch.humility n. the quality of being humble interwoven adj. woven together or with sth. else marvel v. to wonder, feel great surprise pool n. 落袋弹子游戏scrounger n. a person who gets what he wants by taking it without permission or by trickery 偷东西者snub v. to treat (a person)with cold behaviour or contempt 冷落，怠慢tab n. a bill 账单trivial adj. of little worth or importanceunder no circumstances never; regardless of events 决不，无论如何不antonym n. a word which means the opposite of another wordautonomous adj. (of state) self-governingbelabour v. to work on or talk about to silly lengthschronology n. the science which measures time and gives dates to eventscoherence n. natural or reasonable connection, esp. in thoughts or wordscorollary n. sth. that naturally follows from sth. else;result 必然结果denote v. to represente.g. His angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.dowry n. property and money brought by a bride to her husbandfilial adj. of or suitable to a son or daughter 子女的; 孝顺的imperative adj. urgent, needing immediate attention inborn adj. present from birth;part of one's nature induce v. to cause or produce 引起，导致offspring n. a child or childrenpreconception n. an opinion formed in advance without actual knowledgepropensity n. natural tendencyrapport n. close relationship or sympathy (with) 亲善关系repose n. comfortable restreticent adj. unwilling to speak about one's thoughts or feelings 谨慎的，沉默寡言的smack v. to have a slight flavour or suggestion (of) 带有…的风味synonym n. a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same languagetranscribe v. to make a full copy of (notes or recorded matter)transcript n. a written or printed copy accusation n. a charge of doing wrong aroma n. a sweet smell, fragranceassault n. / v. violent and sudden attack / to make an attackcontempt n. the feeling that sb. or sth. is of a lower rank and undesirablecutlery n. knives and other cutting instruments, esp. those used when eatingdignity n. true worth and nobleness of characterdiscern v. to see, notice, or understand, esp. with difficultyecstasy n. a state of extreme happinessecstatic adj. causing or experiencing ecstasy faecal adj. 粪便的；糟粕的fondle v. to touch gently and lovingly hold…in check to hold ... back 制止，控制humiliate v. to (cause to) feel humble or lose the respect of othersinscrutable adj. that cannot be understood or known;mysteriousinsolence n. the quality of showing disrespectful rudenessinversely adv. oppositely (in order or position)jostle v. to knock or push against rather roughly e.g. They were jostled by fans pushing their way towards the stage.manuscript n. the first or only copy of a book or piece of writing 手稿，原稿peep v. to look (at sth.) quickly and secretly peep n. a quick, incomplete, or secret lookperplex v. to (cause to)feel confused and troubled by being difficult to understand or answerpirouette n. a fast turn of the body on the toe 单脚着地旋转proximity n. nearnessprudence n. the state or quality of being prudent 谨慎reprimand n. severe official scoldingrestrain v. to control or prevent from doing sth. esp. by use of forcerevolt v. to feel sick and shocked; to turn from with violent dislike 反感revulsion n. feeling of being shocked and revolted secretive adj. having the habit of keeping things secret servility n. behaviour like a slave 奴性；屈从sponger n. a person who lives on other's expense 寄生虫，靠别人生活的人stand-offish