拉丁语基本语法

ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ
Lingua Latina
A long vowel will be shortened when
It is followed by another vowel
Or by –m –r –t in the end
Or by –nt- -nd- at any position
ā will be contracted when
it is followed by ō
Conjugation
Indictive Mood
Present Tense Future Tense
Active Passive Active Passive
Ⅰ-āre -ārī fut.act.par. esse supine,um īrī(fore ut, subjunctive mood) -ō -āmus -or -āmur -bō -bimus -bor -bimur
-ās -ātis -āris -āminī -bis -bitis -beris -biminī
-at -ant -ātur -antur -bit -bunt -bitur -buntur
laudāre laudārī laudātūrus,-a,-um esse laudātum īrī
laudō laudāmus laudor laudāmur laudābō laudābimus -laudābor -laudābimur
laudās laudatis lauāris laudāminī laudābis laudābitis -laudāberis -laudābiminī
laudat laudant laudātur laudantur laudābit laudābunt -laudābitur -laudābuntur
Ⅱ-ēre -ērī fut.act.par. esse supine,um īrī(fore ut, subjunctive mood)
-eō -ēmus -eor -ēmur -bā -bimus -bor -bimur
-ēs -ētis -ēris -ēminī -bis -bitis -beris -biminī
-et -ent -ētur -entur -bit -bunt -bitur -buntur
monēre monērī monitūrus,-a,-um esse monitum īrī
moneō monēmus moneor monēmur monēbō monēbimus monēbor monēbimur
monēs monētis monēris monēminī monēbis monēbitis monēberis monēbiminī
monet moment monētur monentur monēbit monēbunt monēbitur monēbuntur
Ⅲ-ere -ī fut.act.par. esse supine,um īrī(fore ut, subjunctive mood)
-ō -imus -or -imur -am -ēmus -ar -ēmur
-is -itis -eris -īminī -ēs -ētis -ēris -ēminī
-it -unt -itur -untur -et -ent -ētur -entur
agere agīāctūrus,-a,-um esse āctum īrī
agō agimus agor agimur agam agēmus agar agēmur
agis agitis ageris agiminī agēs agētis agēris agēminī
agit agunt agitur aguntur aget agent agētur agentur
-iō -ī fut.act.par. esse supine,um īrī(fore ut, subjunctive mood)
-iō -imus -ior -imur -iam -iēmus -iar -iēmur
-is -itis -eris -iminī -iēs -iētis -iēris -iēminī
-it -unt -itur -iuntur -iet -ient -iētur -ientur
capere capī captūrus,-a,-um esse captum īrī
capiō capimus capior capimur capiam capiēmus capiar capiēmur
capis capitis caperis capiminī capiēs capiētis capiēris capiēminī
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur capiet capient capiētur capientur
Ⅳ-īre -īrī fut.act.par. esse supine,um īrī(fore ut, subjunctive mood)
-iō -īmus -ior -īmur -iam -iēs -iar -iēmur
-īs -ītis -īris -īminī -iēs -iētis -iēris -iēminī
-it -iunt -ītur -iuntur -iet -ient -iētur -ientur
audīre audīrī audītūrus,-a,-um esse audītum īrī
audiō audīmus audior audīmur -audiam -audiēmus -audiar -audiēmur
audīs audītis audīris audīminī -audiēs -audiētis -audiēris -audiēminī
audit audiunt audītur audiuntur -audiet -audient -audiētur -audientur
Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense
Active Passitive Active Passive
Ⅰ-āre -āre -isse -per.pass.par. esse -bam -bāmus -bar -bāmur -ī -imus ,a,um sum ,a,um sumus
