新世纪海外英语Unit7课文翻译
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在神经科学大会上，施瑞斯报告说：具有人 类FOXP2基因的老鼠比普通老鼠学习的更快。
She challenged mice to solve a maze that involved turning either left or right to find a water reward. A visual clue, such as a star, along with the texture of the maze's surface, showed the correct direction to turn.
对人类而言，他说，向FOXP2基因的变异可 能帮助了我们这一物种掌握复杂的肌肉运动， 这种肌肉运动用来形成基本声音然后把基本 声音合成为字然后再合成为句子。
Another MPI team member, Ulrich Bornschein, presented work at the neuroscience meeting showing that the changes to brain circuitry that lead to quicker learning come about with just one of the two amino-acid changes in the human form of FOXP2. The second mutation may do nothing.
但是她没有找到如何用（负责学习的）脑部 变化来解释FOXP2基因是如何帮助人类自觉 地而且毫不费力地把想法转换成口头语言的。
“You are not deciding how you are going to move your muscles to form these sounds,” she says.
她说：“人们不用刻意去想如何使用你的 肌肉来发出声音”。
intrepid adj. 无畏的；勇敢的 An intrepid person acts in a brave way implicate vt. 涉及；暗指；影响 He was implicated in a murder and finally was brought to the gallows. Integrate vt.使…成整体 It can integrate the information and manage the knowledge. tactile adj. 触觉的
法拉尼-乌迦-科登是伦敦大学分院的神经学家， 她研究了KE家族FOXP2基因变异，她认为新的 发现可以帮助我们解释在说话时形成的脸部 运动中FOXP2基因所起的作用。
But she does not see how changes in basic learning circuitry could explain how FOXP2 helps humans to automatically and effortlessly translate their thoughts into spoken language.
他让老鼠走迷宫，左转或者右转，走对了就 奖给老鼠水喝。在迷宫里有诸如星状的可视 标记，加上通道的表面的质感，可以指明正 确的方向。
After eight days of practice, mice with the human form of FOXP2 learnt to follow the clues to the water 70% of the time. Normal mice took an additional four days to reach this level.
“Language Gene” Speeds Learning
“语言基因”让你学的更快！ Altered squeaks
变了的叫声 Paragraph 7~15
A few years ago, researchers at the MPI Leipzig engineered mice to make the human FOXP2 protein.
改造后老鼠的大脑与正常老鼠的大脑相比 较，含有更多的神经元而且神经元的树突 更长。神经元树突是一种须状物，可以帮 助神经元相互之间进行通讯交流。
Another difference was that cells in a brain region called the basal ganglia were quicker to become unresponsive after repeated electrical stimulation, a trait called ‘long-term depression’ that is implicated in learning and memory.
这种‘人类化的’老鼠变成了胆小的探险者， 并且当把它们和它们的妈妈分开时，与带有 老鼠原版FOXP2基因的小老鼠相比，这些基因 改良后的小老鼠会发出变化了的超声波叫声。
Their brains, compared with those of normal mice, contained neurons with more and longer dendrites — the tendrils that help neurons communicate with each other.
施瑞斯说：在老鼠走迷宫时，人类的FOXP2基 因让老鼠更快的把可视线索和触觉线索联系 在一起。
In humans, she says, the mutation to FOXP2 might have helped our species learn the complex muscle movements needed to form basic sounds and then combine these sounds into words and sentences.
另一个MPI小组成员，叫做乌里奇-本斯新， 在神经科学大会上提出了他的研究结果，他 的结果表明：导致学习更快的脑部变化的只 是人类FOXP2基因里两个变化了氨基酸中的一 个，另一个变化了的氨基酸毫无作用。
“That makes sense,” says Genevieve Konopka, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, who also studies FOXP2.
位于达拉斯的得克萨斯大学西南医学中心的 一位神经学家，叫做吉纳维夫-科诺普柯， 也在研究FOXP2基因。
Carnivores, including dogs and wolves, independently evolved the other human FOXP2 mutation, with no obvious effect on their brains.
经过8天练习后，带有人类FOXP2基因的老鼠 在70%的情况下可以根据线索找到水喝。普通 老鼠需要另外花四天时间练习才能达到这样 的水平。
Schreiweis says that the human form of the gene allowed mice to more quickly integrate the visual and tactile clues when learning to solve the maze.
他说：‘是那样’。食肉动物，包括狗和狼， 独立的进化成了其他的人类FOXP2基因变种， 对它们的大脑没有明显影响。
Faraneh Vargha-Khadem, a neuroscientist at University College London who has studied the KE family in which FOXP2 is mutated, thinks that the new findings could help explain the gene's role in perfecting the facial movements involved in speech.
另外一个不同是，改造后的老鼠大脑底部神 经中枢的脑细胞经过反复的电刺激后，更快 进入冷漠状态，这一特征叫‘长期压抑’， 这种‘长期压抑’涉及到学习和记忆。
At the neuroscience meeting, Schreiweis reported that mice with the human form of FOXP2 learn more quickly than ordinary mice.
几年前，德国莱比锡的马科斯普朗克人类进 化研究院(MPI)的研究人员对老鼠进行了基 因改造，让老鼠具有人类的FOXP2基因蛋白。
The ‘humanized’ mice were less intrepid explorers and, when separated from their mothers, pups produced altered ultrasonic squeaks compared to pups with the mouse version of FOXP2.
pup n. 小狗；幼畜 dendrite n. （神经的）树突 tendril n. 卷须；卷须状物 trait n. 特性，特点； texture n. 质地；纹理； maze n. 迷宫 neuron n. 神经原,神经细胞
She challenged mice to solve a maze that involved turning either left or right to find a water reward. A visual clue, such as a star, along with the texture of the maze's surface, showed the correct direction to turn.