adj. rather unfriendly; coldly suppression n. the state of being suppressedtaunt v. to try to make sb. angry or upset by making unkind remarks laughing at faults or failures 奚落，嘲笑treacherous adj. disloyal; deceitfulturn down to refuse (a request, person, etc.) e.g. He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling.unnerving adj. losing self-control, power of decision, courageveer v. to turn or change directionvulgarity n. the state or quality of being vulgar aerial adj. of, from, happening in the air airborne adj. in the air or carried by air or wind alternative n. a choice between two thingsaltruism n. principle of considering the well-being and happiness of others first 利他主义altruistic adj. 利他的；利他主义的aluminum n. a silver-white metal that is a simple substance light in weightamplitude n. the distance between the middle and top of a wave (such as a sound wave) 振幅antenna n. an aerial 天线antler n. a horn with branches which grows on the head of a male deerapparatus n. a set of instruments, machines, etc. that wok together for a particular purposeaquatic adj. living or happening in or on water badger n. 獾bandwidth n. 带宽barbarous adj. very cruel; uncivilizedbinary adj. consisting of two things or parts; double e.g. Computers operate using binary numbers.birch n. 白桦breakthrough n. the action of forcing a way through or making a discoverye.g. An important breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved.brood n. a family of young birds or other young creaturesbudget n. a plan of how to spend moneybugle n. a musical wind instrument of copper or brass used for military signals 军号，喇叭bustard n. a large swift-running bird 鸨鸟camcorder n. a combination of a small video camera and recording device 家庭手提摄像机cardinal adj. most important; maincascade n. a steep, high and usu. small waterfall cellular adj. having many holes 蜂窝式（如电话）coaxial adj. 共轴的，同轴的cobalt n. a strong shiny silver-white magnetic metal 钴congregation n. a group of people gathered togethercoot n. a type of water bird with dark grey feathers and a short beakcoranto n. 报纸（现仅用于报纸名）demodulate v. 解调；检波designate v. to point out or call by a special name disgruntled adj. annoyed and disappointeddisparagingly adv. 轻视地，贬低地dissemination n. spreading (news, ideas, etc.) widely dolphin n. a sea animal like a porpoise 海豚electromagnetic adj. 电磁的elicit v. to get, draw out (facts, information, etc.)elk n. 麋鹿emancipate v. to make free socially, politically, and in lawemblem n. an object which is the sign of sth.e.g. A dove is often used as an emblem of peace.etymological adj. 词源学的exhilaration n. making cheerful and excitedfacsimile n. an exact copy, esp. of a document 摹写, 传真falcon n. a bird that kills and eats other animals隼flint n. very hard fine-textured grey stone that makes small flashes of flame when struck with steel 燧石;火石floppy adj. soft and easily bent flowchart n. （生产）流程图forage v. to wander about looking for food and other suppliesformulaic adj. containing or made up of fixed expressions or set forms of words 公式的, 刻板的globalisation n. 