-bās -bātis -bāris -bāminī -istī -istis ,a,um es ,a,um estis
-bat -bant -bātur -bantur -it -ērunt ,a,um est ,a,um sunt
laudāre laudāre laudāvisse laudātus esse
laudābam laudābāmus laudābar laudābāmur laudāvī laudāvimus laudātus,-a,-um sum laudātus,-a,-um sumus
laudābās laudābātis laudābāris laudābāminī laudāvistī laudāvistis laudātus,-a,-um es laudātus,-a,-um estis
laudābat laudābant laudābātur laudābantur laudāvit laudāvē
runt laudātus,-a,-um est laudātus,-a,-um sunt
Ⅱ-ēre -ēre
-bam -bāmus -bar -bāmur
-bās -bātis -bāris -bāminī
-bat -bant -bātur -bantur
monēre monēre
monēbam monēbāmus monēbar monēbāmur
monēbās monēbātis monēbāris monēbāminī
monēbat monēbant monēbātur monēbantur
Ⅲ-ere -ere
-ēbam -ēbāmus -ēbar -ēbāmur
-ēbās -ēbātis -ēbāris -ēbāminī
-ēbat -ēbant -ēbatur -ēbantur
agere agere
agēbam agēbāmus agēbar agēbāmur
agēbās agēbātis agēbāris agēbāminī
agēbat agēbant agēbātur agēbantur
-iō -iō
-iēbam -iēbāmus -iēbar -iēbāmur
-iēbās -iēbātis -iēbāris -iēbāminī
-iēbat -iēbant -iēbātur -iēbantur
capere capere
capiēbam capiēbāmus capiēbr capiēbāmur
capiēbās capiēbātis capiēbāris capiēbāminī
capiēbat capiēbant capiēbātur capiēbantur
Ⅳ-īre īri
-iēbam -iēbāmus -iēbar -iēbāmur
-iēbās -iēbātis -iēbāmur -iēbāminī
-iēbat -iēbant -iēbātur -iēbantur
audīre audīre
audiēbam audiēbāmus audiēbar audiēbāmur
audiēbās audiēbātis audiēbāmur audiēbāminī
audiēbat audiēbant audiēbātur audiēbantur
Future Perfect Tense
Active Passive
-erō -erimus ,a,um erō ,a,um erimus
-eris -eritis ,a,um eris ,a,um eritis
-erit -erint ,a,um erit ,a,um erunt
laudāverō laudāverimus laudātus erō laudātī,-ae,-a erimus laudāveris laudāveitis laudātus eris laudātī,-ae,-a eritis
laudāverit laudāverint laudātus erit laudātī,-ae,-a erunt
Pluperfect tense
Active Passive
-eram -erāmus ,a,um eram ,a,um erāmus
-erās -erātis ,a,um erās ,a,um erātis
-erat -erant ,a,um erat ,a,um erant
Laudāveram laudāverāmus laudātus,-a,-um eram laudātī,-ae,-a erāmus
Laudāverās laudāverātis laudātus,-a,-um erās laudātī,-ae,-a erātis
Laudāverat laudāverant laudātus,-a,-um erat laudātī,-ae,-a erant
Subjunvtive Mood
Present Tense Imperfect Tense
Active Passive Active Passive
Ⅰ-ē- -ē- -āre -āre
-em -ēmus -er -ēmur -m -mus -r -mur
-ēs -ētis -ēris -ēminī -s -tis -ris -minī
-et -ent -ētur -entur -t -nt -tur -ntur
laudāre laudāre laudāre
laudem laudēmus lauder laudēmur laudārem laudārēmus laudārer laudārēmur
laudēs laudētis laudēris laudēminī laudārēs laudārētis laudārēris laudārēminī
laudet laudent laudētur laudentur laudāret laudārent laudārētur laudārentur
Ⅱ-eā- -eā- ē will be shortened when it is followed by
-am -āmus -ar -āmur -m,-r,-t in the end
-ās -ātis -āris -āminī or –nt- at any position
-at -ant -ātur -antur
monēre
moneam moneāmus monear moneāmur