对人类而言，他说，向FOXP2基因的变异可 能帮助了我们这一物种掌握复杂的肌肉运动， 这种肌肉运动用来形成基本声音然后把基本 声音合成为字然后再合成为句子。
Another MPI team member, Ulrich Bornschein, presented work at the neuroscience meeting showing that the changes to brain circuitry that lead to quicker learning come about with just one of the two amino-acid changes in the human form of FOXP2. The second mutation may do nothing.
但是她没有找到如何用（负责学习的）脑部 变化来解释FOXP2基因是如何帮助人类自觉 地而且毫不费力地把想法转换成口头语言的。
“You are not deciding how you are going to move your muscles to form these sounds,” she says.
她说：“人们不用刻意去想如何使用你的 肌肉来发出声音”。
intrepid adj. 无畏的；勇敢的 An intrepid person acts in a brave way implicate vt. 涉及；暗指；影响 He was implicated in a murder and finally was brought to the gallows. Integrate vt.使…成整体 It can integrate the information and manage the knowledge. tactile adj. 触觉的
法拉尼-乌迦-科登是伦敦大学分院的神经学家， 她研究了KE家族FOXP2基因变异，她认为新的 发现可以帮助我们解释在说话时形成的脸部 运动中FOXP2基因所起的作用。
But she does not see how changes in basic learning circuitry could explain how FOXP2 helps humans to automatically and effortlessly translate their thoughts into spoken language.
他让老鼠走迷宫，左转或者右转，走对了就 奖给老鼠水喝。在迷宫里有诸如星状的可视 标记，加上通道的表面的质感，可以指明正 确的方向。
After eight days of practice, mice with the human form of FOXP2 learnt to follow the clues to the water 70% of the time. Normal mice took an additional four days to reach this level.
“Language Gene” Speeds Learning
“语言基因”让你学的更快！ Altered squeaks
变了的叫声 Paragraph 7~15
A few years ago, researchers at the MPI Leipzig engineered mice to make the human FOXP2 protein.
改造后老鼠的大脑与正常老鼠的大脑相比 较，含有更多的神经元而且神经元的树突 更长。神经元树突是一种须状物，可以帮 助神经元相互之间进行通讯交流。
Another difference was that cells in a brain region called the basal ganglia were quicker to become unresponsive after repeated electrical stimulation, a trait called ‘long-term depression’ that is implicated in learning and memory.
这种‘人类化的’老鼠变成了胆小的探险者， 并且当把它们和它们的妈妈分开时，与带有 老鼠原版FOXP2基因的小老鼠相比，这些基因 改良后的小老鼠会发出变化了的超声波叫声。
Their brains, compared with those of normal mice, contained neurons with more and longer dendrites — the tendrils that help neurons communicate with each other.
施瑞斯说：在老鼠走迷宫时，人类的FOXP2基 因让老鼠更快的把可视线索和触觉线索联系 在一起。
In humans, she says, the mutation to FOXP2 might have helped our species learn the complex muscle movements needed to form basic sounds and then combine these sounds into words and sentences.
另一个MPI小组成员，叫做乌里奇-本斯新， 在神经科学大会上提出了他的研究结果，他 的结果表明：导致学习更快的脑部变化的只 是人类FOXP2基因里两个变化了氨基酸中的一 个，另一个变化了的氨基酸毫无作用。
“That makes sense,” says Genevieve Konopka, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, who also studies FOXP2.
位于达拉斯的得克萨斯大学西南医学中心的 一位神经学家，叫做吉纳维夫-科诺普柯， 也在研究FOXP2基因。
Carnivores, including dogs and wolves, independently evolved the other human FOXP2 mutation, with no obvious effect on their brains.
经过8天练习后，带有人类FOXP2基因的老鼠 在70%的情况下可以根据线索找到水喝。普通 老鼠需要另外花四天时间练习才能达到这样 的水平。
Schreiweis says that the human form of the gene allowed mice to more quickly integrate the visual and tactile clues when learning to solve the maze.
他说：‘是那样’。食肉动物，包括狗和狼， 独立的进化成了其他的人类FOXP2基因变种， 对它们的大脑没有明显影响。
Faraneh Vargha-Khadem, a neuroscientist at University College London who has studied the KE family in which FOXP2 is mutated, thinks that the new findings could help explain the gene's role in perfecting the facial movements involved in speech.
另外一个不同是，改造后的老鼠大脑底部神 经中枢的脑细胞经过反复的电刺激后，更快 进入冷漠状态，这一特征叫‘长期压抑’， 这种‘长期压抑’涉及到学习和记忆。
At the neuroscience meeting, Schreiweis reported that mice with the human form of FOXP2 learn more quickly than ordinary mice.
几年前，德国莱比锡的马科斯普朗克人类进 化研究院(MPI)的研究人员对老鼠进行了基 因改造，让老鼠具有人类的FOXP2基因蛋白。
The ‘humanized’ mice were less intrepid explorers and, when separated from their mothers, pups produced altered ultrasonic squeaks compared to pups with the mouse version of FOXP2.
pup n. 小狗；幼畜 dendrite n. （神经的）树突 tendril n. 卷须；卷须状物 trait n. 特性，特点； texture n. 质地；纹理； maze n. 迷宫 neuron n. 神经原,神经细胞