全球化gravity n. the natural force by which objects are attracted to each othergrouse n. a bird with feathered feet, shot for sport and food 松鸡hive n. a place like a box where bees live hold forth to speak at length 大发议论honeycomb n. a container made of beeswax and consisting of 6-sided cells in which honey is storedhorizontal adj. in the flat position, along or parallel to the groundignite v. to (cause to) start to burninfiltrate v. to (cause to) pass through or into by filtering; (of ideas) to pass into people's mind 过滤; （思想）渗入ingenious adj. (of a person) clever and skillful (at making or inventing)innate adj. (of a quality) in one's nature possessed from birth 天生的instantaneous adj. happening at onceinsulate v. to protect from outside influence 隔离, 使孤立intermittent adj. not continuous 间断的internalisation n. 内在化laureate n. a poet officially appointed to the Royal Household in GB, who writes poems on state occasions 桂冠诗人linger v. to be slow to disappearlitter n. a group of young animals born at the same time to one mothermakeshift n. sth. used at the time because there is nothing better 代用品，权宜之计mallard n. a type of wild duck 绿头鸭martial adj. of or concerning war, soldiers, etc. 战争的，好战的microchip n. 芯片modem n. 调制解调器modulation n. the action of modulating 调节，调制multiparous adj. 一产多胎的nectar n. the sweet liquid collected by bees from flowersnightingale n. a type of bird known for the beautiful song heard at nightnimbleness n. quick and light movement nip v. to cut offnipple n. the part of a woman's breast through which a baby can suck milknomination n. the action or result of suggesting or naming officially for election to a position ,office, etc.提名，任命ointment n. a medicinal paste made from oil or fat and used on the skin (to heal injury) 膏药override v. to prevail over (sb.'s opinion, decision, claim, etc.)e.g.This problem overrides all other matters.panel n. a small group of people chosen to give advice or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment 公开讨论的专门小组papyrus n. a tall grass-like plant that grows in or near water 纸莎草parchment n. a writing material used in ancient time, made from the skin of a sheep or goat 羊皮纸partridge n. a sort of birds of the same family as the pheasantpatch n. a small differently coloured part of a surfacepatent n. 专利，专利权，专利证，专利品perch n. a branch, rod, etc. where a bird restsperseverance n. continual steady effort made to fulfill some aim 耐性，坚忍不拔pheasant n. any of various large long-tailed birds hunted for food 野鸡phosphor n. 磷光体pivot v. to turn round on or as if on a pivot (于旋轴上)旋转plaque n. a flat metal or stone plate with writingon it, fixed to a wall in memory of a personor event 匾牌，饰板Pleistocene adj. 更新式的plumage n. bird's featherspollen n. fine yellow powder on the male part of a flower 花粉pollock n. 绿鳕，青鳕porpoise n. a type of large fish-like sea animal 海豚，小鲸predator n. a wild animal living by killing and eating other animal 肉食动物prestigious adj. having or bringing prestige 有声誉的，受尊敬的primate n. a member of the most highly developed group of breast-feeding animal 灵长类动物quail n. a kind of small birds 鹌鹑rationalism n. the quality or practice of being a rationalist 唯理论regurgitate v. to pour out again from the mouth (food already swallowed) 反刍replica n. an exact copyresonant adj. (of a sound)deep, full, clear and continuing 共鸣的retrieval n. the act of regaining or bringing back retrieve v. to regain; to find and bring backroe n. a small kind of European and Asian deer 雄马鹿semaphore n. a system of sending massages, using two flags held in each hand in various positions 旗语setback n. sth. that happens which delays or prevents a process from advancingshatter v. to break suddenly into small pieces shellac n. 