moneās moneātis moneāris moneāminī
moneat moneant moneātur moneantur
Ⅲ-ā- -ā-
-am -āmus -ar -āmur
-ās -ātis -āris -āminī
-at -ant -ātur -antur
agere
agam agāmus agar agāmus
agās agātis agāris agāminī
agat agant agātur agantur
-iō -iō-
-iam -iāmus -iar -iāmur
-iās -iātis -iāris -iāminī
-iat -iant -iātur -iantur
capere
capiam capiāmus capiar capiāmur
capiās capiātis capiāris capiāminī
capiat capiant capiātur capiantur
Ⅳ-iā- -iā-
-iam -iāmus -iar -iāmur
-iās -iātis -iāris -iāminī
-iat -iant -capiātur -capiantur
audīre
audiam audiāmus audiar audiāmus
audiās audiātis audiāris audiāminī
audiat audiant audiātur audiantur
Perfect Tense
Active Passive -per.stem -eri- m -per.stem -erī- mus ,a,um sim ,a,um sīmus
-per.stem -erī- s -per.stem -erī- tis ,a,um sīs ,a,um sītis
-per.stem -eri- t -per.stem -eri- nt ,a,um sit ,a,um sint
laudāvī
laudāverim laudāverīmus laudātus,-a,-um sim laudātī,-ae,-a sīmus
laudāverīs laudāverītis laudātus,-a,-um sīs laudātī,-ae,-a sītis
laudāverit laudāverint laudātus,-a,-um sit laudātī,-ae,-a sint
Pluperfect Tense
Active Passive
-per.stem -isse- m -per.stem -issē- mus ,a,um essem ,a,um essēmus
-per.stem -issē- s -per,stem -issē- tis ,a,um essē
s ,a,um essētis
-per.stem -isse- t -per.stem -isse- nt ,a,um esset ,a,um essent
laudāvī laudāvī
laudāvissem laudāvissēmus laudātus,-a,-um essem laudātī,-ae,-a essēmus
laudāvissēs laudāvissētis laudātus,-a,-um ess
ēs laudātī,-ae,-a essētis
laudāvisset laudāvissent laudātus,-a,-um
esset laudātī,-ae,-a essent
ī and ē will be shortened when it is followed by
-m,-t in the end
or -nt- at any position
Iperative Mood
Present Tense
Sing. Plu.
Ⅰ -present stem -present stem -te
laudāre
laudā laudāte
Ⅱ -present stem -present stem -te
monēre
monē monēte
Ⅲ -present stem -present stem -ite
agere
age agite
-iō
-present stem -present stem -ite
capere
cape capite
Ⅳ -present stem -present stem –ite
audīre
audī audīte
Infinitive
Present Tense Perfect Tense Future Tense
Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive
Ⅰ-āre -ārī -perfect stem -isse ,a,um esse -fut.act.par.esse -supine,um īrī
laudāre laudārī laudāvisse laudātūs,-a,-um esse lauātūrus,-a,-um esse -laudātum īrī
Ⅱ-ēre -ērī
monēre monērī
Ⅲ-ere -ī
agere agī
-iō -iō
capere capī
Ⅳ-īri -īrī
audīri audīrī
Word Order: Ⅰsubject and its modifiers Ⅱindirect object Ⅲdirect object
Ⅳadverbial modifiers Ⅴverb
Declension of Adjectives
Group One
ⅡⅠⅡ
M.-us -er F. N. Subclass (UNUS NAUTA)
Nominative Case -us -none -a -um
-ī -ī -ae -a
Accusative Case -um -um -am -um
-ōs -ōs -ās -a
Genitive Case -ī -ī -ae -ī -īus
-ōrum -ōrum -ārum -ōrum
Dative Case -ō -ō -ae -ō -ī
-īs -īs -īs -īs
Ablative Case -ō -ō -ā -ō
-īs -īs -īs -īs
Vocative Case -e -none -a -um
-ī -ī -ae -a
Group Two
Ⅲ i-stem adjective
3-ending 2-ending 1-ending
M. F. N. M.F. N. M.F.
N.
Nominative Case -none -is -e -is -e -none -none
-ēs -ia -ēs -ia -ēs -ia
Accusative Case -em -e -em -e -em -none
-ēs(-īs) -ia -ēs(-īs) -ia -ē
s(-īs) -ia
Genitive Case -is -is -is -is -is -is
-ium -ium -ium -ium -ium -ium
Dative Case -ī -ī -ī -ī -ī
-ī
-ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus
Ablative Case -ī -ī -ī -ī -ī
-ī
-ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus
Vocative Case -none -e -is -e -none -none
-ēs -ia -ēs -ia -ēs ia
Declension of Nouns
Group One
ⅡⅠⅡ
M.-us -er F. N. Nominative Case -us -none -a -um
-ī -ī -ae -a
Accusative Case -um -um -am -um
-ōs -ōs -ās -a
Genitive Case -ī -ī -ae -ī
-ōrum -ōrum -ārum -ōrum
Dative Case -ō -ō -ae -ō
-īs -īs -īs -īs
Ablative Case -ō -ō -ā -ō
-īs -īs -īs -īs
Vocative Case -e -none -a -um
-ī -ī -ae -a
Group Two
Ⅲ
M.F. N. i-stem M.F. N.
Nominative Case -none -none
-ēs -a -ia
Accusative Case -em -none
-ēs -a -ia
Genitive Case -is -is
-um -um -ium -ium
Dative Case -ī -ī
-ibus -ibus
Ablative Case -e -e -ī
-ibus -ibus
Vocative Case -none -none
-ēs -a -ia
Group Three Group Four (ē will be shortened when it is after a consonant )
ⅣⅤ
M.F. N. F.
Nominative Case -us -ū -ēs
-ūs -ua -ēs
Accusative Case -um -ū -em
-ūs -ua -ēs
Genitive Case -ūs -ūs -eī,ēī
-uum -uum -ērum
Dative Case -uī -ū -eī,ēī
-ibus -ibus -ēbus
Ablative Case -ū -ū -ē
-ibus -ibus -ēbus
Vocative Case -us -ū -ēs
-ūs -ua -ēs
Participles
A vowel will be long when it is followed by -ns, and short by –nt
In present tense, the singular ablative case will be ended in -ī as a adjective modifier, -e as a verbal noun or noun
Active Passive
Present Tense -present stem -ns,-ntis(1-stem,Ⅲ)
laudāre
-laudāns,-antis
Perfect Tense -p.p.p.stem,-us,-a,um(ⅠⅡ)
laudāre
-laudātus,-a,-um
Future Tense -p.p.p.stem,-ūrus,-ūra,-urm -present stem,-ndus,-nda,-ndum
laudāre laudāre
-laudātūrus,-ūra,-urum -laudandus,-nda,-ndum
Comparative Degree
The root of an adjective is its genitive case without its ending comparative degree
-positive-degree root,-ior,-ius(-iōris,2-stem, Ⅲ,not i-stem)
superlative degree
-positive-degree root,-issimus,-issima,-issimum(ⅠⅡ)
-positive-degree root,-limus,-lima,-limum (ending in -lis)
-positive-degree,-rimus,-a,-um
Indictive Mood
Present Tense Future Tense Imperfect Tense
sum sumus erō erimus eram erāmus
es estis eris eritis erās erātis
est sunt erit erunt erat erant
Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense
fuī fuimus fuerō fuerimus fueram fuerāmus
fuistī fuistis fueris fueritis fuerās fuerātis
fuit fuērunt fuerit fuerint fuerat fuerant
Subjunvtive Mood
Present Tense Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense
sim sīmus essem essēmus fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissēmus
sīs sītis essēs essētis fueris fueritis fuissēs fuissētis
sit sint esset essent fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
Imperative Mood
Singular Plural
es este
Infinitive
Present Tense Perfect Tense Future Perfect
esse fuisse futūrus,-a,-um, esse
Participle
Present Tense Active Future Tense Active
ens(entis) futūrus,-a,-um
Possum
Indictive Mood
possum possumus poterō poterimus poteram poterāmus
potes potestis poteris poteritis poterās poterātis
potest possunt poterit poterunt poterat poterant
Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense
potuī potuimus potuerō potuerimus potueram potuerāmus
potuistī potuistis potueris potueritis potuerās potuerātis
potuit potuērunt potuerit potuerint potuerat potuerant
Subjunvtive Mood
Present Tense Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense
possim possīmus possem possēmus potuerim potuerimus potuissem potuissēmus
possīs possītis possēs possētis potueris potueritis potuissēs potuissētis
possit possint posset possent potuerit potuerint potuisset potuissent
Infinitive
Present Tense Perfect Tense
Posse potuisse
Participle
Present Tense Active
potens,(ntis)