虫胶清漆shimmer v. to shine with a soft trembling light sideband n. 边频带simultaneously adv. happening or done at the same momentsnipe n. a bird which frequents marshes with a long bill 鹬spectrum n. a range of various kinds of waves 频谱spontaneity n. the quality of being spontaneousspontaneous adj. produced from natural feelings 自发的，本能的spruce n. 云杉树stereotype n. a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or eventstimuli n. sth. that stimulates 刺激物，促进因素stork n. 鹳tabular adj. arranged or displayed in tables 表格式的tattoo n. continuous tapping 连续敲打声tedious adj. long and tiring; uninteresting transaction n. （社会交往中的）相互作用transcend v. to go beyond; to be better than 超越；胜过transmission n. the act of transmitting or of being transmittedtrendy adj. very fashionable; very influenced by the latest fashion 时髦的，随潮流的vandal n. a person who intentionally damages or destroys useful things belonging to others 破坏他人财物者varnish n. a smooth or shiny appearance 光泽，装饰velvet n. a type of fine closely-woven cloth 天鹅绒，丝绒vermin n. any small kind of animal that destroys crops 害虫，害兽，害人虫vervet n. 黑长尾猴vibration n. slight continuous shaky movementvulture n. a type of ugly tropical bird which feeds on dead animals 兀鹰waggle v. to move frequently from side to sidewarren n. an area in which small animals are kept or live 猎苑woodcock n. a type of brown woodland bird 丘鹬woodpecker n. a type of bird with a long beak, which can make holes in the wood of trees and pull out insects 啄木鸟。
跨文化交际实用教程unit1重点词汇及问题
跨文化交际实用教程unit1重点词汇及问题Unit 1第一单元需要掌握的术语：Global village:All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.Melting pot:a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix of cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Encul turation: all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation. Acculturation: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.SourceThe source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.EncodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.MessageThe term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.ChannelThe term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.NoiseThe term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.ReceiverThe receiver is the person who attends to the message.DecodingDecoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver responseReceiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.（信息接受者在收到并解码/理解信息之后所作出的反应）FeedbackFeedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.（信息接受者所作出的反应中能让信息发送者收到并理解的那一部分）ContextGenerally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.五、简答和案例分析1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?The four trends that lead to the development of global village are:1) Convenient transportation systems;2) Innovative communication systems;3) Economic globalization;4) Widespread migration(p.8-9)2. What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:1) the material and spiritual products people produce2) what they do 3) what they think3. What are the three ingredients of culture?The three ingredients of culture are:1) artifacts 2) behavior3) concepts (beliefs, values, world views…)4. How to understand cultural iceberg?Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (pg. 7)5. What are the characteristic of culture?1) Culture is shared,2) Culture is learned,3) Culture is dynamic,4) Culture is ethnocentric.6. What are the characteristic of communication?1) Communication is dynamic2) Communication is irreversible3) Communication is symbolic4) Communication is systematic5) Communication is transactional. (pg. 8)6) Communication is contextual. (pg. 8)7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?1) In China, the use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors, while more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.2) Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect. (pg. 23), but The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used.3) In Chinese, people use a person’s title, office, or profession in addressing people. In English, only a few occupations or titles are used .8. How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?1) Some oriental writing…is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection. In this kind of writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. Things are developed in terms of what they are not, rather than in terms of what they are.”2) An English paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations,proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in it proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.”9. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?回答时注意：Monochronic 和Polychronic 两项都要列举几条，八条不用都回答上，但是第一条一定要回答上。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结
Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。
Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。
As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。
1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。
外来词——跨文化交际的词汇融合
外来词——跨文化交际的词汇融合作者：罗勋梅来源：《教育教学论坛》2014年第25期摘要：跨文化交际是人们因生产生活需要，不同地区、不同民族的人们之间进行的活动。
这种活动进行的结果之一——外来词，也就随之产生了。
外来词对汉语产生不可低估的影响。
汉语中的外来词主要有英语外来词、宗教外来词、网络词汇以及其他语言的外来词。
关键词：跨文化交际；外来词；汉语中图分类号：G642.0 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2014）25-0144-02随着生产、生活等多方面的需要，不同民族、种族、部落或不同地区、不同国家之间的人们走出自己原来的生活范围、区域与其他地区或国家的民族进行接触和交往，他们在生活、生产、习俗、文化等多方面都相互产生影响。
而当今随着社会经济的不断发展和国际交往的日益频繁，世界各地人们之间的跨文化交际也更加频繁，不同文化的人们之间相互影响也越来越广泛，这一切的活动都可以称作为跨文化交际。
尽管这一现象可以追溯到久远的年代，但是“跨文化交际”这一名词的出现却是有近代人类学家霍尔首次提出的。
跨文化交际是指不同的文化背景的人走到一起，分享思想、情感和信息时所发生的一切，不管人们分享的是什么。
总之，当不同的文化背景的人产生交流时，跨文化交际也就随之产生了。
这里的跨文化交际中的文化指的是广义的文化，它是指一群人通过个人或群体通过个人或群体时代努力所获得的一切沉积物，包括经济、知识、信仰、价值观、行动、态度、意义、等级制度、宗教、时间概念、角色、空间关系、宇宙观、制造物等方方面面。
“外来词”作为这种跨文化交往的一个比较稳定的产物也随之诞生，并且深深地融合在汉语词汇中，极大地丰富了汉语词汇。
本文从外来词的角度探讨汉语语言中的外来词对汉语语言产生的影响。
一、英语外来词跨文化交际在中国很早就发生了。
根据史料记载，中国内部的跨文化交际早在夏朝就开始了。
翻开中国译学史，即可发现自翻译出现之时便有了跨文化交际。
跨文化交际复习
Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective):从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective):从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
跨文化交际中的文化词汇空缺现象及其翻译策略
语言文学研究跨文化交际中的文化词汇空缺现象及其翻译策略吴乐雅（中国传媒大学南广学院，江苏南京211172）摘要：词汇空缺现象在跨文化交际中较为普遍，它是跨文化交际中的障碍，给翻译造成麻烦％本文以词汇空缺现象为研究对象，列出三种常见词汇空缺形式，分别从地理环境、物产风俗的不同，思维方式、价值观念的不同，以及历史文化、宗教信仰的不同三个层面，对造成词汇空缺现象的原因进行分析，并提出解决词汇空缺现象的翻译策略，以期有益于跨文化交际的顺利进行。
关键词：文化差异文化词汇词汇空缺在当今政治多极化、经济全球化、文化多元化的大背景下，世界各国、各地区之间的交往日益频繁，交往中既有文化的融合又有文化的碰撞。
作为文化载体的语言，不仅反映着文化，还成为不同文化交流的工具。
语言翻译为跨文化交际建起了桥梁，不仅是语符表层指称意义的转换，更是两种不同文化的相互沟通和移植W但由于不同国的地境、、、、教背景、生活等方面存在差异，不同语言在交流中的$是指“语载的文化在译语中没有其'对等语’'语’”即1%在的翻译中有文化异的，有的，跨文化交际#一、词汇空缺的三种形式在语中，除了有任何附加意义的普通词，语言义的全等，有于文化的，称之为“文化”。
“文化”是指文化的，是文化在语言中的映典在跨文化视角下产生冲突和误解的主要是这部分“文化”，它们在翻译中经#言，文化有种形式#（一）完全空缺种语言中有的在种语言中不存在，我们称其为“完全空缺”。