Irregular Pronouns
Ego Tū Is,Ea,Id
M. F. N.
Nominative -ego -tū -is -ea -id
-nōs -vōs -eī,iī -eae -ea
-ea
Genitive -meī-tuī-eius -eius -eius
-nostrum,-ī -vestrum,-ī -eōrum -eārum -eōrum
Dative -mihi -tibi -eī -eī
-eī
-nōbīs -vōbīs -eīs -eīs -eīs
Ablative -mē -tē -eō -eā
-eō
-nōbīs -vōbīs -eīs -eīs -eīs
Vocative -ego -tū -is -ea -id
-nōs -vōs -eī,iī -eae -ea
-īdem pronouns
M. F. N.
Nominative -īdem -eadem -idem
-eīdem,īdem -eaedem -eadem
Acussative -eundem -eandem -idem
-eōsdem -eāsdem -eadem
Genitive -eiusdem -eiusdem -eiusdem
-eōrundem -eārundem -eōrundem
Dative -eīdem -eīdem -eīdem
-eīsdem -eīsdem -eīsdem
Ablative -eōdem -eādem -eōdem
-eīsdem -eīsdem -eīsdem
Vocative -īdem -eadem -idem
-eīdem,īdem -eaedem -eadem
Intensive Pronouns
M. F. N.
-ipsī -ipsae -ipsa
Acussative -ipsum -ipsam -ipsīus
-ipsōs -ipsās -ipsōrum
Genitive -ipsīus -ipsīus -ipsīus
-ipsōrum -ipsārum -ipōrum
Dative -ipsī -ipsī -ipsī
-ipsīs -ipsīs -ipsīs
Ablative -ipsō -ipsā -ipsō
-ipsīs -ipsīs -ipsīs
Vocative -ipse -ipsa -ipsun
-ipsī -ipsae -ipsa
Demonstrativs
Ille Hic
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nominative -ille -illa -illud -hic -haec -hoc
-illī-illae -illa -hī-hae -haec
Acussative -illum -illam -illud -hunc -hanc -hoc
-illōs -illās -illa -hōs -hās -haec
Genitive -illīus -illīus -illīus -huius -huius -huius
-illōrum -illārum -illōrum -hōrum -hārum -h
ōrum
īs
Ablative -illō -illā -illō -hōc -hāc -h
ōc
-illīs -illīs -illīs -hīs -hīs -h
īs
Vacative -ille -illa -illud -hic -haec -hoc
-illī-illae -illa -hī-hae -haec
Reflexive Pronouns
PersonⅠ PersonⅡ PersonⅢ
Acussative -mē -tē -sē(sēsē)
-nōs -vōs -sē(sēsē)
Ablative -mē -tē -sē(sēsē)
-nōbīs -vōbīs -sē(sēsē)
Genitive -meī -tuī -suī
-nostrī -vestrī -suī
Dative -mihi -tibi -sibi
-nōbīs -vōbīs -sibi
Relative Pronoun
M. F. N.
Nominative -quī -quae -quod
-quī -quae -quae
Acussative -quem -quam -quod
-quōs -quās -quae
Genitive -cuius -cuius -cuius
-quōrum -quārum -quōrum
Dative -cui -cui -cui
-quibus -quibus -quibus
Ablative -quō -quā -quō
-quibus -quibus -quibus
M. F. N.
Nominative -quis -quis -quid
-quī -quae -quae
Acussative -quem -quem -quid
-quōs -quārum -quae
Genitive -cuius -cuius -cuius
-quōrum -quārum -quōrum
Dative -cui -cui -cui
-quibus -quibus -quibus
Ablative -quō -quō -quō
-quibus -quibus -quibus
My meus,-a,-um
Your(sing.) tuus,-a,-um
His/Her suus,-a,-um
Our noster,-tra,-trum
Your(plu.) vester,-tra,-trum
Their suus,-a,-um
Meī and tuī are used in objective and partitive genitive cases. Nostrī and vestrī are only used in objective genitive cases while Nostrum and vestrum are only used in partitive cases.。