比如反映中国传统的民俗、风俗、礼等内容的词语，：拜天地、灶王爷、闹洞房、红包、红白喜事、本命年等。
些都是中国特有文化的体现，中国人说非亲切熟悉，然绝大多数不在语言里找全的语。
受过西方学校教育的学生肯不会对bingo和presentation感到陌生，这两个词在汉语里很难找全的词$（二）部分空缺些语虽然在另一种语言环境中存在，且具有相同的概念意义,却失去背后丰富的象征意义，称其为“分空缺”。
大学英语跨文化交际U5课文翻译、词汇、习语整理
Unit 5Nonverbal communication课前谚语+名言：1、I’s not what he said, but the way he said it.——English saying2、There is a language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lips.——William Shakespeare案例一：个人空间马克最近从丹麦搬到了悉尼，在一家澳大利亚公司当销售员。
他被邀请加入当地的一个俱乐部。
有一天在一个晚会上，一个女成员走近他，马克立即通过谈论展现出了他的兴趣。
起初聊天进行的很顺利，但随着谈话的进行，马克逐渐的向她靠近，而那位女士似乎离他越来越远，并显得很不自在。
当马克正要问她有关于澳大利亚习俗的问题时，站在旁边的一个男士往这边瞟了一眼，她找了个借口离开，去和那个男人说话。
留下马克傻傻的站在那里，他不知道为什么他们的交谈如此突然地停止了。
Question：Why did that women suddenly stop talking with mark and turned to another man?注释：这是一个对身体距离理解不同造成的误会。
在丹麦，正式场合中，个人空间大概在20厘米-30厘米之间。
而在澳大利亚，这样的场合需要40厘米-50厘米的身体距离。
所以丹麦人习惯近距离交谈，澳大利亚人习惯远距离交谈。
在这个情况下，马克尝试去建立自己正常的个人亲密空间，侵犯了澳大利亚女士的空间，正因如此，她感到了某种威胁，失去了舒适感。
就在那时，身旁的男人给了她一个离开的机会。
如果马克对于澳大利亚人所期待的个人空间有所了解的话，或许这个谈话会有所不同。
案例二：使用当地语言的问题。
弗兰克为了做研究的目的从澳大利亚来到中国，为此，他在大学里刻苦学习中文，并且能用中文很方便的和人交流。
而当他到达北京以后，他开始和当地人交谈，询问方向和建议。
尽管他几乎都是用中文和他们交流，但是他发现周围的人有时候会笑着用英语回答他，尽管他们对英语知之甚少。
翻译术语的名词解释
翻译术语的名词解释在全球化的背景下，翻译成为不可或缺的沟通桥梁。
不论是商务、文化还是科技领域，翻译都起到了关键的作用。
然而，在翻译过程中，翻译术语也成为了翻译工作者必须熟练掌握的重要一环。
本文旨在解释一些常见的翻译术语，帮助读者更好地理解和使用它们。
1. 本地化（Localization）本地化是翻译中一个重要的概念，指的是根据目标语言和目标文化的特点进行适当的调整和修改以满足本地需求的过程。
它超越了简单的语言转换，还包括对文化、习俗和法规等方面的考虑。
本地化将产品、服务或内容定制到特定的地区，使其更符合当地的文化背景和习惯。
2. 跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication）跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和合作的能力。
翻译工作者常常需要具备跨文化交际的技巧和敏感度，以确保其翻译作品能够准确传达源语言的信息，并且能够被目标受众所接受和理解。
3. 词汇转移（Transfer）词汇转移是指在翻译过程中将某一特定词汇从源语言转移到目标语言中的过程。
熟练的翻译工作者需要根据上下文和目标语言的特点，灵活运用词汇转移技巧，确保所选词汇在目标语言中的准确度和一致性。
4. 同传和交传（Simultaneous Interpretation & Consecutive Interpretation）同传和交传是翻译领域中常见的两种口译技术。
同传是指在演讲或会议进行的同时，翻译人员通过耳机将源语言转换为目标语言，实时传达给听众。
而交传则是演讲者暂停时，翻译人员将其内容转换为目标语言，然后进行传达。
两种技术都需要翻译人员具备高度的语言能力和专注力。
5. 策略（Translation Strategy）翻译策略是指翻译工作者在面对不同的翻译问题时所采取的方法和决策。
由于每个翻译问题都具有其独特的特点，翻译策略的选择对于最终翻译作品的质量至关重要。
常见的翻译策略包括直译、意译、补充信息等。
跨文化交际概论复习资料
跨⽂化交际概论复习资料⼀．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，⼀⽅发出信息，另⼀⽅接受信息，这⼀过程就是传播。
2、亚⽂化：⼜称集体⽂化或副⽂化，指与主⽂化相对应的那些⾮主流的、局部的⽂化现象，指在主⽂化或综合⽂化的背景下，属于某⼀区域或某个集体所特有的观念和⽣活⽅式，⼀种亚⽂化不仅包含着与主⽂化相通的价值与观念，也有属于⾃⼰的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚⽂化等都是这种亚⽂化。
亚⽂化是⼀个相对的概念。
是总体⽂化的次属⽂化。
3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》⼀⽂中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。
4、传播的构成要素：⼀是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。
⼆是隐含要素：时空环境、⼼理因素、⽂化背景和信息质量。
5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单⼀，静⽌。
6、语⾔是⽂化的载体，是⽂化的主要表现形式，就像⼀⾯镜⼦，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和⾏为举⽌。
词汇作为语⾔的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族⽂化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的⽂化差异，必然在此上体现出来。
7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。
即，⼀个词语的字⾯意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。
8、以英汉语⾔对⽐为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平⾏、词义空缺、词义冲突。
9、语⽤规则就是特定⽂化群体关于语⾔交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的⽅式、说话的多少以及⾔语⾏为与⾮⾔语⾏为的配合等诸多⽅⾯。
10、交际风格是⾔语⾏为和⾮⾔语⾏为由于受使⽤中不同交际环境的影响或制约⽽形成的⼀系列交际特点的综合表现。
恰当的交际风格的运⽤对交际过程起着积极的促进作⽤，对交际能⼒的培养也起到重要作⽤。
跨文化交际--Unit-5-verbal-communication
Idioms习惯用语
• It’s raining cats and dogs. - It’s raining heavily.
• put one’s foot in one’s mouth - someone blunders by saying something he should not have.
的
– never-ending: everlasting 不停的
Synonyms
• 区分下列同义词：
同义词
– job
– vocation: job的正式用语
– profession: 脑力劳动者的职业
– field: 广义的职业“领域”
– occupation: 与vocation意思相近
– specialization: 具体的一个专长
UNIT 5
Verbal Communication
在全球化时代，要达到更高的成功几率，须努 力成为具有全球视野的国际化人才。学好至少一 门外语是必要的，但国际化人才最基本的素质是 跨文化沟通能力。 这是一种能够超越本族文化， 跨越不同文化鸿沟，穿透不同文化壁垒，在多元 文化的环境中游刃有余的能力。因此，你的外语 语言能力必须建立在理解不同文化的价值观体系 和行为规范模式之上， 其最终表现是能够适应、 掌控和化解多元文化环境中的矛盾和冲突。
• keep one’s hand in: • do activity in order to remain skilled at
it. • within arm’s reach; • sth.which you can reach easily. • ask for a woman’s hand; • to propose marriage. • put one’s finger on sth.: • to identify an error, or cause of a
跨文化交际unit 4课件
Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。
⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。
重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。
Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 T ypes of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It‟s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon V alley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Y ellowstone Park, Silicon V alley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Y oung(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. Y ou attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹―old, conservative‖ at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。
跨文化交际 英语中的辱华词语
4.Ching Chong
PURPOSE
我们选这个演讲的主题，目的是让大家了 解哪些是具有歧视中国或者亚洲人的词 。 当我们遇到一些不友好的人对我们说出这 些词的时候，我们能够知道别人是在取笑 我们。现在中国越来越强大了，意味着我 们遇到这种行为时能够更加有信心去回应 他们，强势地站出来保护自己
FUTURE VISION
The words about insulting ChThe dark history
In 19 century，America had gold rush. There are a lot of Chinese came to California to look for their opportunities. The white American thought there were evil foreigners taking their jobs.
在19世纪，因为淘金热，很多中国人来到 加利福利亚去寻找机会。
美国白人认为这是邪恶的中国人来抢工作 了。
Chinese immigrants at the time experienced violent anti-Chinese sentiment, boycotts,and in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act, a law that restricted immigration into the United States.
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
1.Chink
2.Chinaman
Chinaman is a term potentially English language term that Although the has nocontentious negative connotations in older denotes a Chinese man or person, or as a Chinese national, or, dictionaries, and the usage of such parallel compound terms asin some cases, an indiscriminate term for a person native to Englishman, Frenchman and Irishman remain unobjectionable, geographical East Asia of perceived East Asian race. the term Chinaman is or noted as offensive by modern dictionaries. Chinaman 是一个潜在的具有争议性的英语词汇，它指的是一个中国男人或 Its derogatory connotations evolved from its use in pejorative 一个人，或者是一个中国人，或者，在某些情况下，是一个不加区分的术语， contexts regarding the Chinese and other Asians. 指的是一个东亚人或东亚人。 虽然这个词在旧字典里没有否定的含义，和英国人、法国人和爱尔兰人三 种类似的复合词的用法仍然是不令人反感的，“中国佬”这个词被现代词 典认为是无礼的。其贬义的内涵源自于对中国和其他亚洲人的贬义语境。
跨文化交际第四版词汇
跨文化交际第四版词汇
摘要：
1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性
2.第四版词汇的主要内容
3.如何有效地使用这些词汇
4.使用这些词汇的意义和影响
正文：
随着全球化的发展和各国之间交流的加强，跨文化交际变得越来越重要。
在这样的背景下，对跨文化交际的研究也日益深入。
跨文化交际第四版词汇就是为了帮助人们更好地理解和应用跨文化交际而编写的。
第四版词汇主要包括以下几个方面：一是跨文化交际的基本概念，如文化、交际、跨文化交际等；二是跨文化交际的主要理论，如文化冲突、文化适应、文化融合等；三是跨文化交际的主要方法，如语言交际、非语言交际、跨文化沟通等；四是跨文化交际的主要问题，如文化冲击、文化敏感、文化误解等。
有效地使用这些词汇，可以帮助我们更好地理解和解决跨文化交际中遇到的问题。
例如，当我们在和外国人交流时，如果能够理解并运用文化冲突理论，就能够更好地理解对方的行为和观点，避免因为文化差异而产生的误解和冲突。
同样，如果我们能够掌握跨文化交际的主要方法，就能够更加有效地与外国人进行沟通，促进文化交流。
使用这些词汇的意义和影响也是深远的。
一方面，它可以提高我们的跨文
化交际能力，使我们在与外国人交流时更加自信和有效；另一方面，它也可以促进文化的交流和融合，使我们的社会更加开放和包容。
总的来说，跨文化交际第四版词汇是一本非常重要的参考书籍，它为我们提供了理解和应用跨文化交际的重要工具和理论。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
diversity 多样性（P1）
alien exotic 外国的（P1）
encounter 遭遇（P1）
hostile 有敌意的（P1)
malevolently 恶意的（P1）
impetus 推动力（P5）
beset 困扰，围绕（P8）
mainstream 主流的（P10）
harassment 骚扰（P11）
pledge 誓言，保证（P13）
reciprocity 交互作用、交易、依靠(P13)
bigotry 持偏见之行为和态度(P13)
federal 联盟的、联邦的、联合的P14
recreational 休养的/ 娱乐的/ 消遣的(P14)
friction 摩擦、冲突、不和(P15)
abstract 理想的/摘要/分离、引开P16
crucial 极重要的/严重的(P17)
affiliation 同盟、合并、友好关系P17
discrete 分离的、离散的、无关联的(P18)
impede 阻碍、妨碍(P19)
Dimension [di'menʃən, dai-] (p23, line9)n. 维；尺寸；次元；容积
Territory ['teritəri] (p23 , paragraph2, line5)n. 领土，领域；范围；地域；版图Multidimensional [,mʌltidi'menʃənl] (p24, paragraph1,line4) adj. 多维的；多面的Attribution [,ætri'bju:ʃən] (p26, paragraph4, line1) n. 归因；属性；归属
Analogy [ə‘nælədʒi] （p28，line5）n. 类比；类推；类似
Truism [‘tru:izəm] （p28, paragraph2, line1)n. 自明之理；老生常谈；老套；众所周知；真实性
Ego [‘i:ɡəu, ’eɡəu] （p32.paragraph3,line2）n. 自我；自负；自我意识
Pep-talk ['peptɔ:k]( P37 ,paagraph2,;line10)vt.鼓励，激励，给…打气用激励的话去影响Perpetuate [pə'petʃueit, -tju-] (p37,paragraph5,line7) v.使不朽；保持
Meteorological [,mi:tiərə'lɔdʒikəl] P38 adj.气象的；气象学的
Enculturation [in,kʌltʃə'reiʃən] P38 n.对某种文化的适应
Synonymous [si'nɔniməs] P38 adj. 同义的；同义词的；同义突变的
Admonish [əd'mɔniʃ] P39 vt. 告诫；劝告
Cosmic ['kɔzmik] P41 adj. 宇宙的
Lineage ['liniidʒ] P42 n. 血统；家系，世系
Eloquently ['eləkwəntli] P43 adv. 善辩地；富于表现力地
Acculturation [ə,kʌltʃə'reiʃən] P45 n. 文化适应；文化移入；文化互渗
Propensity [prəu'pensiti] P46 n. 倾向，习性；癖好，偏爱
Puissant ['pjuisənt, 'pwis-] P46 adj. 强大的，强盛的；有势力的，有权力的
Fusion [‘fju:ʒən] （p48 line15) n. 融合；熔化；熔接；融合物
Resonate [‘rezəneit] （p52 line6) vt. 共鸣；共振vi. 共鸣；共振。